Joseph Good, about lat. 80° 15′ N., long. 700 W. In 1869 Hayes again entered the Arctic Circle in the Panther. During the civil war he was surgeon of volunteers, and attained the brevet rank of lieutenant-colonel. He published An Arctic Boat Journey (1860); The Open Polar Sea (1867); Cast Away in the Cold: a Story of Arctic Adventure for Boys (1868); and The Land of Desolation (1871).

HAYES, RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD, the nineteenth President of the United States, born in Delaware, Ohio, Oct. 4, 1822. He began the practice of law at Lower Sandusky in 1845, and in 1850 removed to Cincinnati, where he was city solicitor in 1859-60-61. At the outbreak of the civil war he was appointed lieutenant - major of the 23d Ohio infantry, and shortly afterward lieutenant-colonel. He distinguished himself in the campaigns of West Virginia, and in the battles around Winchester. At South Mountain he was severely wounded. In 1864 he was promoted brigadier-general, and the following year was brevetted major-general. From 1864 to 1866 he was a member of Congress from Ohio, and

R. B. HAYES.

from 1867 to 1875 was governor of the State. In 1876 he was the Republican candidate for President of he United States. At the following election he was chosen over Mr. Samuel J. Tilden, by a majority of one vote in the Electoral College, and Mr. Hayes was inaugurated March 5, 1877. As President his career was marked with moderation, wisdom, and a sympathy with all true reforms. His independence of character was shown by his vetoes, his steady adherence to principle, and his refusal to pander to mere party politics. His term expired March 3, 1881, and Mr. Hayes retired to his home in Fremont, Ohio. He died in January, 1893.

HAYES, WALTER I., a United States Congress

man,

born in 1841. He was admitted to the Michigan bar in 1863; was city attorney for Marshall; was United States Commissioner for the eastern district of Michigan, and also for Iowa; was city solicitor of Clinton, Iowa, and was district judge of

the seventh judicial district of Iowa from 1875 to 1887. He was elected as a Democrat to the 50th Congress, and reëlected to the 51st, 52d and 53d.

HAYNAU, JULIUS JAKOB, BARON VON, Austrian general, born at Cassel, Germany, Oct. 14, 1786, died at Vienna, March 14, 1853. Entering the Austrian service in 1801, he became noted during the Italian campaigns of 1848-49 for military skill and ruthless severity. He was engaged in the siege of Venice, when he was summoned by the emperor to Hungary, in May, 1849, to take the supreme command of the forces in that country. The storming of Raab, his victory at Komorn, his occupation of Szegedin, and his victories on the Theiss contrib uted materially to the final success of the imperialists; but his atrocious severity towards the defeated Hungarians excited the detestation of Europe. Appointed governor of Hungary after its pacification, he was dismissed in 1850 for insubordina tion.

HAYNE, ISAAC, a patriot, born in South Carolina in 1745; was a wealthy planter and iron founder at the beginning of the Revolution, and at the same time was State Senator of South Carolina. He took the field as a captain of artillery. In 1780, when the British invaded his State, Hayne served in a cavalry regiment. At the capitulation of Charleston he was paroled. In 1781 he with others, was required to join the royal army, and, being as sured that he would not be made to bear arms against his country he took the oath of allegiance. Afterwards he was summoned to join the army immediately, and as this was in violation of the promises made to him he went to the American camp and was commissioned colonel of a militia company. In July, 1781, he captured Gen. Andrew Williamson, a former patriot, who had gone over to the British. But the British captured Hayne in return, threw him into the provost's prison, and after a brief examination hanged him at Charleston.

HAYNE, PAUL HAMILTON, an American poet, was born at Charleston, S. C., in 1831, and died July 6, 1886. He received his education at the Charleston schools. He published a volume of poems in 1855, a second in 1857, and a third in 1859. During the civil war Hayne wrote some fiery poems which were reprinted in Simms's War Poetry of the South. In 1872 he published Legends and Lyrics, and in 1873 he edited the Poems of Henry Timrod.

