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structed in substitution thereof, and having its outfall at the same spot, no offence is committed, if the best practicable and reasonably available means are used to render harmless the liquid so falling, or flowing, or carried into the stream (s. 4).

Sanitary and other authorities having sewers under their control must give facilities for enabling manufacturers within their district to carry the liquids proceeding from their factories or manufacturing processes into such sewers, provided that the sewers are large enough, and that the liquid would not prejudicially affect either the sewers themselves or the disposal of the sewage, or from its temperature, or otherwise, be injurious from a sanitary point of view (s. 7). This may be enforced in proper cases by an order of the County Court, under sec. 10, infra (Peebles v. Oswaldtwistle U. D. C., [1897] 1 Q. B. 384).

It is also declared to be an offence to cause, or permit to get into a stream, any poisonous, noxious, or polluting, solid, or liquid matter, proceeding from a mine (other than water in the same condition as that in which it has been drained or raised from such mine), unless the best practicable and reasonably available means are used to render such poisonous, noxious, or polluting matter harmless (s. 5).

Proceedings may not be taken in respect of manufacturing or mining pollutions except by sanitary authority, nor then without the consent of the Local Government Board. But a person interested may apply to them to direct the sanitary authority to take proceedings. The Board, in giving or withholding their consent, are to have regard to the industrial interests involved, and to the circumstances and requirements of the locality. They are not to give their consent to proceedings in any district which is the seat of any manufacturing industry, unless they are satisfied that means are reasonably available and practicable for rendering harmless the poisonous, noxious, or polluting liquids proceeding from the processes of such manufactures, and that no material injury will be inflicted on the interests of the industry by the proposed proceedings. Notwithstanding their consent, the alleged offender may still object before the sanitary authority to the proposed proceedings; and after inquiry, such authority shall determine whether such proceedings shall or shall not be taken (s. 6).

Proceedings to Enforce. The power of enforcing compliance with the provisions of the Act is conferred on every sanitary authority in relation to any stream being within, or passing through or by any part of their district. For that purpose they may institute proceedings in respect of any offence which causes interference with the due flow or pollution of any such stream within their district wherever the offence may be actually committed. Any person aggrieved by the commission of an offence may also institute proceedings (s. 8). It was found in practice that authorities or persons thus entitled to institute proceedings did not always enforce their rights-in regard to sewage, sanitary authorities are often the chief offenders-and that much remediable pollution consequently continued unchecked. Accordingly, when County Councils were created in 1888, they were empowered, in addition to any other authority, to enforce the provisions of the Rivers Pollution Prevention Act, in relation to so much of any stream as is situated within, or passes through or by any part of their county, as if they were a sanitary authority, or any other authority having power to enforce the provisions of that Act. They were also empowered to contribute towards the costs of a prosecution instituted by another authority.

Further, the Local Government Board may now, by Provisional Order, constitute a joint-committee representing all the counties through which a river, or a specified portion of a river, or any tributary thereof flows, and may confer on such committee all or any of the powers of a sanitary authority under the Rivers Pollution Act, 51 & 52 Vict. c. 41, s. 14.

As stated supra, the power of instituting proceedings in respect of manufacturing and mining pollutions is carefully limited.

Court. The Court in which proceedings in respect of any offence are to be taken is the County Court. It may by summary order require any person to abstain from the commission of such offence or to perform a duty under the Act, and may insert in any order such conditions as to time or mode of action as it may think just, and generally give directions for carrying any order into effect. Any person making default in complying with any requirement of an order may be ordered to pay a sum of £50 for every day during which he is in default; and where he persists in disobeying the order, the Court may appoint some one to carry it into effect at his expense (s. 10).

