E. acris, Wild Clove, is a native of the West India Islands. It is arborescent and glabrous; the young branches acutely 4-angled, the leaves elliptic oval, obtuse, more or less convex coriaceous, very glabrous, the upper side reticulated with elevated veins, finely pellucid, dotted; the peduncles are compressed, axillary, and terminal, trichotomous, corymbose, rather longer than the leaves. The calyx-limb 5-partite; segments roundish, the style filiform, acute, the berry globose, 1-4 seeded. This species is sometimes confounded with the former species, in whose qualities it participates. E. cauliflora, the Jabuticaba or Jaboticaburas, is one of the most agreeable fruits in Brazil, and the taste will be improved by future culture. Very good wine, syrup, &c., are made of it. E. dysenteria, E. Michellii, and E. Brasili ensis, called respectively Aracea, Pitanga, Grumixameira, Cambuy, Uvaltra, Pitangueira, &c., are all spoken of by Martius as excellent dessert fruits. The Rose-Apples of the East are produced by species of this genus.

EUGENIACRINITES (Goldfuss), a genus of Fossil Crinoidea.

[ENCRINITES.]

EUGNATHUS, a genus of Fossil Placoid Fishes, from the Lias, of which there are thirteen British species. (Agassiz.)

EUKAIRITE, a Mineral consisting of seleniuret of silver and copper, discovered by Berzelius. It occurs in thin films of a shining lead colour; opaque; its texture is granular. It yields readily to the knife, and acquires a silvery lustre. It occurs in a copper mine in Sweden. Before the blow-pipe it exhales a strong smell of selenium; and with charcoal fuses into a brittle metallic globule. It consists of

Mr. G. B. Sowerby, who gives this generic character, says ('Zool. Proc.,' 1834) that this genus of marine shells appears to be most nearly related to Pyramidella and Rissoa. A species, he adds, which has been long known has had the appellation of Turbo politus among British Linnean writers; and a fossil species has been placed by Lamarck among the Bulini, under the specific name of B. terebellatus. Mr. Sowerby separates the genus into the two divisions below stated, which are characterised by the two species above mentioned; one has a solid columella, and the other is deeply umbilicated. All the species, he observes, are remarkable for a brilliant polish externally, and the shells are frequently slightly and somewhat irregularly twisted, apparently in consequence of the very obsolete varices following each other in an irregular line, principally on one side, from the apex towards the aperture. He describes sixteen species, chiefly from Mr. Cuming's collection.

The geographical distribution of this genus is wide; they have been principally found, as yet, in warm seas (South and Central America and Pacific Ocean, Australia). Messrs. Forbes and Hanley record four British species E. polita, E. distorta, E. subulata, and E. trilineata.

The species found by Mr. Cuming were dredged or otherwise collected in sandy mud, coarse sand, and coral sand, on mother-ofpearl shells, or on the reefs; at depths (not including the reefs) ranging from six to thirteen fathoms.

a. Perforated Eulima.

E. splendidula. Shell acuminate-pyramidal, brownish, articulated with white and chestnut near the sutures; umbilicus large; aperture angulated anteriorly. Length 145, breadth 06 inches. Locality, St. Elena, South America. Mr. Cuming dredged a single specimen in sandy mud at from six to eight fathoms depth.

A A

Eulima splendidula.

B. Imperforated Bulimu.

E. major. Shell acuminate-pyramidal, opaque, milk-white; external lip subarcuated. Length 16 inches, breadth 04. Locality, the Island of Tahiti. The largest specimen was found in coral sand on the reefs.

Eulima major.

Fossil species are found in the Calcaire Grossier near Paris. EULIMELLA, a genus of Mollusca belonging to the family Pyramellida, founded by E. Forbes, to receive forms that had been previously referred to Eulima and Odostomia. The shell is elongated, and consists of many whorls, solid, smooth, and polished; the apex of the spine has a persistent embryonic sinistral shell; the aperture subquadrate; peristome imcomplete; columella not plicated, straight or nearly so; operculum corneous, pyrifom. There are four British species. E. scillæ (Eulima crassula, Jeffreys), E. acicula (Melania acicula, Philippi), E. affinis (Eulima affinis, Philippi), E. clavula (Turbinella clavula, Love).

