his or her resolution to contract a marriage disapproved of, then such descendant, upon giving notice to the Privy Council (which notice is to be entered in the books thereof) may at any time from the expiration of twelve calendar months after such notice has been given, contract such marriage, which shall be good, unless both Houses of Parliament shall disapprove. Persons who wilfully solemnise or assist at such a marriage without such consent, on being duly convicted thereof, shall incur and suffer the pains and penalties ordained and provided by the Statute of Provision and Præmunire made in the sixteenth year of the reign of Richard II. This Act was directed against morganatic unions.

Even the Sovereign and all the other members of the royal family are bound by the ordinary law of marriage, as regards monogamy and divorce. Henry VIII. obtained a legal decree of nullity or marriage from Catherine of Arragon and from Anne Boleyn, and George IV. promoted a bill for a parliamentary divorce from Queen Caroline. And see further, articles ACT OF SETTLEMENT; BILL OF RIGHTS.

Royal Mines.-A term applied to gold and silver mines, The subject is dealt with in the article MINES AND MINERALS, Vol. IX., at p. 240.

Royal Palaces.-In the Civil Service Estimates for the year 1908-09, the following residences are given under the heading Royal Palaces:

I. Palaces, etc., in the personal occupation of His Majesty-Buckingham Palace; Royal Mews, Pimlico; Windsor Castle; Windsor Home Park, with Adelaide Lodge, etc.

II. Palaces partly in the occupation of His Majesty-St. James's Palace (State Rooms, Chapel Royal, Guard Rooms, Offices, and Official Residences).

III. Palaces not in the occupation of His Majesty-St. James's Palace (Residential Apartments); Marlborough House; Kensington Palace; Hampton Court Palace; White Lodge, Richmond Park; Kew Palace; Kew Royal Observatory; Frogmore House and Grounds; Military Knights' Houses, Windsor Castle; Pembroke Lodge, Thatched House Lodge, and East Sheen Cottage, Richmond Park; The Upper Lodge and Paddocks; The Cottage, Hawthorn Lodge and Cottages in Bushey Park; House in Hyde Park (late Ranger's Lodge); Holyrood Palace. The estimates under the above headings are as follows:

1908-09.

1. £22,322

2. 8,038

3. 33,839

1907-08.

£25,583

6,585 32,839

As to inquests in the royal palaces, see article CORONER.

In the case of A.-G. v. Donaldson, 1842, 10 Mee. & W. 117; 11 L. J. Ex. 338; 62 R. R. 540, it was held that a distress cannot be levied for sewer rates within the precincts of a royal palace occupied as the residence of a sovereign.

There is a distinction between a royal palace and a royal palace which is also a royal residence. Hampton Court Palace is a royal palace, but not a royal residence, and therefore is not exempt from execution, within it, of civil process. The Sovereign' does not, in fact, reside there; and the circumstances that the chief officials and the chaplain, together with

the housekeeper and the gardener, are all appointed by the Crown, and paid out of the civil list-that a pew is always kept in the chapel ready for the royal use that certain apartments there are known as "State apartments"-that a guard of honour is always posted there-that the inmates, to whom the Sovereign has graciously granted the use of apartments, hold such apartments entirely at the pleasure of the Crownand that the grapes grown in the vinery are always kept for the service of His Majesty's table, do not constitute it a royal residence, so as to confer the exemption of the levying of a fi. fa. in some of the apartments of the palace; and a sheriff is not liable to an information for intrusion (A.-G. v. Dakin and Others, 1869, L. R. 4 H. L. 338). See also the cases reviewed in the judgment of Jessel, M.R., in Combe v. De la Bere, 1882, 22 Ch. D., at p. 338.

Royal Peculiar.-See PECULIAR.

Royal Prerogative.—See PREROGATIVE.

Royal Society.-The Royal Society consists of a number of persons associated together for the purpose of promoting mathematical and physical science. It is the most influential of the scientific societies, and was incorporated by Charles II. in 1663. Originally located near Gresham College, Crane Court, it was removed in 1780 to Somerset House, and since 1857 it has occupied rooms in Burlington House, Piccadilly.

The following are some of the scientific matters upon which the Society has been consulted by, or has memorialised, the Government during the last century:-Standard Measures of Length, 1816; Expedition in Search of North-West Passage, 1817; Use of Coal-tar in Vessels of War, 1822; Best Manner of Measuring Tonnage of Ships; Pendulum Observations in India, 1865; Deep Sea Research, 1868; Eclipse Expedition, 1875; Vivisection Bill, 1876; Prevention of Accidents in Mines, 1879; Borings in the Delta of the Nile, 1883.

A statement of the trust funds administered by the Royal Society will be found in their published "Proceedings," under date November 30 of each year, and the origin and History of these funds will be found in Weld's History of the Royal Society, and in W. Spottiswoode's Anniversary Address for 1874 (Proc. Roy. Soc., xxiii. p. 49).

