like castellated building of stone with its shuddering staircase and some unwarmable rooms. The wrong done to the race by these Norman ravagers has not yet been effaced, and in the discomfort in the jargon of Norman French, and still more barbarous mediæval Latin, we may see the folly into which Englishmen may run when they try to imitate foreign models. The chief features of the English house are-large, ample rooms, easy of access, and open like the English heart to all who seek reception or who claim its shelter. Free-open-grand old halls, simple and yet tasteful in arrangement, side buildings on the same level for the performance of various household duties-a drawing-room for ladies :-The Norman gives us darkbrowed beetling towers of defence, built high in air to watch for enemies that lurked in every bush, comfortless little rooms with many little openings to the air through which to watch and shoot the approaching stranger, whether friend or foe! And for the women of the household prisons and stout bars. The Norman slang is dead amongst us. We are beginning to find out that our own tongue is best, and certainly when English hearts shall feel the thrill of joy that real pure English rouses, then the craving will be felt for English architecture, and we shall be again, what we should have remained, English to the core.

The CHAIRMAN said he was sure all present would agree that they had listened to a most excellent lecture, full of the deepest patriotism, of admiration for the AngloSaxons, and of that spirit which would never die out in England. At the same time he hoped there would be no effort to re-introduce the Saxon mode of construction, nor many of the Saxon customs. Everything in the development of humanity had its appointed time, and in its own time nothing was grander than what was done by the Anglo-Saxons. Everything showed that they were in the end the conquerors of the Romans, and eventually smashed that civilization which was to a certain degree civilization, only it was not the right one. At the time when it came

in contact with the Saxons it was already declining; it was a kind of civilization which thought that mere outward formalities, were the things which really made a great Roman, or a modern Englishman; but that was not civilization. The heart of Rome was corrupted, whilst the heart of the Saxon was in its right place; and whenever that was brought out, and the more it was brought out, the better it would be. He could not quite agree in all Mr. Hodgett's etymology; erl was an honest man; and hertzog was nothing but a translation from the Latin, from dux, duce, to lead; and hertzog was one who had to lead an army. He would conclude by proposing a hearty

vote of thanks to Professor Hodgetts.

PROFESSOR HODGETTS in reply said he must be allowed to say that he had not uttered one single word of theory. Erl or jarl only meant war; it had nothing to do with Ehre, or Ar (honour) in Beowulf, and in all Anglo-Saxon glossaries it was translated "one who fights," and in the Scandinavian world jarl always meant a leader in war. There was no doubt the old Anglo-Saxon was cognate with German, but it was not derived from it; hertzog came from ziehen, zog gezogen, to lead; it had the same meaning as dux, but was never borrowed from the Romans. His derivations would be found in Ælfric, Sharon-Turner, Palgrave, Thomas Wright, and Thorpe, to whose works he would refer. Many Saxon words were similar to German, but were not derived from it; being all Aryan in origin, there was of course a near relationship. Any one who was interested in the subject and would call at his house, would be welcome to inspect his library, which was the most complete in AngloSaxon literature in the kingdom.

Mr. WILLIAM WHITE in proposing a vote of thanks to the Chairman said there was little doubt that the character of Anglo-Saxon architecture was derived from the character of the soil, a similar mode of construction in timber being found prevalent in Sweden, even to the present day.

HEALTHY HOUSES.

BY

T. PRIDGIN TEALE, M.A., F.R.C.S.

VOL. III.-H. L.

JUNE 24TH, 1884.

A LECTURE ON HEALTHY HOUSES.

By T. PRIDGIN TEALE, M.A., F.R.C.S.

THE chair was taken by F. S. Powell, Esq., who said he deeply regretted that Capt. Douglas Galton was prevented by ill-health from occupying the chair. It, therefore, devolved upon him to introduce Mr. Teale, of Leeds, a gentleman who occupied the first rank in his profession, whose industry had not been confined to his professional duties strictly so called, but who had given great attention to the applications of science to the domestic arrangements of the house, and who stood in the very front rank as a practical sanitarian.

LECTURE.

There are over 24,000 medical men in the United Kingdom whose lives, abilities, and energies, are devoted to the preservation of health, and the cure of disease; and yet until the last few years there was hardly a house in the kingdom that was not at times a source of illness, and there were very few householders who knew or cared to know whether their houses were not manufactories of disease, providing in “preventible sickness" a very large portion of the occupation of these 24,000 medical men.

When, six years ago, in a lecture before the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, I ventured to state my conviction, that "probably one-third of the incidental illness of the kingdom resulted from causes that were preventible," and that "very few houses were safe to live in," I was