ANGLO-SAXON DWELLINGS, introductory remarks, 3-4; western civilization
necessarily different to eastern, 4; wood best adapted for building
northern dwellings, 4-5; Anglo-Saxons opposed to building of fenced
cities or fortresses, 7; description of method of building, 7; description
of the great hall, 8-12; allusion to the smoke aperture in "Frithioffs
Saga," 10; poetical description of the hall of Herot, 10-11; the women's
bower, 12; the treasure house, 12; the armoury, 12; outhouses for free
labourers and thralls, 12; the bake-house, 13; the brew-house, 13; the
malt house, 13; the pantry, 13; quotation from work by Moritz Heyne,
13; descriptions of the various store houses, 13-14; scrupulous cleanliness
of the Saxons, 14; aversion of Anglo-Saxons to houses more than one
story high, 15; the watch-tower, 15; dwellings of the poorer classes,
16; aversion of Anglo-Saxons to town life, 17; pottery and potters,
18-19; the smith, 19; the shoemaker, 19; the woodwright, 20; the
tiler, 21–23; Anglo-Saxon architecture, 20; early Anglo-Saxon churches,
21; introduction of glass for windows, 21-22; substitution of stone for
timber as building material, 22-23; veneration of Scandinavians for
circular objects, 25; its origin, 25; Norman influence on English archi-
tecture, 26, 27; discussion, 27-28
Anthracite coal, use of, recommended, 193
Architecture, Anglo-Saxon. See Anglo-Saxon dwellings
Areas, dampness of, 50; its prevention, 50-51
Argand burners, their advantages and disadvantages, 137
BATHS, method of disposal of waste, 35-36, 56; bad smells from, 83
Bed-rooms, importance of ventilation, 115; wall papers, 116–118; unhealthi-
ness of hangings, 118-119; furniture, 120-121; French system of fur-
nishing, 122; method of treating floors, 122-123
Bell-wire tubes, bad smells transmitted through, 87,
Bird, Mr. Hinckes, system of ventilation, 163-164
Blackman Propeller, system of ventilation by, 164
Blinds, Venetian, 115
Boyle, Mr., apparatus for warming by gas, 104
Bradford Sanitary Association, statement of sanitary defects found in houses
"Bunsen" burners, advantage of, for heating purposes, 132
Bye-laws (Sanitary) proposed for securing proper drainage for houses, 37-38
CARPETS, accumulation of dirt under, a source of illness, 115
Cess-pools, under houses, dangerous to health, 34, 40, 53-54, 81-82; pollution
of wells by drainage from, 38, 60; substitution of irrigation for, 60
Churches, Anglo-Saxon; early Anglo-Saxon churches, 21; introduction of
glass for windows, 21-22; substitution of stone for timber as building
material, 22-23
Cisterns, closet arrangements should be disconnected from, 36, 55; position of
cisterns, 55-56, 61-62; method of disposal of overflow from, 85
Closets, often a source of danger, 34; method of disposal of waste matter
from, 34-35; use of pan-closets dangerous, 34-35, 82-83, 169; valve
closets a modern substitute, 35; pipe into which primary soil-pipe
discharges should be kept free from sewer gas, 35; closet arrangements
should be disconnected from cistern, 36, 55; position of closets, 54; im-
portance of proper flushing arrangements, 54-55; position of soil-pipes,
78-80; their ventilation, 79-80; jointing, 79; use of lead soil pipes re-
commended, 79; iron soil pipes, 79–80; method of testing drains, 80-81;
bad condition of closets in London workshops, 169
Coal, warming and cooking by : large portion of heat produced by combustion
lost in ventilation, 94–95; quantity of air required for combustion, 95 ;
form and material of fire-place, 96; tendency of open fires to produce
draughts, 96; radiation of heat, 97; necessity for warming with minimum
of smoke, 97-98; use of anthracite coal recommended, 193; large amount
of smoke produced by Wallsend coal in certain forms of open grates, 193
Coke, use of, for cooking and heating recommended, 193; an economical
means of heating, 197
Contagious fevers, precautions to be taken on outbreak of, 41-42
DE CHAUMONT, Professor, classification of atmospheres by, 71-72
Disconnection chambers, necessity of, between house drains and sewer, 57-58
Domestic use of gas, popular fallacies respecting gas, 129; composition of
coal gas, 130; peculiarities of the "Bunsen " flame, 132; requisites of a
good burner, 135; uses of the "governor," 135; necessity for steady
flow of air to the flame, 136; cause of unsteady gas flame, 137; the
"argand " burner, its advantages and disadvantages, 137; peculiarities of
the Siemens's burner, 139; gas apparatus for heating water, 139; its
superiority over ordinary boiler, 140; gas ovens, 140; method of
cooking food by them, 141; superiority of food cooked by this method,
141; braising meat by gas apparatus, 141; apparatus for turning an
ordinary oven into a gas stove, 142; asbestos stoves, 142; absence of
smoke from gas stoves, 143, 144
Drains, method of discharge of waste matter into, from sink, 34; from closet,
34-35; from bath and lavatories, 35-36; drains should not be placed
under houses, 37; compulsory observance of certain sanitary laws in
draining houses advocated 37-38; pollution of wells by drainage, 38, 60;
use of seconds pipes for drains condemned, 39; bad methods of
jointing drain pipes, 39; mischief done to drainage by rats, 39; outlet
of drains should not be near larder, 42; bad smells in basements caused
by defective pipes, 51; by insufficient "fall" of pipes, 51; entry of rats
through drains, 52, 74-75; use of inspection chambers at junction of
drains, 54; necessity of disconnection chamber between house drains and
sewer, 57-58; necessity for current of fresh air through drains, 58-60;
methods of providing for this, 59-60; redraining of old houses necessary,
59; foul smells from drains, 73–74; leaking of pipes through bad jointing,
75-76; method of testing joints, 76; openings in floor leading into
drains should not be allowed, 78; method of testing drains, 80-81
"D" traps. See Traps.