Under the existing statutes of the Royal Society, every candidate for election must be recommended by certificate in writing, signed by six or more fellows, of whom three at least must sign from personal knowledge. From the candidates so recommended, the council annually select fifteen by ballot, and on the first Thursday in June the names so selected are submitted to the Society in the form of a printed balloting-sheet, with space left for erasure and substitution of names. Princes of the blood royal may, however, be proposed at any ordinary meeting, and put to the vote on the same day, and any member of the Privy Council may be balloted for on the third ordinary meeting from the day upon which his certificate is read. Foreign members, not exceeding fifty, may be selected by the council from among men of the greatest scientific eminence, and proposed to the Society for election. Every member of the privileged class is liable to an admission fee of £10, and an annual payment of £4; other fellows pay £3 per annum. The composition for annual payments is £60.

VOL XIII

4

Royal Supremacy.-The supremacy of the Crown of England over all persons, and in all causes, ecclesiastical as well as civil, was always recognised as indubitable at common law (Coke, Inst., iv. chap. 74; Hale, Pleas of Crown, i. 75); and was both in practice and in principle, maintained long before the reign of Henry VIII., when it first received statutory acknowledgment. Thus the King's Courts had power to prohibit the ecclesiastical Courts, as being inferior Courts, if exceeding their recognised legal jurisdiction; and the appeals in ecclesiastical causes, when necessary, went "from the archdeacon to the bishop, and from the bishop to the archbishop; and if justice were not done by the archbishop, the last resort was to the King, according to whose commandment the cause was finally determined in the archbishop's Court, without any further process, except by the King's leave;" this being claimed as an ancient liberty and custom of the Church of England in the Constitutions of Clarendon (q.v.) of 1164. Under Stephen and John, "the supreme devolution of ecclesiastical causes came, but by degrees, and at first by reverent indulgence, to the Pope; and appeals to Rome in causes admittedly within the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical Courts of England became common, and were acquiesced in, but only with the limitation that the King's authority was not prejudiced thereby. Thus a statute of 1337 (27 Edw. III. i. 1) made it a præmunire to bring any suit to a foreign Court to answer of things whereof the cognisance belongs to the King's Court; and a statute of 1392 (16 Rich. II. 5) recites the complaint of the Commons to the King, that "the Pope had issued processes and sentences of excommunication against English bishops for acting in obedience to English law, and intended to translate other English bishops, some out of the realm, and some to other English dioceses; and their declaration that the Crown of England had been so free at all times that it had been in no earthly subjection, but immediately subject to God in all things touching the regality thereof; and that the things complained of and so attempted are clearly against the king's Crown and his regality, used and approved of the time of all his progenitors." Legislation in matters of faith had also taken place, e.g. against heresy, in 1382 (5 Rich. II. stat. 2, c. 4), 1400 (2 Hen. IV. c. 15), and 1414 (2 Hen. v. stat. 1, c. 7) against the Lollards (and see Hale, P. C., i. chap. xxx.). It was also recognised that Convocation could only meet when summoned by the King's writ; and their canons or constitutions could not be enforced if they were "contrariant or repugnant to the King's prerogative, or the customs, laws, or statutes of the realm." Lastly, with regard to bishoprics, which were originally donatives of the Crown by letters patent, the practice was for the Crown to grant its licence for free election to be held to fill a vacancy, sending, however, at the same time its missive, naming the person whom the King desired to have elected; and the election, when made, was subject to the King's assent, the newly elected bishop not having his temporalities restored till he had sworn allegiance to the King, but confirmation and consecration being in the power of the Pope. The claim of the Pope to collate to bishoprics, in addition to this power, was defeated by the Statute of Provisors, 25 Edw. III. stat. 6.

The bishop elected, besides taking an oath "to be faithful and obedient to St. Peter, and to the holy Church of Rome, and my lord the Pope and his successors canonically entering," also took an oath to the King," renouncing all grants which I have or shall have hereafter, of the Pope's holiness, of or for the said bishopric, that in any wise hath

been, is, or hereafter may be hurtful or prejudicial to your highness, your heirs and successors, dignity, privilege, or estate royal," and to obey the King in temporal matters (Phill. Eccl. Law, i. 37).

The object of the legislation of Henry VIII., by which the royal supremacy was definitely declared by statute, was not to put the Crown in a new position as regards the Church, but in the words of the Statute of Elizabeth-"to restore to the Crown the ancient jurisdiction authorities, superiorities, and preheminences to the same of right belonging or appertaining, and to put away and extinguish all usurped and foreign powers and authorities out of the realm and the king's dominions and countries" (1 Eliz. 1, preamble). Except for the dissolution of the monasteries it aimed at nothing else but the exclusion of the papal power and the establishment of the supremacy of the Crown, not over a new Church then created, but over the old, then-existing Church of England (Lord Selborne, Defence of the Church, 27; Hale, Pleas of Crown, i. 75). The Act for the Abolition of Peterspence and Dispensations (1533, 25 Hen. VIII. 21) may be taken as a type of the spirit governing all the ecclesiastical legislation of Henry VIII., and it states expressly that "neither it nor any thing or things therein contained shall be hereafter interpreted or expounded that your grace, your nobles and subjects, intend by the same to decline or vary from the congregation of Christ's Church in any things concerning the very articles of the Catholic faith of Christendom, or in any other things declared by holy Scripture and the Word of God, necessary for your and their salvations, but only to make an ordinance by policies necessary and convenient to repress vice, and for good conservation of this realm in peace, unity, and tranquillity from ravin and spoil, insuing much the old ancient customs of this realm in that behalf" (s. 19, now s. 13, Rev. Stat.). "The Statutes of the Reformation disavowed any aim at establishing a system of principles novel in our law touching ecclesiastical jurisdiction. They sought to provide effectual safeguards on behalf of the State, for the principles on which the British law had theretofore been founded, but which the exorbitant power of the clerical estate tempted it, notwithstanding repeated acknowledgments, from time to time to question" (Gladstone, Royal Supremacy, 258).

