exists with remains of the other species in the British Museum. The total length of the cranium and tusks is 14 feet; length of the skull 4 feet 2 inches; width 29 inches; width of the muzzle 2 feet; length of the tusks 10 feet; circumference of the tusk at the base 26 inches. The other two species are named E. insignis and E. bombifrons. The species of Mastodon, in the collection from the Sewalik Hills, are M. Perimensis, M. Sivalensis, and M. latidens.

Professor Owen states that a species of Mastodon, nearly allied to M. angustidens, has left its remains in the ossiferous caves and posttertiary or newer tertiary deposits of Australia. From the conformity of the molar teeth Cuvier regarded a Mastodon whose remains have been discovered in Peru as identical in species with the M. angustidens of Europe. Professor Owen regards the M. longirostris of Kaup, found in Germany, and the M. Arvernensis of Croizet and Jobert, dug up in Auvergne, as identical with his M. angustidens.

In the collection of the British Museum, in addition to the species which we have mentioned above, will be found remains of Elephas priscus and E. meridionalis, found in Europe. There is also the remains of a species of Mastodon, M. Andium, from Buenos Ayres. [SUPP.] (Owen, British Fossil Mammals and Birds; Falconer and Cautley, Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis; Mantell, Petrefactions and their Teachings.) ELEPHANT'S FOOT. [TESTUDINARIA.]

ELEPHAʼNTOPUS (from ¿xépas, an elephant, and woús, a foot, on account of the shape of its radical leaves), a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Composite, the sub-order Corymbiferæ, the tribe Vernoniacea, the sub-tribe Vernoniea, and the division Elephantopeæ. It has heads containing 3-4-5 florets, equal flowered, closely collected into a cluster, surrounded by leaves; the involucre compressed in two rows, the leaflets dry, oblong, alternately flat and folded, the inner usually 3-nerved; the receptacle naked; the corolla palinate, with a 5-cleft limb, which has acuminate segments and one recess deeper than the others; the filaments smooth, the branches of the style half subulate; the achenium rather compressed, many ribbed, oblong, hairy; the pappus in one row consisting of several straight, paleæ, dilated at the base, but otherwise very narrow, acuminate, equal, and serrated. E. scaber has a hairy dichotomous stem, the radical leaves scabrous, cuneate, and very much narrowed at the base, those of the stem lanceolate. This plant is common in almost all parts of India, in dry elevated positions. It has a stem a foot high, with the heads of palered flowers on long stalks. The roots are fibrous. Both the roots and the leaves are reputed to have active medical properties. The natives on the Malabar coast use a decoction of them in cases of dysuria. There are other species natives of South America and the West Indies. (Lindley, Flora Medica; Loudon, Encyclopædia of Plants.) ELETTA'RIA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Zingiberacea. The characters of this genus are the same as Amomum, but the tube of the corolla is filiform and the anther naked. [AMOMUM.]

E. Cardamomum, True Cardamom, is a native of the mountainous districts of the coast of Malabar, especially above Calicut, in the Wynaad district, between 11° and 12° N. lat., where the best are produced. It is therefore well placed; for Cardamoms formed a portion of the early commerce, which subsisted between this part of India and Arabia, whence they must have been made known to the Greeks, as they are described by Dioscorides, and mentioned as early as the time of Hippocrates.

The Cardamom plant delights in moist and shady places on the declivities of the hills. It is cultivated from partings of the root in the district of Soonda Balaghaut, but the fruit is very inferior; the best grows in a wild state, at least where no other measures are adopted than clearing away the weeds from under the largest trees, which are felled close to the roots. The earth being loosened by the force of the fallen tree, young Cardamom plants shoot forth in a month's time, and are sheltered by the shade of the branches. The tree-like herbaceous plants attain a height of from 9 to 12 feet. The root is as tortuous and tuberous as that of the ginger, and the leaves, with long sheathing foot-stalks, are from one to two feet in length, placed in two rows, and lanceolate in shape, like those of the Indian Shot (Canna Indica) common in English gardens. The scapes, or flower- and fruit-bearing stalks, make their appearance in February of the fourth year, from the base of the stems, are three to four in number, and from one to two feet long, lax, and resting on the ground. The fruit is ripe in November, and requires nothing but drying in the sun to be fit for commerce. The seeds are gratefully aromatic and pungent with a flavour of camphor, and are regarded as a necessary article of diet by the inhabitants of Asia. They are used in medicine, and enter into a number of pharmaceutical preparations.