HAYNE, ROBERT YOUNG, was born in South Carolina, in 1791, and died in 1839. He practiced law in Charleston, and from 1818 to 1822 was attorneygeneral of his State, and in 1822 was elected United States senator. He opposed the tariff measures proposed in 1828, and his oratorical efforts in opposition to Henry Clay are of historical record. The great debate between Daniel Webster and Mr. Hayne upon the principles of the constitution, and the rights of the individual States, is also of historical value. In 1832 Mr. Hayne was elected governor of South Carolina,

HAYS, ISAAC, an American physician, born at Philadelphia in 1796, died there April 12, 1879. He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania and practiced in Philadelphia, especially as an oculist. În 1820 he became editor of the "American Journal of Medical Science," and had sole charge of it till 1869. In the latter year was associated with him his son, Dr. I. Minis Hays, who still edits the periodical. In 1843 Dr. Hays also established a monthly, called "Medical News," and in 1874 the "Monthly Abstract of Medical Science." He also edited Wilson's American Ornithology, and a number of medical works. The code of ethics of the American Medical Association was framed by Dr. Hays. It has been adopted by every medical society in the United

States. He was president of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences from 1865 to 1869. He edited Wilson's American Ornithology, and was the author of several useful works on medicine and the natural sciences.

HAYTER, SIR ARTHUR DIVETT, British statesman, was born in 1835. He was educated at Eton, and at Balliol and Brasenose Colleges, Oxford; he graduated in classical honors in 1857. In 1856 he obtained a commission in the Grenadier Guards, retiring in 1866 with the rank of captain. Sir Arthur Hayter was in the House of Commons as representative for Wells from 1865 till 1868, when he unsuccessfully contested East Somerset. In 1873 he was elected as member for Bath, in the Liberal interest. He succeeded to the baronetcy on the death of his father in 1878. In 1880 he was appointed a lord of the treasury, and in May, 1882, he succeeded Mr. Campbell-Bannerman as financial secretary at the war office. In 1885, and again in 1886, he stood for Bath, but was both times defeated.

HAYTI, a Republic, formerly a French colony, now governed by a constitution adopted June 14, 1867. Area (embracing the western portion of the island of Hayti), 10,204 square miles. Population (there is no official census) estimated in 1891, by best authorities, at 572,000, about nine-tenths of whom are colored persons. Capital, Port-au-Prince, with a population, in 1891, of about 40,000. For early history, productions, government, and statistics, see Britannica, Vol. XI, pp. 543-46.

The religion of the Republic is chiefly Roman. Catholic. Public elementary education is free. There were in 1891 about 400 national schools, besides several private schools, and five public lycées. As a result largely of long-continued civil war, there has been much disorder in financial affairs, and in 1890 there was an external government debt of $4,320,000, and an internal debt of $9,180,000; total, $13,500,000.

The army, under a "law of reorganization" passed in 1878, consists nominally of 6,828 men, chiefly infantry. There is a special "guard of the government," numbering 650 men with 10 generals, who act as aids to the president. In 1890 Hayti had one gun-vessel of 900 tons, a corvette, and two sloops.

In 1888 the total imports were valued at 7,543,294 piastres; exports valued at 13,250,307 piastres. The chief articles exported were: Coffee, 84,028,583 pounds; cacao, 3,927,089 pounds; mahogany, 39,262 ft.; logwood and cotton, 242,219,476 poundsthe latter chiefly to France.

The following is a list of the presidents of Hayti, from the date of the Republic:

The present constitutional term is for 7 years; salary of the president, £4,800-($24,000).

The historic outline for the last decade has been largely interwoven with that of San Domingo, which embraces the eastern portion of the island of Hayti. On Jan. 1, 1880, the Republic of Hayti was reported as "tranquil;" and this state of things continued notwithstanding serious government trouble in San Domingo until 1883, when a negro insurrection broke out in Port-au-Prince; but this was suppressed September 22d, of the same year. In 1886 great troubles arose because of large thefts

of funds from the national bank of Hayti, resulting in convictions of doubtful desert and imprisonments against which the English and American governments protested. The prisoners were soon after released. In 1888 a revolution took place in Hayti, and Salomon was deposed. He fled to Cuba August, 1878, and died in Paris, Oct. 19, 1888. A little later an insurrection took place under Gen. Télémaque, and during the month of October, while engaged in an attack on the Palais National at Portau-Prince he was killed with about 300 of his followers. Gen. Légitime was elected president Oct. 22, 1888, and Gen. Hippolyte was installed as president at Haytien, Jan. 1, 1889. A conflict of authority and immediate war followed. Légitime was defeated Jan. 29, 1889, and Gen. Hippolyte was defeated Feb. 20, 1889; subsequently the latter advanced on Port-au-Prince, and soon became reêstablished in office. During 1891 there was another outbreak at Port-au-Prince, which Hippolyte suppressed with great severity, finally extending amnesty to the lesser participants in January, 1892.