The order to be made is in the nature of an injunction, which, like every other injunction, is a matter in the discretion of the Court before whom it comes. The County Court judge should not grant it unless satisfied that he ought to make an order, and that he can make one which is likely to work beneficially (Kirkheaton Board v. Ainley, [1892] 2 Q. B. 274; Derbyshire C. C. v. Derby Mayor, [1896] 2 Q. B. 297). If either party in any proceedings feels aggrieved by the decision of the County Court in point of law or on the merits, he has an absolute right of appeal (s. 11). Written notice must be given to any alleged offender two months before the institution of proceedings under the Act (s. 13). See also DRAIN, DRAINAGE; PUBLIC HEALTH; WATER SUPPLY.

Committees for protecting particular districts in Lancashire and in Yorkshire were formed by Provisional Orders in 1891. These committees subsequently obtained private Acts giving them increased powers to deal with pollutions (see 55 & 56 Vict. c. cxci. and 57 & 58 Vict. c. clxvi.). There are also local Acts in force dealing with many rivers.

Rogatory Commissions.-See COMMISSIONS, ROGATORY. Rogue.-See VAGABOND.

Role d'equipage.-The register of a ship's crew.

Roll.-A list or register of names, e.g. a burgess roll, or of legal proceedings, e.g. the issue and other rolls, on which all the proceedings in an action were entered (see ISSUE ROLL; RECORD), or the Court rolls of a manor on which admissions, surrenders, etc., are entered. See MANOR.

Rolling Stock.-As to exemption from distress of rolling stock of railway companies, see article DISTRESS, Vol. IV., at p. 635.

Roll's Chapel, Court, and Office.-What was known until recently as the Roll's Chapel in Chancery Lane was built on the site of an ancient religious house established by Henry III., known as the House of Maintenance for converted Jews (Domus conversorum). This religious purpose being ultimately abandoned, the establishment was handed over by Edward III. in 1377 to the Master of the Rolls (q.v.), to be used as a residence and Court; the whole being within the parish or peculiar, called the Liberty of the Rolls. Roll's House was the official residence of the Master. The Rolls Court was held there until the Master became a judge of the High Court; and on the completion of the Royal Courts of Justice, the Court ceased to be used as such. In the office of the Court, and in the chapel, and elsewhere in the buildings, were stored rolls and records of the Court of Chancery from the reign of Edward III. until the time when they were removed to the present Public Record Office (see RECORD OFFICE).

[Authorities.-Scargill Bird, Guide to the Public Records; Wheatley and Cunningham, London Past and Present, vol. iii. p. 166.]

Rolls (Court).-The Court roll of a manor, wherein the business of the Court, the admissions, surrenders, names, rents, and services of the tenants are copied and enrolled (Toml. Law Dict.).

The lord and his steward are compellable by mandamus to permit the Court rolls to be inspected by any person claiming an interest under them; and this is the proper course to adopt when no action is pending (R. v. Lucas, 1808, 10 East, 235; 10 R. R. 283).

The practice of the Court upon an order for production of documents is, that the Court rolls of a manor are merely to be produced for inspection, and not to be deposited in the Court. In a suit between copyholder and lord, if the usual order for production of documents is made, that order will extend to the Court rolls, without payment to the steward of the customary fees (Hoare v. Wilson, 1867, L. R. 4 Eq. 1). But the right to the inspection of them is confined to the case of persons interested (R. v. Shelley, 1789, 3 T. R. 142). As the Court rolls of a manor are not in strictness records, so they must be proved, where their authenticity is questioned, and the Courts will admit an averment of any error in them (Bridger v. Huett, 1860, 2 F. & F. 35).

Rolls, Master of the.-See MASTER OF THE ROLLS.

Rolls of Parliament.-The ancient Rolls of Parliament now deposited at the Record Office (q.v.) consist of three classes of records :

1. The Statute Rolls.

2. Enrolments of Acts of Parliament, commonly termed the "Parliament Rolls."

3. The Rolls of Parliament.

1. The first are Records of Chancery of the highest authority, on which were entered the several statutes, when drawn up in form, for the purpose of being proclaimed and published. These statutes were framed upon such original petitions and answers or entries thereof on the Parliament Rolls as related to public concerns. The earliest of these Rolls known to exist commences with the Statute of Gloucester, 6 Edw. I., 1278, and continues up to the eighth year of Edw. IV. inclusive, in 1468, with an interruption of sixteen years from 8 Hen. VI. to 23 Hen. VI.