E. Cardamomum medium is a native of the hilly country in the neighbourhood of Sytheh, where the plant is called Do Keswa. The seeds of this species are numerous, obovate, with a groove on one side. Dr. Lindley concludes that this plant yields the Cardamomum medium of writers on Materia Medica.

ELEUSINE, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order of the Grasses. E. coracana is cultivated as a corn-plant by the inhabitants of the Coromandel Coast, and is known by the name of Natchuec. According to Schomburgk, a decoction of another species, E. Indica, is employed in Demerara in the convulsions of infants. E. Tocusso is an Abyssinian corn-plant belonging to this genus,

ELEUTHERIA. [CROTON.] ELEDONE. [OCTOPODA.]

ELK. [CERVIDE.]

some

ELLIPSOLI'THES. Mr. Sowerby gave this title to (compressed?) forms of Fossil Cephalopoda, from the Mountain Limestone.

ELLIPSOSTO'MATA, De Blainville's name for a family (the third) of his second order, Asiphonobranchiata, of his first sub-class, Paracephalophora Dioica, of his second class, Paracephalophora, of his Malacozoa. The Ellipsostomata of De Blainville comprehend the genera Melania, Rissoa, Phasianella, Ampullaria, Helicina (including Ampulleira, De Blainv., and Olygira, Say), and Pleurocerus. Of these all but Pleurocerus are included under the Pectinibranchiate Gasteropods of Cuvier; and as the habits of the included genera are by no means uniform, the genera will be treated of under their several titles. [AMPULLARIA.] ELM. [ULMUS.]

ELODIANS. [CHELONIA.]

E'LYMUS, a genus of Grasses belonging to the tribe Hordeineæ. It has 2 glumes, both on the same side of the spikelet, without awns or setæ, with 2 or more perfect flowers, and the spikelets two or three together. Several species of this genus have been described. Two only are natives of Great Britain.

E. arenarius, Upright Lyme-Grass. It has an upright close spike; the rachis flat, not winged; the glumes lanceolate, downy, not longer than the spikelets. It is a coarse grass, common on sandy sea-shores; and, with other grasses, it sends down long fibrous roots amongst the sand in such a way as to prevent its moving about with the winds. On some parts of the coast immense sandbanks are formed by this grass and others, binding down the sands which are thrown up by occasional and successive high tides. Although this grass, according to Sir H. Davy, yields a large quantity of sugar, it is not eaten by any of our domestic animals.

E. geniculatus, Pendulous Lyme-Grass, has a lax spike bent downwards; the rachis winged; the glumes awl-shaped, glabrous, longer than the spikelets. The stem is 3 or 4 feet high, and the spike 1 or 2 feet long, bent down in a remarkable manner at the second or third spikelet. It has been found near Gravesend. Most of the remaining species are natives of America, both North and South. (Babington, Manual of British Botany; Loudon, Encyclopædia of Plants.)

ELYSIA. [NUDIBRANCHIATA.]
ELYSIADA. [NUDIBRANCHIATA.]
ELZERINA. [CELLARIEA.]
EMARGINULA. (FISSURELLIDE.]
EMBERIZA. [EMBERIZIDE.]

EMBERIZIDÆ, a family of Birds belonging to the order Insessores and the tribe Conirostres. The most distinguishing genus of the family is Emberiza. It comprises however other genera. The general relations of this family are given under FRINGILLIDE. We shall confine ourselves here to the British genera of this family known under the name of Buntings.

Plectrophanes.-Beak short, thick, conical, the edges of both mandibles slightly curved inwards; upper mandible smaller than the lower, with a small palatal knot. Nostrils basal, oval, partly hidden by small feathers. Wings long and pointed; the first and second quill-feathers of nearly equal length, and the longest in the wing. Legs with the tarsi of moderate length; anterior toes divided; lateral toes equal in length; hind toe strong; claw elongated, and nearly straight.