HAYWARD, ABRAHAM, essayist was born at Wishford, in Wiltshire, October 31, 1802. He had neither public school nor university education, but after keeping terms at the Inner Temple was called to the bar in 1832. His leanings were, however, more to letters than to law, yet he founded and edited the Law Magazine, and to every one's surprise was made Q. C. by Lord Lyndhurst in 1845. He published in 1833 his excellent prose translation of the first part of Faust, and soon became a busy contributor to the newspapers and magazines, especially the Quarterly Review, in which readers soon learned to recognize his personality in an unusual combination of vivacity, epigrammatic verve, and critical acumen. By his brilliant conversation, his wealth of anecdotes, his whist-playing, and his artistic interest in "the art of dining" he delighted society almost down to his death, at London, Feb. ruary 2, 1884.

HAZARD, ROWLAND GIBSON, an American manufacturer and philosopher, born at South Kingston, R. I., in 1801, died in 1888. Being engaged from his youth in manufacturing pursuits he accumulated a large fortune. In 1841, while in New Orleans, he secured the release from the chain gang of many free negroes who belonged to vessels from the North. He was twice elected to the State legislature of Rhode Island, and in 1866 also to the State senate.

HAZARD, SAMUEL, an American antiquarian, born at Philadelphia, in 1784, died there May 22, 1870. Ebenezer Hazard, the first postmaster-general of the United States was his father. S. Hazard was first engaged in mercantile pursuits, and made several voyages to the East Indies.

HAZEN, WILLIAM BABCOCK, an American general, born at West Hartford, Vt., in 1830, died in 1887. He graduated at West Point in 1855, and served in the Eighth infantry against the Indians in California, Oregon and Texas. In 1861 he became assistant professor of infantry tactics at West Point, and was made a captain in the same year. Soon after this he took command of the Forty-first Ohio regiment, and joined Gen. Buell's army. In 1862 he was appointed to command a brigade. Hazen was with Buell in Alabama, fought bravely at Shiloh, and afterwards drove the Confederates from Danville, Ky. At the battle of Stone River he saved the left wing from being vanquished. After the battle of Chickamaugua he deprived the Confederates of the advantages they had gained, and relieved the army at Chattancoga. At Missionary Ridge he captured 18 cannons. During Sherman's famous march to the sea Hazen commanded a division.

With this he captured Fort McAllister, Dec. 13, 1864, and was promoted major-general of volunteers. Afterwards he took part in forcing Johnston_to surrender, and was made commander of the Fifteenth corps, May 19, 1865. After the war Hazen was made colonel of the Sixth infantry of the Regular Army. In December, 1880, he was apppointed chief signal officer, with the rank of brigadier-general. While in this office he sent Lieut. Greeley to Lady Franklin Bay to make meteorological observations, introduced the "cold-wave signals," promoted the use of local and railway weather signals, organized special observations for the cotton-producing States, established frost warnings, and initiated forecasts for vessels coming to this country from Europe. He published: The School of the Army in Germany and France, with a Diary of Siege-Life at Versailles, in 1872.

HAZLETON, a city of Luzerne county, Pa. Its location, in the midst of a great coal region, and on two great railroads, the Lehigh Valley and the Pennsylvania roads, has been favorable to its leading industries. Among its manufactures are undertakers' supplies, pianos and organs, spring guns, iron and flour, and a beef company, established in 1884, does an extensive business. The public schools are excellent. The miners' new hospital is an extensive and commodious building. There are public halls and numerous churches. There are two daily, one semi-weekly, and two weekly papers, and three banks in the city. Population in 1880, 7,161; 1890, 11,818. See Britannica, Vol. XI, p. 549.