Dustbins, foul air generated by, 77; suggestions for its prevention, 77
EXHAUST system, ventilation by, 163
FACTORY ACTS, good effect of Acts of 1864 and 1867, 153-154; sanitary
clause of Act of 1878, 157-158
Foul air in houses, introductory remarks, 67-68; bad effects of breathing
impure air, 68–69; impurity of air chiefly due to presence of putrescible
organic matters, 70; Polli's experiment a proof of this, 70; classification
of atmospheres by Professor de Chaumont, 71-72; quantity of air
required by each person per hour, 72; entrance of foul air from sewers
through defective appliances, 73-74 ; entrance of rats through defective
drains, 74-75; leaking of drain pipes through bad jointing, 75-76;
method of testing joints of drain pipes, 76; foul air generated by dustbins,
77; suggestions for its prevention, 77; openings in floors leading into
drains should not be allowed, 78; use of bell traps dangerous, 78;
position of soil pipes, 78-80; their ventilation, 79-80 ; jointing, 79; use
of lead soil pipes recommended, 79; iron soil pipes frequently used,
79-80; method of testing drains, 80-81; foul air from cesspools, 81-82;
from closets, 82; use of pan closets condemned, 82-83; "D" traps
dangerous, 82; use of siphon taps advocated, 83; smells from sinks, 83;
from bath, 83; from rain-water pipes, 84; method of disposing of
overflow from cistern, 85; smells transmitted through bell wire tubes, 87;
smells from leaky gas apparatus, 87; causes of smells in larders, 87;
risk incurred by disuse of sanitary apparatus, 88-89
Frithioffs Saga, quotation from, 10
Furniture, see Healthy Furniture
GAS ENGINES, increase in number of gas engines in use, 196
Gas lighting. See Domestic use of gas
Gas, warming and cooking apparatus, disadvantages of warming by gas, 104–
105; Mr. Boyle's apparatus, 104; apparatus for heating water, 139; its
superiority to ordinary boiler, 140; gas ovens, 140; method of cooking
food by them, 141; superiority of food cooked by them, 141; braising
meat by gas apparatus, 141; apparatus for turning an ordinary oven into
a gas stove, 142; asbestos stoves, 142; absence of smoke from gas
stoves, 143-144; adoption of gas heated furnaces by bakers, 195-196
"Governors" for gas burners, 135
Grease, collection chambers, use of, 53
HEALTH IN THE WORKSHOP, introductory remarks, 147-150; trades
injurious to health: cigar-making, file-making, flint-cutting, grinding,
grindstone-making, moulding, needle-making, 151; brush-making,
button-making, charcoal-burning, chimney-sweeping, hat-making, weav-
ing, 152; good effects of Factory Acts of 1864 and 1867, 153–154;
necessity for good ventilation in factories, 153-156; sanitary clause of
Factory Act of 1878, 157-158; need of legislation respecting ventilation,
158; necessity for a clause providing for an absolute minimum of cubic
space for each worker, 159; use of old dwellings as factories an evil,
159-160; instances of this, 161-162; methods of ventilation suited to
various trades, 160-161; ventilation by the exhaust system, 163; by
Dr. Stallard's system, 163; by Mr. Hinckes Bird's system, 163-164; by
the Tobin system, 164; by the Blackman Propeller, 164; insanitary
condition of factories and workshops, 166–167; an Act on sanitation
necessary, 168; local authorities responsible for the administration of
sanitary clauses in domestic workshops, 168; bad condition of closets,
lavatories and urinals in London workshops, 169; use of pan closets
dangerous, 169; importance of sufficient time for meals, 170–171; over-
crowding in workshops, 171–172; domestic workshops, 172–175
Healthy furniture, introductory remarks, 111-114; accumulation of dirt
under carpets dangerous to health, 115; Venetian blinds, 115; import-
ance of ventilation in bedrooms, 115; wall-papers, designs and colouring
of, 116-117; arsenical papers, 117–118; flock papers, 118; use of bad
paste in hanging wall-papers, 119; unhealthiness of hangings in bedrooms,
118-119; bedroom furniture, 120-121; French system of furnishing
bedrooms, 122; methods of treating bedroom floors, 122-123; methods
of ventilation, 123-124; method of furnishing the nursery, 125