P. Lapponica (Gould), the Lapland Bunting. It is the Emberiza Lapponica and E. calcarata of other writers. Though a native of the arctic regions, Mr. Yarrell records five instances of its being taken in Great Britain. It is found in Siberia and near the Uralian chain. Towards winter a few migrate as far as Switzerland. It inhabits the Faroe Islands, Spitzbergen, Greenland, and Iceland in summer, and thence westward to Hudson's Bay. Sir John Richardson says, that about the middle of May, 1827, it appeared in very large flocks at Carlton House, and a few days later made their appearance at Cumberland House. The eggs are usually seven, and of a pale ochre-yellow spotted with brown.

P. nivalis, the Snow-Bunting. It is the Emberiza glacialis, E. montana, E. nivalis, and E. mustelina of authors; and the Tawny- Mountainand Snow-Bunting of English writers. It was at one time supposed they were different species, but this arose from the great variety of plumage to which these birds are subject. The predominant colour of their plumage is white, hence the name Snow-Bunting. This bird arrives in this country in the end of September and the beginning of October, and extends from the north of Scotland to the south of England. This bird is rather larger than the last.

Emberiza.-Beak conical, strong, hard, and sharp-pointed; the edges of both mandibles curving inwards; the upper mandible narrower and smaller than the under one, and its roof furnished with a hard bony and projecting palatal knob. Nostrils basal and round, partly hidden by small feathers at the base of the bill. Wings of moderate size; the first quill shorter than the third, which is the longest in the wing. Feet with three toes before and one behind, divided to their origin; claws rather long, curved, and strong. E. miliaria, the Common Bunting, is the most common species of

this genus. It remains in the British Islands throughout the year; and on account of its very familiar presence in corn-fields, is frequently called the Corn-Bunting. It builds its nest in April, and lays four or five eggs of a reddish-white or pale purple-red ground, streaked and spotted with dark purple-brown. It feeds on the seeds of the grasses, of the Polygona, of sorrels, and of cereal plants; also on Coleopterous Insects.

In both sexes of this species the upper parts are of a light yellowishbrown streaked with blackish-brown, each feather being of that colour along the shaft; lower parts pale yellowish-gray, each feather of the fore neck tipped with a triangular spot of brownish-black, the fore part of the breast and the sides with more elongated and fainter spots. E. schaniclus, the Reed-Bunting. It is also called, according to MacGillivray, Black-Headed Bunting, Reed-Sparrow, Water-Sparrow, Ring-Bunting, Ring-Bird, Ring-Fowl, and Chuck. It frequents marshy places, where it is seen perching on willows, reeds, sedge, and other aquatic plants. It feeds on insects, seeds, and small Mollusca. The nest is placed among aquatic plants, and is composed of stalks and blades of grasses, bits of rushes, and the like. The eggs are four or five in number, of a yellowish-gray, with tortuous or angular lines, and irregular spots of black. This bird is easily distinguished from the other species by its black head and white throat.

E. citrinella, the Yellow Bunting, or Yellow Ammer. It is also called in English Yellow Yelding or Yolding, Yellow Yowley, Yellow Yite, Yeldrock Skute, and Devil's Bird. It is a permanent resident in Great Britain, in cultivated and wooded districts, where it is well known. The back and wings are bright red, the central part of each feather brownish-black. The nest is composed of coarse grasses and twigs, neatly lined with fine grass, fibrous roots, and hairs: it is placed on the ground or in the lower part of a bush. It lays four or five eggs purplish-white, marked with linear and angular streaks and a few irregular dots of black.

E. Cirlus, the Cirl-Bunting. This bird is not so common in this country as the last, which it greatly resembles. It was first distinguished as a British bird by Colonel Montague. It is a native also of the south of Europe, and is more frequent in the south of England

than in the north.

E. hortulana, the Ortolan Bunting. A very few specimens only of this bird have been taken in England. It is common in the southern countries of Europe, and migrates as far northward as the Baltic. (MacGillivray, Manual of British Birds; Yarrell, History of British Birds.)

EMBLICA, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Euphorbiacea. It has monoecious flowers; the calyx 6-parted; 3 stamens combined; 3 styles dichotomous; the fruit fleshy, tricoccous, 6-seeded.