HEADACHE can scarcely ever be called a disease, but it is a common symptom of many ailments. It is sometimes caused by serious mischief within the cranium, but far more frequently it depends upon an alteration in the quality of the blood, or in a deficient or excessive supply of it to the head. The deterioration in quality may be caused by fevers, by inflammations of various organs-e. g. the kidneys, or even by breathing the air of a crowded room. The congestive form of headache is often produced by mere mechanical obstruction to the return of blood from the head. A tight collar or an awkward position of the neck during rest may cause it. This form of headache is aggravated by stooping. On the other hand the anæmic variety is often relieved by lying down. The neuralgic headache is one of the commonest of all, and is especially associated with the hysterical tendency. Another variety which is on the increase in this hurried and hard-driven generation is that caused by excessive brain-work. Lastly, there is the sick headache, megrim or migraine, which comes on periodically in paroxysms, often associated with bilious vomiting.

HEADLEY, JOEL TYLER, an American author, born at Walton, Delaware county, N. Y., in 1814. After graduating at Union College in 1839 he studied theology at Auburn Theological Seminary, and became pastor of a church at Stockbridge, Mass. Illhealth soon obliged him to give up pastoral work. In 1842 he went to Europe, and on his return published Letters from Italy and the Alps and the Rhine. In 1855 he was elected Secretary of State of New York.

HEADLEY, PHINEAS CAMP, an American author, born at Walton, N. Y., in 1819. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1847. Afterwards he studied theology in the Seminary at Auburn, N. Y., and held pastorates in the Presbyterian and Congregational churches.

HEALDSBURG, a city of Sonoma county, Cal., situated on the San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad, 66 miles north of San Francisco, and 20 miles from the ocean. It has an academy, a graded

school, and manufactories of chairs, baskets and wine. Population (1890), 1,485.

HEALY, GEORGE PETER ALEXANDER, an American portrait painter, born at Boston, Mass., in 1813. He studied for several years in Paris, and painted afterwards the portraits of Louis Philippe, Marshal, Soult, Lewis Cass, Clay, Calhoun, Daniel Webster, Seward, Pierce, Gen. Sherman, William H. Prescott, H. W. Longfellow, Cardinal McCloskey and Stephen A. Douglas. In 20 years he executed nearly 600 portraits. In 1851 he completed his large historical picture of Webster's Reply to Hayne, which contains 130 portraits and hangs now in Faneuil Hall, Boston. In 1855 he exhibited at Paris a large picture representing Franklin urging the claims of the American colonies before Louis XVI., besides a series of 13 portraits. To the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition he sent portraits of Thiers, the Princess of Roumania, Elihu B. Washburn, and Lord Lyons.

HEALY, TIMOTHY M., a member of Parliament, born at Bantry, Ireland, in 1855. He took an active part in the Land League agitation in 1880, and was arrested on a charge of intimidation, but was acquitted at the trial. Elected to parliament without opposition, he took a lively interest in the discussions of the Land Bill of 1881, and obtained the insertion of the clause which excluded the improvements made by tenants from rent. This clause was since known as the Healy clause. In 1882 he was sentenced to imprisonment for six months for intimidation; but he was released after four months' service. In 1884 Healy was called to the Irish bar, and was afterwards one of the counsel for the scheduled members before the Parnell commission. In the Parliamentary session of 1890 Healy delivered many speeches in Ireland's cause, and appeared on behalf of the Irish members at Tipperary. In 1892 he was returned for North Louth.

HEARD, JOHN T., a United States Congressman, born in 1840. He was admitted to the Missouri bar in 1862, and in 1872 was chosen to the State Legislature. In 1881 he was elected to the State Senate, serving four years, and then to the 49th, 50th, 51st 52d and 53d Congresses.

HEARD'S ISLAND, an island in the South Indian Ocean, extending between 53° 2' and 53° 14' S. lat., and between 73° 30′ and 72° 30' E. lon. It is 30 miles long and 10 miles wide, and its highest point, Kaiser Wilhelm Peak, is about 6,000 feet high. The island was discovered by Captain Heard in 1853.

HEARING IN PRESENCE: in the law of Scotland, a hearing of a difficult or important case before the whole of the thirteen judges of the court of session. In England it is not in general competent for any court, when equally divided, to order a case to be argued before all the other courts sitting together.

HEARING OF A CAUSE, the phrase used in the court of chancery, when the merits of the case and the arguments on both sides have been entered upon.

HEARNE, a post-village of Robertson_county, Texas, about 3 miles east of the Brazos River, at the junction of the Houston and Texas Central Railroad and the International and Great Northern Railroad. The car shops of the latter railroad are located here.

