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the painter, got him many commissions, thus paving the way to his great fortune and reputation (iii. 373, 486).

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In The Gentleman's Magazine for May, 1767 (xxxvii. 199, numbered by mistake 239, et seq.), are some Remarks from two different Quarters on some of the pictures hibited in Pall-Mall." Both connoisseurs pretend to select the best." On p. 199 is the following

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"Mr. Cassanova [sic], Bond Street, No. 60. This picture shows great strength of genius; the light and shadow finely managed; and was the drawing a little more correct, it might be deemed a painting of the first class. The other is more tame and cold, though his sky and some of the rocks are very grand, and worthy the attention of landscapepainters.'

This is the criticism of "A Lover of the
Arts."

Then follows that of "M. H." :

"Mr. Cassanova. His battle piece is a noble design, and painted with wonderful spirit and fire. The march over the Alps is also a prodigious fine picture; I believe him to be the first painter in this way in Europe."

No. 60 is apparently the number of one or both of the pictures.

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"BOMBAY DUCK."-In a letter to The Times of 4 June Sir George Birdwood suggests a new explanation of this phrase, Bombay viz., that it is a corruption of dog," the reason he gives being that the literary Indian (Telegu) names for the fish are kukka-mutti-i.e., 'dog [literally barker "] pilchard,' and kukka-savara―i.e., dog-snake," "; and he adds that it is so called from its stealthy and deadly mode of attacking the other fishes which this depraved and degraded looking little monster makes its daily prey." In a letter to The Times of 5 June Mr. A. L. Mayhew showed the untenability of some of Sir George Birdwood's arguments in support of this very far-fetched derivation, and said :

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"I believe that the phrase 'Bombay Duck' may It appears probable that this Mr. Cassanova be explained in the same manner as the phrase was François Casanova, though Bryan's tention is that Bombay Duck' is simply a playful 'Oxford Hare' and 'Welsh Rabbit.'......My con'Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, phrase, requiring no arduous philological research." edited by R. E. Graves, does not say that he ever visited England. Neither is there Not only do I agree entirely with Mr. any mention of such a visit in the Bio-Mayhew, but I can, I think, set at rest, graphie Universelle.' once for all, any doubt in the matter. 'A Voyage to India' (published 1820) the Rev. James Cordiner describes his first

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François Casanova was a painter of battle-pieces, and, according to the Biographie Universelle,' his drawing was faulty, at all events when he was young. This is the complaint made by "A Lover of the Arts,' as noted above, concerning Mr. Cassanova; and a similar one appears at greater length in the criticism made by Jacques Casanova as to his brother's paintings.

According to the Fragments des Mémoires du Prince de Ligne' (Mémoires de J. Casanova,' Paris edition, viii. 459), Jacques, conversing with Catherine II. of Russia, on meeting her for the first time in the Empress's summer garden at St. Petersburg, being asked by her whether he was not the brother of the painter, asked her how she knew that dauber (barbouilleur). The Empress replied that she valued him as a man of genius. Upon that Casanova said: Oui, madame, du feu plutôt, du coloris, de l'effet et quelque belle ordonnance; mais le dessin et le fini ne sont pas son fort." The Prince de Ligne considered this a just criticism. The above is omitted in the Brussels edition.

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In

impressions of Bombay, where he arrived
from England on 19 May, 1798, and on
p. 67 says:-
:-

"This place is likewise remarkable for an excelthe nature of a sand eel, but softer, and of a lent small fish called bumbelo. It is something of superior flavour, about a foot in length, and of the thickness of a man's finger. When fried, in its fresh state, it is of the consistence of a strong jelly, and more delicate than a whiting: it is, however, state a great quantity of these fishes is exported; most commonly eaten after being dried, in which they afford an excellent seasoning to boiled rice, which always forms a dish at breakfast, and receives from them a most agreeable relish. The sailors, by way of joke, call them Bombay Ducks."

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This gives us an example of the literary use of the phrase sixty years earlier than the earliest in Hobson-Jobson and the 'N.E.D.' and proves that the descriptive appellation for the dried fish was in common use before the end of the eighteenth century. I have not the least doubt that Cordiner is. right in attributing the name "Bombay duck to sailors, to whom we are indebted for not a few facetiæ in nomenclature.