E. officinalis is a native of most parts of India. It is a tree having a crooked trunk, with branches thinly scattered in every direction; the male branches spreading and drooping. The leaves are alternate, spreading, one or two feet long, and about one and a half or two inches broad: the stipules small, withering; the flowers minute, of a greenish colour; the fruit a drupe, fleshy, globular, smooth, 6-striated: the nut obovate, obtusely triangular, 3-celled; the seeds two in each cell. | The bark of this tree is astringent, and is used in India as a remedy for diarrhoea. The fruit is acid, and tastes astringent, and when eaten acts as a mild purgative. This plant is the Phyllanthus Emblica of Linnæus; and Myrobalanus Emblica of Bauhin. (Lindley, Flora Medica.)

EMU. [STRUTHIONIDE.] EMYS. [CHELONIA.] EMYSAURA. [CHELONIA.]

ENALIOSAURA, a name proposed for the great Fossil Marine Lizards represented by Ichthyosaurus and Plesiosaurus. [ICHTHYOSAURUS; PLESIOSAURUS; REPTILES.] ENAMEL. [TEETH; DENTITION.]

ENCELADITE, a Mineral containing Titanium, a variety of Warwickite. [WARWICKITE.]

ENCEPHALARTOS, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Cycadaceae. The species are found in Africa. Like many of the other forms of Cycadaceous Plants they yield starch in their stems, which are prepared by the natives and eaten; hence these plants are known by the name of Caffer-Bread or Kaffir-Bread.

ENCHANTER'S NIGHT-SHADE. [CIRCEA.]

ENCHELIS, a genus of Infusorial Animalcules. The species E. sanguinea and E. pulvisculus, according to Meyen, form the Red and Green Snow-Plants which have been described as Conferva, and referred to Protococcus. [SNOW, RED.]

EN'CHODUS, a genus of Fossil Cycloid Fishes, from the Chalk. (Agassiz.)

ENCRINITES, the name by which the petrified radiated animals commonly called Stone Lilies have been long known in Britain: it is also applied generally to the Crinoidea, a family of Animals belonging to the order Echinodermata. [ECHINODERMATA.]

Lamarck arranged the genus Encrinus in his fifth order of Polypes

EMERALD. [BERYL.]

EMERITA. [HIPPIDES.]

EMERY. [ADAMANTINE SPAR; CORUNDUM.]

EMMET, a name used by early English writers for the Ant. [FORMICA.]

EMPALEMENT, an obsolete name for the stamen of a flower. EMPEROR-MOTH. [SATURNIA.] EMPETRA CEE, Crowberries, a small natural order of Polypetalous Exogenous Plants, related to Euphorbiaceae. They consist of unisexual heath-like plants with minute flowers, having a calyx with a few imbricated sepals that change into about three membranous petals, a small number of hypogynous stamens, and a superior ovary with from 3 to 9 cells, in each of which there is a single ascending ovule. The fruit is fleshy and berried. They are small acrid plants, of no known use, and comprise a few species from the north and south of Europe, North America, and the Straits of Magalhaens. Empetrum nigrum, the Crakeberry or Crowberry, is wild on the mountainous heaths in the north of England. Its black fruit forms an article of food in the northern parts of the world, but is reported to be unwholesome, and to cause headache. A sort of wine has been prepared from it for many centuries in Iceland and Norway; whence the report of real wine which was used at the sacrament being made in those countries.

The white berries of the Camarinheira (Corema) are employed by the Portuguese in making an acidulous beverage, which the domestic physicians esteem in fevers.

There are 4 genera and 4 species of this order.
EMPETRUM. [EMPETRACEE.]

laria, and recording but two species, one recent, namely Encrinus Caput-Medusa (Isis Asteria, Linn.), from the seas of the Antilles; the other fossil, namely E. liliiformis (Lilium lapideum, Stone-Lily of Ellis and others).

Cuvier includes the Encrinites among his Pedicillated Echinoderms, considering that they should be placed near the Comatula; and in the Règne Animal' they are accordingly to be found between the great group of the Star-Fishes and that of the Echinideans.