HEARSE, the carriage in which the dead are conveyed to the grave, but originally the term applied to a triangular bar or framework with upright spikes for holding candles at a church service, and especially at funeral services. It was originally very simple in form, but in the 15th and 16th centuries hearses or "herses" of great splendor

came into use, and were erected in the churches over the bodies of distinguished personages. From this the transition to the modern funeral hearse can be easily traced.

HEARST, GEORGE, a United States Senator, born in 1820, died Feb. 28, 1891. In 1865 he was elected to the California State Legislature, and in 1886 he became United States Senator to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John F. Miller. In 1887 he was again sent as a Democrat to the United States Senate to succeed A. P. Williams, Republican.

HEART'S CONTENT, a port of Newfoundland, beautifully situated on the S. E. side of Trinity Bay, in lat. 47° 50′ N., lon. 53° 20′ W. It is the landing-place of the Atlantic telegraph cables extending to Valentia, Ireland, and there are overland wires connecting with St. John's and Cape Ray. It has a fine telegraph building. Most of the inhabitants are engaged in fishing. Population, 900.

HEATH, WILLIAM, an American Revolutionary general, born at Roxbury, Mass., in 1737, died there June 24, 1814. He was active in organizing the militia before the Revolution; was a captain in the Suffolk regiment, of which he afterward became the colonel, joined the artillery company of Boston, and was chosen its commander in 1770. In 1774-75 he was a member of the Provincial Congress, and as provincial brigadier-general he performed valuable services in the pursuit of the British troops from Concord on April 19, 1775. He organized and trained the undisciplined forces at Cambridge before the battle of Bunker Hill. Upon the organization of the Continental Army he was commissioned a brigadier-general, and stationed at Roxbury with his command; and on Aug. 9, 1776, he was made a major-general in the Continental Army. In March, 1776, he opposed the evacuation of the city of New York. After the battle of White Plains he took command of the posts in the Highlands. In 1777, he had charge of the prisoners of Burgoyne's army at Cambridge. In June, 1779, he took charge of the posts on the Hudson with four regiments, and remained in that vicinity till the close of the war. After the war he returned to his farm, was a member of the convention that ratified the Federal Constitution, was a State Senator in 1791-92 and probate judge of Norfolk county in 1793. In 1798 he published Memoirs of MajorGeneral William Heath, containing Anecdotes and Details of Skirmishes, Battles, etc., during the American War.

HEAVYSEGE, CHARLES, a Canadian poet, born in Yorkshire, England, in 1816. After receiving a limited education he became a wood carver, and emigrated to Montreal, Canada, in 1853. There he worked at his trade, but in his leisure hours he studied the Bible and Shakespeare. Frequently he contributed to the daily press, and acquired after awhile a reputation as a poet. After his first juvenile effort at poetry, The Revolt of Tartarus, and some 50 sonnets, he published Saul, a drama, in three parts, in 1857; Count Filippo or the Unequal Marriage, a drama in 5 acts; Ode on Shakespeare, and Jephtha's Daughter (1855). He died in 1876. HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE. See Britannica, Vol. X, pp. 602-07.

HECATOMB: in the worship of the Greeks and in other ancient religions, a sacrifice of a large number of victims; properly, although by no means necessarily, one hundred. As early as the time of Homer it was usual only to burn the legs wrapped up in the fat and certain parts of the intestines, the rest of the victim being eaten at the festive meal after the sacrifice. In Athens the hecatomb was a most popular form of sacrifice,

while the Spartans limited the number of victims and sacrifices. In the hecatomb, strictly so called, the sacrifice was supposed to consist of one hundred buils, but other animals were frequently substituted.