The royal supremacy was formally submitted to by the clergy in 1532, when Convocation "acknowledged (1) that the King was lord and head over the Church, ecclesiæ et cleri Anglicani singularem protectorem unicum et supremum dominum et quantum per Christi legem licet etiam supremum caput; and (2) that Convocation had always and ought only to assemble by the King's writ; and promised in verbo sacerdotii (3) not to attempt to allege claim or put in use any new canons but by the King's licence; nor (4) to enact, promulge, or execute any such canons without the King's assent; and (5) asked the Crown to appoint a commission of thirty-two persons-sixteen clergy and sixteen laymen of the two Houses of Parliament-to review the Church laws then subsisting, abolish and annul such part of them as they might think exceptionable, and to present such of them as they thought worthy to stand to the Crown for fresh confirmation." An Act of Parliament (1533, 25 Hen. VIII. 19) confirmed this submission by enacting that "the clergy were not to make any canon except in convocation with the King's consent, on penalty of fine and imprisonment; that the King should assign thirtytwo persons to examine the former canons, and approve or repeal them with the King's consent; that no canons were to be enforced contrary

to the King's prerogative or the customs, laws, and statutes of the realm; that there was to be no appeal to Rome or otherwise than according to the Statute of Appeals, 1532, 24 Hen. VIII. 12; but for lack of justice in the archbishops' Courts in the realm or the King's dominions, an appeal lay to the King in Chancery, to be determined by Commissioners appointed by the King. The penalty of præmunire (as under 16 Rich. II. 5) was affixed to the offence of suing appeals to Rome; appeals from places exempt were to go to the King in Chancery, and not to Rome, and the existing canons were to continue in force till reviewed." A statute of the following year also confirmed by reference the submission of the clergy, providing that "the King is the supreme head of the Church of England, as recognised by the clergy of the realm in Convocation," and also that "the Crown shall have full power and authority to correct all errors, heresies, and offences whatsoever, which by any manner spiritual authority or jurisdiction ought or may lawfully be reformed, repressed, ordered, redressed, corrected, restrained, or amended" (1534, 26 Hen. VIII. 1). This statute was, however, repealed by an Act of Philip and Mary (1 & 2 Phil. & Mary, 8); and this was in its turn repealed by an Act of Elizabeth (1 Eliz. 1), which revived the submission of clergy statute, and enacted in place of the last-mentioned statute above "that all foreign power and authority, spiritual and temporal, should be extinguished (s. 16, now 7 in Revised Statutes), and that such jurisdictions, privileges, superiorities, and pre-eminences, spiritual and ecclesiastical, as by any spiritual or ecclesiastical power or authority hath heretofore been or may lawfully be exercised or used for visitation of the ecclesiastical state and persons, and for reformation, order, and correction of the same, and of all manner of errors, heresies, schisms, abuses, offences, contempts, and enormities, shall for ever by authority of this present Parliament be united and annexed to the Imperial Crown of this realm (s. 17, now 8 of Revised Statutes); that the Queen might assign commissioners to exercise ecclesiastical jurisdiction (s. 18, repealed in 1640; 16 Car. I. c. 11, s. 3; and 13 Car. II. stat. 1, c. 12); and that all spiritual and temporal officers should take the oath of the Queen's supremacy, namely-I, A. B., do utterly testify and declare in my conscience that the Queen's Highness is the only supreme governor of this realm, and of all other Her Highness's dominions and countries, as well in all spiritual and ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal' (s. 19, repealed by 1 Will. & Mary, 8, s. 12)."

This last-mentioned statute substituted in the supremacy oath a mere repudiation of papal supremacy (s. 12), and this was continued by 21 & 22 Vict. c. 48, s. 1. The present oath of allegiance (under 31 & 32 Vict. c. 72) is—"I, A. B., do swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His Majesty, King Edward, his heirs and successors, according to law. So help me God;" and this must be taken by every clergyman prior to ordination or institution, and every bishop or archbishop before confirmation (28 & 29 Vict. c. 122; Phillimore, Eccl. Law, i. 40).

The meaning of the supremacy oath was declared by admonition in the royal injunctions of 1559, to be that "the Queen neither did nor ever would challenge any authority other than was challenged and lately used by the Kings, her father and brother, which is and was of ancient time due to the Imperial Crown of this realm, that is, that the Queen should have sovereignty and rule over all manner of persons of what estate, ecclesiastical or temporal, so as no other foreign Power should