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I feel doubtful, however, regarding the morning I counted four entirely different origin of the name ducks as descriptive orthographies of this name. The spelling of Bombay soldiers or civilians (the 'N.E.D.' at the head of this note I take from an and Yule differ as to which is meant). Were excellent authority, Redhouse's 'Turkish the Bombay men so called from the popular Lexicon,' 1890. It has the merit, at any name of the fish, or from the fact (if it be rate, of being easy to pronounce. Dolma a fact) that they wore clothes (? trousers) Bagcha means the filled-up little park,' of duck? The N.E.D.' I notice, favours this part of Constantinople being on the neither of these derivations, but implies site of a former harbour: dolma, filled up; that the soldiers of the Bombay Presidency bagcha, a little garden or park. got their name from the bird. Perhaps JAS. PLATT, Jun. some reader of N. & Q.' can solve this question.

Returning to the dried fish, I may mention that in Ceylon it is called by the Sinhalese bombili, but I suspect that this name was introduced into the island with the condiment, which has a large sale there.

DONALD FERGUSON.

CHAUCER'S TWO ALLUSIONS TO PERSIUS. -In 'The Canterbury Tales,' F 721, occurs the line

I sleep never on the mount of Pernaso, which (as we learn from a side-note in the Ellesmere MS.) was suggested by 1. 2 of the prologue to the Satires of Persius, viz.,

Neque in bicipiti somniasse Parnasso Memini, &c. I now find that Chaucer was indebted to another passage in the same very short prologue for the remarkable form "Pegasee (for Pegaseus), which occurs in 'The Squire's Tale,' F 207. Here another marginal note in the same MS. has equus Pegaseus. I have noted (Chaucer's 'Works,' v. 376) that Chaucer was thinking of the adjectival form Pegaseus rather than of Pegasus as a substantive. This is not quite right, but very nearly so. For a side-note in the Cambridge MS. Dd. tells us a little more. It runs thus: id est, equus Pegaseus: Percius 4to." Here either 4to is an error for 14to," or it is short for "quatuordecimo," SC. versu," as the allusion is obviously to 1. 14 of the same prologue, viz.,

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Cantare credas Pegaseium nectar;

the only allusion (I believe) to Pegasus that occurs in Persius, and only twelve lines distant from the line quoted above. This shows that Chaucer evolved the form Pegaseus as a sb. from the adjectival form Pegaseius.

WALTER W. SKEAT.

DOLMA BAGCHA, CONSTANTINOPLE.-The name of this palace has been before the public very prominently of late in the innumerable articles referring to the new Sultan of Turkey; but its spelling presents a difficulty: in The Daily Telegraph one

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"YAMUYLE," A VICTUAL.- 'The Brut; or, the Chronicles of England' (E.E.T.S.) has at p. 435, dating c. 1480, and referring to the siege of Orleans: vij M of Frensshe men fill vpon oure men as they went toward the Toune with vitaill that is called yamuyle.' This can hardly be other than the French gamelle (Lat. camella), a military term for a mess bowl, or platter; hence the mess itself. H. P. L.

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JOHN ANGEL OR ANGER.-In Musgrave's 'Obituary' there are two entries, John Anger and John Angel, under date 25 Jan., 1751, The London Magazine has both of them in its list of deaths. The Gentleman's Magazine has only that referring to John Anger. John Anger is described in both as a proprietor of lighthouses in the North for the conveniency of shipping; John Angel as in the commission of peace for Surrey. John Anger is a myth. John Angel was the proprietor of the lighthouses in the North, as will be seen by a reference to his will, proved (P.C.C. Busby 68) 1 March, 1751, as follows:

"I do hereby give devise and bequeath unto my good friends and executors Mr. Robert Alsop one of the Aldermen of the City of London Mr. William Cockell of Blackwell Hall London Factor and Mr. Nicholas Spencer of the Parish of St. Margaret Westminster in the County of Middlesex Sadler and their heirs all that my Lighthouse or Lights erected and built upon a piece of ground Head at the Mouth of the River Humber in the situate lying and being on the Spurne Point or County of York."

Owing to a printer's or possibly clerical error, Gent. Mag. makes Angel read Anger, and this, being copied by the London, has been perpetuated in Musgrave. M. B.

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Albans."

This statement is reproduced in S Selkirk's adventures, except that the comthe 'D.N.B.'; but despite these authorities panion of his solitude is an ape whose it is incorrect. Althorp vacated his seat "back was a lively green, his face and for Okehampton on accepting_office as belly a very bright yellow, his coat all over & Lord of the Treasury early in February: shining like burnished gold." The artist the poll for Cambridge took place on 7 Feb.; in the copy before me has painted this the new writ for Okehampton was ordered animal a dark green. With such an opporon that day, and Althorp was re-elected for tunity for display it is a pity. his old constituency on 15 Feb. He never sat for, nor did he ever contest, St. Albans. How easily errors are made and perpetuated in works of standard authority!

ALFRED B. BEAVEN, M.A.