De Blainville observes that the beautiful work of Guettard ('Acad. des Sc.' 1755) upon the living and fossil Encrinites, showed long ago the great relationship which there is between these and the Comatula, and he remarks upon the arrangement of Lamarck, who followed Linnæus and his adherents in placing them among the Zoophytes, notwithstanding Guettard's exposition and Ellis's confirmation. After alluding to Miller's work on the family, and to Mr. Thompson's description of the living specimen found on the coast of Ireland, De Blainville takes as the basis of his terminology the parts which exist in Comatule, and, adopting the views of Rosinus, rejects that proposed by Miller in his interesting memoir, objecting to the terms 'pelvis,' costal,' 'intercostal,' 'scapula,' 'hand,' fingers,' &c., as derived from animals of an entirely different type of form, and inapplicable to the radiated structure.

rays. Finally, the 'pinnules' are the lateral divisions of the digitations; and De Blainville, like Miller, divides the rays into principal rays and accessory or auxiliary rays.*

Dr. Buckland (Bridgewater Treatise'), who uses the phraseology of Miller, speaks of these animals as destined to find their nourishment by spreading their nets and moving their bodies through a limited space, from a fixed position at the bottom of the sea; or by employing the same instruments, either when floating singly through the water, or attached, like Pentelasmis [CIRRIPEDIA], to floating pieces of wood. He refers to Miller for several instances of their power of repairing casual injuries, and figures a recent Pentacrinus, one of whose arms is under the process of being reproduced, as crabs and lobsters reproduce their lost claws and legs, and many lizards their tails and feet, observing that the arms of star-fishes also, when broken off, are in the same manner reproduced. [ECHINODERMATA.] The same author remarks, that although the representatives of the Crinoideans in our modern seas are of rare occurrence, this family was of vast numerical importance among the earliest inhabitants of the ancient deep. "We may judge," says Dr. Buckland, " of the degree to which the individuals of these species multiplied among the first inhabitants of the sea, from the countless myriads of their petrified remains which fill so many limestone beds of the transition formations, and compose vast strata of entrochal marble, extending over large tracts of country in Northern Europe and North America. The substance of this marble is often almost as entirely made up of the petrified bones of Encrinites as a corn-rick is composed of straws. Man applies it to construct his palace and adorn his sepulchre; but there are few who know, and fewer still who duly appreciate, the surprising fact, that much of this marble is composed of the skeletons of millions of organised beings, once endowed with life, and susceptible of enjoyment, which, after performing the part that was for a while assigned to them in living nature, have contributed their remains towards the composition of the mountain masses of the earth. Of more than thirty species of Crinoideans that prevailed to such enormous extent in the transition period, nearly all became extinct before the deposition of the lias, and only one presents the angular column of the Pentacrinite with this one exception, pentangular columns first began to abound among the Crinoideans at the commencement of the lias, and have from thence extended onwards into our present seas. Their several species and even genera are also limited in their extent; for example, the great Lily Encrinite (E. moniliformis) is peculiar to the Muschel-Kalk, and the Pear-Encrinite to the middle region of the Oolitic Formation."

The same author, speaking of the joints which composed the stem, says, "The name of Entrochi, or Wheelstones, has with much propriety been applied to these insulated vertebræ. The perforations in the centre of these joints affording a facility for stringing them as beads, has caused them in ancient times to be used as rosaries. In the northern parts of England they still retain the appellation of 'Saint Cuthbert's beads.'

On a rock by Lindisfarn

Saint Cuthbert sits, and toils to frame The sea-born beads that bear his name.

"Each of these presents à similar series of articulations, varying as we ascend upwards through the body of the animal, every joint being exactly adjusted to give the requisite amount of flexibility and strength. From one extremity of the vertebral column to the other, and throughout the hands and fingers, the surface of each bone articulates with that adjacent to it, with the most perfect regularity and nicety of adjustment. So exact and methodical is this arrangement, even to the extremity of its minutest tentacula, that it is just as improbable that the metals which compose the wheels of a chronometer should for themselves have calculated and arranged the form and number of the teeth of each respective wheel, and that these wheels should have placed themselves in the precise position fitted to attain the end resulting from the combined action of them all, as for the successive hundreds and thousands of little bones that compose an Encrinite to have arranged themselves in a position subordinate to the end produced by the combined effect of their united mechanism, each acting its peculiar part in harmonious subordination to the rest; and all conjointly producing a result which no single series of them acting separately could possibly have effected." ('Bridgewater Treatise.')