inclusive. They were preserved in former times in the Tower of London. Though the Statute Rolls stop with Edw. IV., there is said to be evidence that they were continued subsequently; but that they probably ceased altogether with the session 4 Hen. VII. (1489), as no such Roll of a later date nor any evidence thereof has been discovered. In the next session of 7 Hen. VII., public Acts were for the first time printed from the several bills passed in Parliament, and not as part of one general statute drawn up in the ancient form.

2. The Enrolments, or the Parliament Rolls, began on the discontinuance of the Statute Rolls, and constitute an uninterrupted series from 1 Rich. III. (1483) down to the present time, with the exception of the period of the Commonwealth. They contained some other matters (e.g. commissions for giving the royal assent to bills); but after Hen. VII. they took the place of the Statute Rolls.

The private Acts, too, were enrolled, but were gradually dropped, until, in the reign of Geo. II., even the titles of the private Acts, which had been noticed, were omitted, and nothing but the public Acts were enrolled.

The system of enrolment until 1849 was that after the royal assent to the Acts of a session had been given, a transcript of the whole was certified by the Clerk of the Parliaments, and deposited in the Rolls Chapel. A Roll, or Rolls, was engrossed on parchment, signed and certified by the Clerk of the Parliaments; and it thus became the enrolment of the statutes of that session of Parliament.

In 1849, the engrossments and enrolments ceased. Since then two prints on vellum of every Act-public, local, or private-are made. These copies are certified by the Clerk of the Parliaments; and one of them is stored in the Victoria Tower, the other being sent to the Record Office, where they are numbered in the three separate and different classes.

The original Acts, both public and private, are kept in the Parliament Office.

At the Record Office are also such private Acts of Parliament as have been certified into Chancery from the reign of Hen. VIII. to Geo. III. inclusive.

3. The third class-the Rolls of Parliament-which are in the Record Office, are prior to the reign of Rich. III. (1483-1485), and contain entries of the several transactions in Parliament. When complete they include the adjournments, and all other common and daily occurrences and proceedings, from the opening to the close of each Parliament, with the several petitions or bills, the answers given to them not only on public matters on which the statute was afterwards framed, but also on private

concerns.

In some few instances the statute, as drawn up in form, is entered on the Roll; but in general the petition and answer only are found entered; and in such case the entry of itself furnishes no certain evidence that the petition and answer were at any time put into the form of a statute.

These proceedings are thus recorded from 1278-1503 A.D., and there is an interval of six years between their close and the beginning of the Lords' Journals in the reign of Hen. VIII. (1509), and of forty-four before the commencement of the Commons' Journals in the reign of Edw. VI. (1547). They are complete up to the present time, with the exception of a short period during the reign of Elizabeth.

See EVIDENCE; RECORDS.

[Authorities. Introduction to Statutes of the Realm; May's Parlia-
mentary Practice, 11th ed.; Ilbert's Legislative Methods and Forms;
Clifford's Private Bill Legislation.]

Rolls of the Exchequer.-The Rolls of the Exchequer,
now placed in the Record Office (q.v.) under the charge and superintend-
ence of the Master of the Rolls (q.v.), consist of the records of that
Court, both on its administrative and judicial sides. They relate to the
Exchequer of Pleas, or Common Law side; to the King's Remembrancer's
Department, or Equity side; to the Lord Treasurer's Remembrancer's
Department, including the office of the Clerk of the Pipe; to the
Augmentation Department, including the old Courts of Augmentations
and General Surveyors of the King's lands; to the Firstfruits and Tenths
Departments; to the Receipt Department, or "Exchequer of Receipt"
(including the Pells' and Auditors' offices); to the Treasury of the
Exchequer, or Treasury of the Receipt of the Exchequer; and to the
Land Revenue Department.

[Authority. Scargill Bird, Guide to the Public Records.]