"BRING," ARCHAIC USE.-I was under the impression that the use of this verb in the sense of "to take" in certain quarters in America, not always of necessity plebeian ones, was a mere vulgarism, as in the phrase Bring that letter to the post office ; but I find that Dr. Marcus Hartog, an old fellow-student of mine at University College, London, in an article (by himself and Miss Hayden) on the Irish dialect of English in The Fortnightly Review of April instances it as a current Irish use having an older English origin. I do not find this early use of "to bring noticed in the 'N.E.D.,' however, which merely mentions the totally dissimilar bring to,' as in to bring her to," i.e., persuade (Tom Jones');"to bring her to," i.e., revive (Uncle Tom's Cabin '); and the nautical locution to bring to a ship," i.e., to cause it to stop. N. W. HILL. New York.

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DARK ROOM IN PHOTOGRAPHY.-I am informed by Mr. Herbert Awdry that Henry Fox Talbot, the inventor of the method of producing by photography any number of prints on paper from a negative on glass, resided at Lacock Abbey, and that the first dark room used in this process c. 1838, was an early English crypt there. This fact seems to be of sufficient interest for a note. Durham.

J. T. F.

ROBINSON CRUSOE'S LITERARY DESCENDANTS. (See Crusoe Richard Davis,' 10 S. xi. 425.)-To this list can be added "The Adventures of Philip Quarll, the English Hermit, who was discovered by Mr. Dorrington on an Uninhabited Island, where he had lived upwards of Fifty Years. London: Printed by and for Hodgson & Co., 10, Newgate Street. Sixpence." with folding hand-coloured frontispiece in compartments dated July 22, 1823. This, unlike Crusoe Richard Davis,' is on the same lines as

ALECK ABRAHAMS.

Queries.

WE must request correspondents desiring information on family matters of only private interest to affix their names and addresses to their queries, in order that answers may be sent to them direct.

SIR FRANCIS BACON ON TASTING.-Can any of your readers give me the exact reference for the following statement, which is said to have been made by Sir Francis Bacon in his 'Natural Philosophy' :

"Sir Francis Bacon observes, in his 'Natural Philosophy,' that our taste is never pleased better than with those things which at first created a claret, coffee, and other liquors, which the palate disgust in it. He gives particular instances, of seldom approves upon the first taste, but, when it has once got a relish of them, generally retains it for life."

This quotation is first given in an essay by Addison in The Spectator, No. 447, for Saturday, 2 Aug., 1712, and is to be found on pp. 293-4 of vol. vii. of The Spectator reprinted in 1817. The title of the essay is The Influence of Custom.'

F. S. PITT-TAYLOR, M.B., CH.B. The Lawn, Rock Ferry.

ROBERT AGASSIZ.-Comte Marquiset is engaged on a life of the famous French actress of the First Republic, Mlle. Langes. Information is sought as to Mr. Robert Agassiz. who is connected with her story, and is said to have been a London banker. The name is best known in connexion with American science, but was originally Swiss. HISTORICUS.

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EDWARD, DUKE OF YORK, AND MISS FLOOD.-In contemporary newspapers it is hinted that there was a liaison between a sister of Henry Flood, the Irish statesman, and Edward, Duke of York, brother of George III., who died in September, 1767. A secret marriage is also suggested. As the matter does not appear to have become notorious, it may be a mere journalistic canard, but I should be glad to know of any reference to the rumour in memoirs of the time. HORACE BLEACKLEY.

MUNRO OF NOVAR.-According to Leaves from the Note-Books of Lady Dorothy

2. Monsters of imagination, begotten upon a cloud Nevill,' the very fine collection of pictures of of Statistics. (This is before 1860.)

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Munro of Novar was sold in order to help
the Turks, in 1878, by his successor and heir
the late Mr. Butler Johnston, M.P. I am
trying to trace the present whereabouts of
in the collection, and should be glad to
some of the pictures which I know were
learn where an annotated sale-catalogue
can be seen.
L. L. K.

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I should like to know what the MS. Coll. Arms 1st M. 14, f. 29, from which there is Handbook' (p. 91), says of the embalming. an excerpt in the English Church Pageant. Henry V. died at Vincennes in 1422.