HECKER, FRIEDRICH KARL FRANZ, a German revolutionist, born at Eichtersheim, Baden, in 1811, died at St. Louis, Mo., March 24, 1881. He studied law at Heidelberg, and had afterwards a good law practice at Mannheim, but he entered politics. In 1842 he was elected to the chamber of deputies of Baden, and soon became a prominent member of the opposition. While visiting Berlin he was arrested and ordered out of the Prussian domain. This made him popular with the revolutionary class. In 1846-47 he was the leader of the extreme left in the Baden Diet. At Heidelberg he appeared in 1848 as a red-hot republican and socialist-democrat, and with the aid of Struve tried to unite the South-Germans in a revolutionary movement. Soon he placed himself at the head of columns of armed workingmen, unfolded the banner of the social republic, and advanced into the southern (Black Forest) part of Baden. Gen. Siegel was the military leader. They were beaten by the Baden soldiery at Kandern, May 20, 1848, and had to retreat into Switzerland. In September of the same year Hecker emigrated to America, but was recalled by the provisional government erected in Baden in 1849. Before his arrival in Baden the new government had, however, collapsed, and Hecker returned at once to America, settling as a farmer near Belleville, Ill., and became a citizen of the United States.

In 1856 he was a prominent speaker in behalf of the Republican party. The first German Illinois regiment was raised by him in 1860. He served in Gen. Fremont's division as colonel of this regiment, and afterwards as brigadier-general under Gen. Howard. At the battle of Chancellorsville he was wounded. In March, 1864, he resigned, and retired to his farm. In the winters he often delivered popular lectures to German-Americans. During the Franco-German war he hoped that Germany would soon be ripe for a republic, but after visiting Germany in 1873 he felt disappointed by the actual political condition in Germany.

HECKER, ISAAC THOMAS, an American clergyman, the founder of the Paulists, born at New York in 1819, died in 1889. In 1843 he joined the Brook Farm Community, near Boston, where for nine months he baked the bread eaten by the members. After this he worked with his two brothers in the flour business, and gave the workmen frequent lectures. In 1845 he became a Roman Catholic; went to Germany to study for the priesthood; joined the Redemptorist fathers in Belgium in 1847, and was ordained priest in London in 1849 by Cardinal Wiseman. After being released from connection with the Redemptorists, he founded in 1858 the new congregation of the missionary priests of St. Paul (the Paulist fathers), having their principal house in New York city. The members take no vows, and any priest can leave the order when he chooses. They are nearly all Americans converted from Protestantism. Hecker established "The Catholic World," a monthly periodical, in 1855; wrote the Questions of the Soul; Aspirations of Nature, and a pamphlet on Martin Luther (1883); and many other papers.

HECKEWELDER, JOHN GOTTLIEB ERNST, an American Moravian missionary to the Indians, born at Bedford, England, in 1743, died at Bethlehem, Pa., Jan. 21, 1823. His father brought him to Pennsylvania in 1754, where he was afterwards apprenticed to a cooper. In 1762 he visited the Indian

tribes on the Ohio with Christian F. Post, a colonial Indian agent, and in 1771 he became a missionary to the Delaware Indians. In 1792 and 1793 he accompanied the United States commissioners sent to make treaties with several Indian tribes near the Great Lakes. After staying in Ohio for some years as postmaster, justice of the peace, and also of the court of common pleas, he retired to Bethlehem, Pa., where he studied the languages and customs of the Indians, especially the Delawares, and wrote a History of the Indians of Pennsylvania (1819); Narrative of the Mission of the United Brethren Among the Delaware and Mohegan Indians (1820); and a collection of Names Which the Delaware Indians Gave to Rivers, Streams and Localities Within the States of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia, With Their Significations (1822).

HECKLES (Mid. Eng., hekele, from the Dutch hekel, traak, a hook"), very important parts of various machines employed in the preparation of animal and vegetable fibers for spinning. They consist of a series of long metallic teeth, through which the material is drawn so that the fibers may be combed out straight and so fitted for the subsequent operations. Gills are heckles with finer teeth. Heckling is also now the received term for the rough and trying process of catechization to which Parliamentary candidates and members are subjected by their British constituencies.

HECTIC FEVER (Gr., hektikos, "habitual"), the name given to the fever which occurs in connection with certain wasting diseases of long duration. It is one of the most serious and constant symptoms of consumption, and seems to be directly related to the progressive emaciation which marks the course of that malady. In the morning the patient's temperature may be normal, but towards evening or after eating he grows hot and flushed, and there is a preternatural vividness of expression, which, with the heightened color, sometimes gives a very fallacious impression of health. The patient retires to bed, has uneasy sleep, and wakens in the middle of the night or towards early morning, bathed in cold perspiration, and in a state of extreme languor. The same exhausting cycle repeats itself day after day. The only radical way of treating the fever is to cure the disease on which it depends. When the symptom itself must be combated, a pill containing a grain of sulphate of quinine, with half a grain of digitalis and as much of Dover's powder, taken three times a day, is often serviceable.