De Blainville characterises his Fixed Asterencrinideans (Astérencrinides Fixés) as having a body more or less bursiform, supported upon a long articulated stem, and fixed by a radiciform part.

Genus, Apiocrinites.-Miller, who established this genus, characterises it as an animal with a column gradually enlarging at the apex, composed of numerous joints, of which the superior is marked by five diverging ridges, dividing the surface into as many equal portions, sustaining the pelvis, formed of five sub-cuneiform joints, supporting *It is necessary to put the student on his guard against the confusion and error manifest in this part of De Blainville's useful work. This was not a little puzzling when considered as coming from a pen of such high reputation as his; till the arrival of the Nouvelles Additions et Corrections' brought the information that "par une transposition singulière du manuscrit, il y a eu une sorte de mélange entre les paragraphes qui appartiennent aux genres Encrinus et Pentacrinus." In short, among other mistakes, the titles Encrinus and Pentacrinus, together with hole paragraphs, have been misplaced.

Bradford Pear-Encrinite (Apiocrinites rotundus), restored and reduced.

1, expanded; 2, closed; a, the remedial effect of calcareous secretions in repairing an injury of the joints of the stem: two young individuals, and the surfaces of two truncated stems appear at the base; 3, pear-shaped body of Apiocrinites rotundus, showing at its upper extremity the internal disposition. of the bones surrounding the cavity of the stomach; 4, vertical section of the body, showing the cavity of the stomach, and a series of lower cavities, or hollow lenticular spaces, between the central portions of the enlarged joints of the upper portion of the vertebral column. These spaces are considered by Miller as enlargements of the alimentary canal, which descends through the axis of the entire column. The surfaces of the joints of the vertebral column are striated with rays on the adjacent plates, and allow of flexure without risk of dislocation. (Buckland.)

little elevated, pierced by a round hole, and radiated at their surface. Auxiliary rays scattered. This genus has occurred hitherto in a fossil state only, and has alone been found in strata posterior to the Lias. A. rotundus, Round-Columned, Pear-like, Lily-shaped Animal (Miller). It appears to be the Astiopoda elegans (stem) of Defrance. It is the Bradford Pear-Encrinite of Parkinson, and is described by Miller as a crinoidal animal, with a round column, composed of joints adhering by radiating surfaces, of which from 10 to 14 gradually enlarge at its apex, sustaining the pelvis, coste, and scapulæ, from which the arms and tentaculated fingers proceed. Base formed by exuding calcareous matter, which indurates in laminæ, and permanently attaches the animal to extraneous bodies.

It occurs in the middle region of the Oolite at Bradford in Wiltshire, Abbotsbury, near Weymouth, Dorsetshire, Soissons, Rochelle, &c.

Miller describes and figures a second species, Apiocrinites ellipticus (Bottle-Encrinite, Strait-Encrinite, and Stag-Horn Encrinite of Parkinson; Goldfuss refers to it as A. elongatus), and gives the Chalk-Pits of Wiltshire and Kent as its localities. The bodies, &c. of this species are the Chalk-Bottles of the quarrymen.

Miller's E. moniliformis is probably the E. liliiformis of Lamarck, the Encrine and Lys de Mer of the French, the Lilium lapideum of some of the older writers, and the Stone Lily of the English. It is found in the Muschel-Kalk, Hildesheim, Rakenberg near Goslar, Obernscheden and Azzenhausen, not far from Gemenden, in Lower Saxony; Scwerven in Juliers, in Westphalia; the village of Erkerode in Brunswick, about two miles from the town bearing this name, near a wood called the Elm, &c. In this last-named locality the quarry is on the declivity of a hill overgrown with wood, on which account the inhabitants oppose the digging after them. The stratum containing them is hardly fifteen

Lily-Shaped Encrinite (Encrinus liliiformis).

to eighteen inches in thickness. Under the surface of the earth is a friable, porous, argillaceous limestone, containing millions of columns and columnar joints; but many hours' digging is necessary before a good specimen of the superior part, or stone-lily, can be procured since the moisture in the stone contributes to their rapid destruction, and their occurring on large pieces of stone makes them liable to separation, which accounts for the many mended specimens. Another and harder stratum under the above contains numerous crinoidal remains; but, according to the quarrymen, no stone-lilies. (Miller.) The author last quoted adds that there is good reason to believe that the formation in which the remains are found near Brunswick corresponds with the White Lias of England, as it appears to repose on the newer Red-Sandstone containing salt and gypsum.