ST. SWITHIN.
Jonathan

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DUELS BETWEEN WOMEN.-In The Town and Country Magazine, xvii. 626, there is a story of a duel between Miss Roach or Le Roche, afterwards Lady Echlin (see 10 S. xi. 501), and another lady, who is styled REV. JONATHAN CLAPHAM. "the Fair Hibernian.” Again, in The Clapham was instituted Rector of WrampCarlton House Magazine for August, 1792, lingham by the King in 1660. Previously vol. i. p. 359, it is stated that "Lady Almeria he had published three works: a sermon ; Braddock and Mrs. Elphinstone had not a vindication of psalm-singing, "with rules long ago an affair of honour in Hyde Park, to direct weak Christians how to sing to first with pistols, and afterwards with edification"; and a Discovery....of the swords." Possibly these anecdotes were Damnable Doctrines of the Quakers." intended to be facetious, and as I have Little else is known of him. I should be never come across any corroboration I glad of any information bearing on his regard them with suspicion. Is there a parentage and history. reference to such an incident in any other contemporary publications ?

HORACE BLEACKLEY.

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Was he the same Jonathan Clapham who in 1684 published a sermon Christian Obedience Recommended'?' Obedience to Magis

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trates,' a sermon on the same text, Titus historian, for thirty years Treasurer of the iii. 1 (1683), is by the British Museum Congregational Union of England and Wales. Catalogue ascribed in one place to Jonathan Mr. Hanbury died at 16, Gloucester Villas, Clapham, and in another page to John Brixton, in 1864, leaving all his property Chapman. Replies direct will oblige.

J. HAMBLEY ROWE, M.B.

88, Grange Road, Bradford. ROBERT NEWMAN, ENGRAVER.-I should be very much obliged for any information relating to the above. He was born at Wincanton, Somerset, in 1768, and I believe was of some repute; but I can find nothing further about him, and his name does not appear in the ordinary books of reference. W. P. D. S.

BUTTERWORTH: ITS DERIVATION.-Will any of your contributors kindly inform me what is the origin or meaning of this place name? Butterworth is a part of the borough of Rochdale, and from it all people of that name more or less claim to spring.

Col. Fishwick in his ' History of Rochdale,' p. 114, gives an ancient spelling or reading of the name as "Botterwort."

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Dr. Colby March in his 'Rochdale Place Names writes that Butterworth, formerly Botwerth and Botesworth, 1270, is from Norse buthor, the bittern. 'Worth is a fenced field or farm (allied to N. garth, A.-S. yard).

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Canon I. Taylor says that in Buttermere, Butterhill, and Buttergill we have the N. Christian name Buthar.

Mr. H. Brierley (who was connected with Rochdale), in a lecture he gave last March at Rochdale, 'On Places and Surnames,' stated as follows:

"Butterworth was absolutely allied to Rochdale. He never knew any one of that name anywhere else who did not claim relationship with Rochdale. In the Peninsular War the soldiers of that name from Lancashire used to say, We're all Johnny Butterworth's lads.' Butterworth had nothing to do with butter.' It was often spelt Bot or Bedworth, and in Cheshire it was Bud; originally it was Bodder,' meaning a messenger."

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In support of Mr. Brierley's statement I find that Ferguson in his 'Surnames as a Science,' at p. 46, gives "Bod, Bud,' envoy," and includes in this section O.G. Botthar; Botterus, Domesday; Eng. Butter, Buttery.

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Butterton, a village in Staffordshire on the borders of Derbyshire, may be allied

with Butterworth.

W. H. VAUGHAN.

BENJAMIN HANBURY'S LIBRARY.-I should be glad of any information which might help me to find what became of the library of Benjamin Hanbury, the Nonconformist

The

to his only daughter, Mary Ann. latter was living at Brixton in 1868, but. not in 1870. cannot trace when she died, nor what became of her father's books. Are any W. J. C. relatives now living?

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BRANNE AND WATER : BREAD AND WATER.-In the villages near when I was a child it was a rare event for any one to be taken to the Bastile," as the workhouse It was was then called by every one. general opinion, too, that often they were put on a 'bread-and-water diet; why, however, none seemed to know. Is there any early mention of bread and water as a diet for poor persons, other than prisoners ? In 'The Old Spelling Shakespeare,' 'Love's Labour 's Lost (Chatto & Windus, 1907), we read: "Ferdinand: Sir, I will prononc your you shall fast a weeke, with On bran and water, Branne and Water."" life would be more intolerable than on bread and water. THOS. RATCLIFFE. Worksop.

sentence:

CAPT. GEORGE FARMER. (See 6 S. ii. 467, 522; iii. 237; 7 S. iv. 409, 473, 537; vii. 158; 8 S. vi. 365; ix. 398.)-The subject of the portraits of Capt. Farmer and the engravings of the well-known naval engagement which he fought have been dealt with at the above references, but I have recently acquired two further pictures of the engagement about which I should be glad of some further information.

1. This is a coloured lithograph of the action, and is entitled 'Combat entre la

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