HEDDING, ELIJAH, bishop in the Methodist Episcopal church, born at Pine Plains, N. Y., in 1780, died at Poughkeepsie, April 9, 1852. He became a Methodist in 1799, and was licensed to preach in 1800. He preached in Northern New York, Vermont and New Hampshire, enduring sometimes great hardships. In 1807 he was appointed presiding elder of New Hampshire district, and in 1808 was a delegate to the general conference at Baltimore. After 25 years of itinerant labors he was elected and ordained bishop, and for nearly 28 years longer served his church with great zeal. During his episcopate he lived mostly at Lynn, Mass., but in 1851 he removed to Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Hedding assisted in founding "Zion's Herald," the first Methodist Episcopal journal in the United States, subsequently merged in the "Christian Advocate." He was an eloquent preacher, forcible and convincing, yet pleasant and cheerful in private life.

HEDGE, FREDERICK HENRY, an American clergyman and author, was born at Cambridge, Mass., in 1805, died in 1890. In charge of George Bancroft he was educated in Germany. On his return to

America he studied theology at the Cambridge Divinity School, and in 1829 became pastor of the Unitarian church at West Cambridge. In 1835 he took charge of a church at Bangor, Me., and in 1850, after spending a year in Europe, he became pastor of the Westminster church at Providence, R. I., from which he removed to Brookline, Mass., in 1856. In 1858 Hedge became professor of ecclesiastical history in the theological department of Harvard College, and edited at the same time the "Christian Examiner." In 1872 he assumed the professorship of the German language in the same college. Besides many poems and frequent contributions to the "North American Review" and other periodicals, Dr. Hedge published The Prose Writers of Germany (1848); Reason in Religion (1865); The Primeval World of Hebrew Tradition (1870); A Christian Liturgy for the Use of the Church etc. He also wrote hymns for the Unitariar church and published translations from the Ger man poets.

HEDGE-MUSTARD (Sisymbrium), a genus of plants of the natural order Cruciferæ, annual or rare. ly perennial herbs, with various foliage, small yellow or white flowers, and a long roundish or six-angled pod (silique). Several species are natives of Britain, of which one, the common hedge-mustard (S. officinale), was once employed in medicine. It is said to be diaphoretic and expectorant, and has a mild pungency. It is an annual plant, sometimes two feet high, branched, with renunciate or deeply-lobed leaves, stem and leaves hairy, flowers very small and yellow, and it is sometimes cultivated as a pot herb. The pods are erect and closely pressed to the stalk.

HEEN, CHOW, TING AND FOO, Chinese geographical terms used to designate the relative rank of cities and districts. Generally speaking, however, the terms designate the rank of cities, from foo, the chief, to heen, the least in size.

HEFELE, KARL JOSEPH, YON, German theologian, born at Unterkochen, in Würtemburg, March 15, 1809 He studied at Tübingen, and in 1836 became privatdocent, and in 1840 professor of church history and Christian archæology, in the Catholic theological faculty of that University. In 1869 he was made bishop. As a member of the Vatican council, he voted against Papal infallibility, but afterwards submitted. He became widely known as an eminent church historian through his Apostolic Fathers (1839); Review of Wessenberg's Church Councils (1841); History of the Christian Councils (1855–74); Pope Honorius, Cardinal Ximenes (1851); Contributions to Church History, and other works.

HEGESIPPUS, the earliest of the Christian church historians. Of his life we know nothing save that he was almost certainly a Jewish convert, and that he flourished about the middle of the 2d century. He must have written most of his history previous to a. D. 167, and probably published it early in the episcopate of Eleutherus. His work was entitled Five Memorials of Ecclesiastical Affairs, and appears not to have been a complete and continuous history, although extending from the death of Christ to the writer's own age. Unhappily it survives only in a few fragments which Eusebius had embodied in his own history, the most impor tant of which are his account of the martyrdom of St. James and also of St. Simeon of Jerusalem.

HEIGHTS may be determined by four methods: by trigonometry, by leveling, by ascertaining and comparing the atmospheric pressure at top and bottom of the height by the barometer, or by ascertaining and comparing the boiling point of water at the top and bottom by the thermometer.