Fine specimens of this fossil have always been and still are sought for with great eagerness by collectors. In the 'Beyträge zur Naturgeschichte,' Altenburg, 1774, it is stated that the Emperor of Germany offered 100 dollars for a stone-lily free from the matrix, and attached to its column.

"The peculiarly fine lily encrinite," writes Miller, "figured by Knorr, tab. 11, a, was, it is said, purchased ('Naturforscher,' Stück 3) from the labourers at the limestone quarry at Schrapland, near Halle, by Inspector Wilkens, for thirty-two groschen, and given to Professor Lange, who sold it to Baron Niegart. However in the same publication (Stück 6), it is stated that it was not bought by Wilkens, but by Mr. Vitigo, at Farrenstadt, near Querfurt, for two dollars, and given to Lange, who sold it for three louis d'or. If my memory does not misgive me, I think I saw the specimen about twenty years ago in the collection of the Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, at Danzig. Where

is it now?"

Pentacrinus (Pentacrinites vel Pentacrinus, Five-Angled Lilyshaped Animal, Miller; Pentagonites Rafinesque).-The following is the generic character as given by Miller:-An animal with a column formed of numerous pentangular joints, articulating by surfaces with pentapetalous semistriated markings. Superior columnar joint supporting a pelvis of five joints, on which five first costals rest, succeeded by five second costals and five scapulæ, from which ten arms proceed, having each two hands, composed of several tentaculated fingers. Column long, having numerous auxiliary side. Base not ascertained.

arms.

*Recent Species.

P. Caput-Medusa is a crinoidal animal having a column formed of numerous pentangular joints, articulating by surfaces with pentapetalous ovate striated markings; five auxiliary side-arms formed of round joints proceeding from the column at intervals. Superior columnar joints supporting a pelvis of five plates, to which the first costals, second costals, and scapulae succeed, from which ten arms proceed, each supporting two hands, subdividing into three fingers. Lower extremity, or base, unknown. (Miller.)

It is the Encrinus Caput-Medusa of Lamarck; Isis Asteria of Linnæus. It inhabits the seas of the Antilles, and has been taken near the island of Barbadoes (Dr. Hunter's specimen), also off Nevis (specimen formerly belonging to James Tobin, Esq., now in the British Museum), and Martinique (specimen in the Paris Museum). There is also a specimen in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London, and one in that of the Geological Society of London. Mr. Miller, in speaking of Mr. Tobin's specimen, says, "In the drawing it up from the bottom of the sea, the animal has clearly been broken off, leaving its posterior portion behind; thus we have lost the chance of ascertaining the fact, whether it adhered by a fixed base, or had a locomotive power. The same accident has befallen the other recent individuals that have been mentioned when speaking of the locality of this species. However, judging from its analogy to the Encrinus moniliformis, from its long column, numerous auxiliary side-arms, and the associated manner in which groups of the following species are sometimes found preserved on the surface of a single slab, with the columns all tending towards the same point, as if issuing from a common base, I conceive that this species also adhered by a base to extraneous matter. This idea gains some further ground, from all the recent specimens hitherto found having broken abruptly off in the endeavour to remove them, as not being able to free them selves from the points of adhesion, which certainly would have been the case had the animal possessed a locomotive power." This inference acquires additional confirmation from the observations made by the late J. Tobin, Esq., on another specimen, namely "Some years ago I was in possession of a larger Pentacrinite, which was brought to me so fresh out of the sea that at the bottom (where it plainly appeared to have been broken off from the rock to which it was fixed) the blood was actually oozing from the vertebræ. This specimen İ endeavoured to preserve, but it was totally destroyed by the ants, who ate every cartilage, so that it fell to pieces." Miller observes upon this, that the 'blood' was the fluid in the alimentary canal, and refusing to admit the assertion of Walch, that the Pentacrinite is an animal crawling along the bottom of the sea, conceives it to have generally stood more or less erect in the sea, yielding to the fury of the storm in bending down, and adhering for additional security with its side-arms to extraneous matter, or closing them to the column, and thus offering the least surface possible to the element. The