Healthy houses, introductory remarks, 31-32; great progress recently made
in sanitary knowledge, 32; houses frequently hotbeds of disease, 32;
sound sanitary arrangements need not be complicated or costly, 33;
drainage from sinks often defective, 33; method of disposal of waste
matter, 34; closets often a source of danger, 34; method of disposal of
waste matter, 34-35; use of pan closets dangerous, 34-35; valve closets
a modern substitute, 35; method of disposal of waste from baths and
lavatories, 35-36; prominent points of malconstruction in houses, 36;
drinking-water should not be drawn from cistern which supplies other
arrangements, 36; faulty method of collecting rain-water, 36-37;
drains should be under any part of a house, 37 ; compulsory observance of
certain sanitary laws in draining houses advocated, 37–38; pollution of
wells by drainage, 38; use of "seconds" pipes for drains condemned,
39; bad methods of jointing pipes, 39; damage done to drainage by rats,
39-40; houses built on ground formed of refuse, 40; presence of cess-
pools under houses, dangerous to health, 40; statement of defects found
in houses inspected by Bradford Sanitary Association, 41; precautions to
be taken on outbreak of contagious fever, 41-42; points that should be
observed with reference to the larder, 40, 42-43; supply of pure water a
point of great importance, 43; ventilation without admission of dirt,
43-44; fires an aid to ventilation, 44; economy of fuel, 44-45
Healthy town and country houses, dampness of areas and walls, 50; its
prevention, 50-51; bad smells in basement caused by defective pipes, 51 ;
by insufficient "fall" of pipes, 51; entry of rats through defective pipes,
52; bad smells from sinks, 52-53; their prevention, 52-53; use of bell-
traps condemned, 52-53; use of grease collection chambers, 53; presence
of cesspools under houses, 53-54; use of inspection chambers at junction
of drains, 54; position of closets, 54; importance of proper flushing
arrangements, 54-55; use of "D" traps condemned, 55; closet arrange-
ments should be disconnected from cistern, 55; position of cistern, 55-56,
61-62; drainage of rain-water, 56-58; drainage from bath, 56; from
sinks, 56-57; necessity of disconnection chamber between house drains
and sewer, 57-58; of current of fresh air through drains, 58–60; methods
for providing for this, 59-60; redraining of old houses necessary, 59 ;
well water frequently contaminated by drainage, 60; substitution of ir-
rigation for cesspools, 60
Heyne, Moritz, quotation from work by, 13
Hot air, warming by means of, 99-100
Hot water pipes, warming by means of, 100-104
INSPECTION chambers, use of, at junction of drains, 54
Irrigation substituted for cesspools, 60
LARDERS, points to be observed in reference to, 40, 42, 43; causes of bad
smells in, 87
Lavatories, method of disposing of waste from, 35
MORTALITY from diseases of respiratory organs, 190-191; 204-211
NATIONAL Smoke Abatement Institution, formation, 194-195
Nursery, method of furnishing the, 125
PARKES MUSEUM, exhibition of heating and smoke abating apparatus at, 200
Polli, experiment by, on impurities of air, 70
Pritchett, Mr., apparatus for heating by steam or hot water, 101-104
RAIN-WATER, faulty methods of collecting, 36-37; bad smells from rain-water
pipes, 56-58; 84
Rats, damage done to drainage by, 39-40; entry of, through defective pipes,
52; 74-75
Royal Commission on smoke abatement necessary, 203
"SECONDS," pipes, use of for drains condemned, 39
Select Committees on the question of smoke abatement, 181, 203
Siemens's burner, peculiarities in construction of, 139
Sinks, method of disposing of waste from, 33-34, 56–57; bad smells from
sinks and their prevention, 52-53, 83
Smoke abatement, history of the question of smoke abatement, 180; reports of
select committees, 181; formation of the Smoke Abatement Committee,
182; results of the Smoke Abatement Exhibition, 182-184; extracts from
report by the Smoke Abatement Committee, 186; waste of coal and
damage caused by smoky atmosphere, 187-188; smoke as an antiseptic
agent, 189, 192; medical evidence as to bad effect of smoke on health,
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