EULO'PHIA (from e, and λópos, a crest), a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Orchidacea. It has an open spreading perianth; the sepals and petals ascending, nearly equal, either quite distinct, or united with the more or less lengthened base of the column; the lip horned or shortly spurred, sessile, with the veins crested, bearded, or quite smooth, usually 3-lobed, sometimes undivided; the column half-terete, edged; the anther terminal, opercular; the pollen masses 2, waxy, 2-lobed, or hollowed out at the back, with a short linear caudicula, and a transverse gland. The species are terrestrial plants, with pseudo-bulbous rhizomata, long membranous plaited leaves, and radical many-flowered scapes. Most of the rhizomata and roots of the species of the family Orchidacea yield starch in a peculiar form. The roots of the species of Orchis are used in Europe under the name of Salep as an article of diet, and the same use is made of the rhizomata of a species of Eulophia in the East Indies. Although specimens of the plant were brought from Cashmere by Dr. Royle, they were not in a state of preservation to be identified. (Lindley, Flora Medica.)

EULYMENE. [ACALEPHE.]

EUME DONUS, a genus of Brachyurous Crustaceans, the first of the Parthenopians of M. Milne-Edwards, and which in his opinion establish in some sort the passage between the Stenorhynchi, Achæus, on the one side, and Eurynome, Lambrus, and Parthenope on the other. The form of the carapace is nearly pentagonal as in the latter, but it is at the same time thrown forwards, as it were, and scarcely overpasses the line of the feet of the hind pair of limbs-a disposition which recalls the construction of the former. The body is depressed; the rostrum, which is very large and projecting, is only divided towards its extremity; the eyes are very short, and their peduncle entirely fills the orbits, which are circular-a character which again approximates these crustaceans to the Stenorhynchi; the internal antennæ are folded back very obliquely outwards, and the external antennæ are but little developed. The epistome is shorter than in the majority of the Oxyrhynchi. The external jaw-feet present nothing remarkable. In the male the thoracic feet of the first pair are large, and much longer than the rest; all these are a little compressed, and their third joint is surmounted by a crest, which is not distinctly perceptible on the other joints; the feet of the second pair are rather shorter than those of the third and fifth pair, which are nearly as long as the fourth. The abdomen of the male is composed of seven articulations.

E. niger. This small species, the only one known, is of a bronzed black colour, and inhabits the coasts of China.

EUMORPHUS, a genus of Coleopterous Insects belonging to the section Trimeri of Latreille, and being the typical genus of the family Fungicola. These insects are characterised by having the antennæ longer than the head and thorax, the body oval, and the thorax irregularly square; the maxillary palpi filiform, or slightly thickened at the end, but not terminated by a large process as in some genera: the last joint of the tarsus is always deeply divided into two lobes. Latreille (Règne Animal') divides the genus Eumorphus into several sub-genera. Some of the species have the third joint of the antennæ much longer than any of the other joints; these form the genus Eumorphus (proper), in which the antennæ are club-shaped. All the species are natives of America or the East Indies. Ex. Eumorphus immarginatus. (Latr., 'Gener. Crust. et Insect.,' tab. xi. fig. 12.)

Second Sub-Genus, Dapsus (Ziég.). Some of the species have the antennæ club-shaped as in Eumorphus proper, but straighter and more elongated, and with the joints bent laterally among these Eumorphus Kirbyanus (Latr.) is now placed. In other species of Dapsus the third joint of the antennæ is not longer than any of the others. Many of the species of Dapsus are indigenous in Europe, living in different Fungi, whence the name of the family (Fungicola). Some of these insects are also found under the bark of the birch and other trees.

Third Sub-Genus, Endomychus (Fab.), has the three last joints of the antennæ bent laterally, larger than the others, and forming a triangular club-shaped mass.

Fourth Sub-Genus, Lycoperdina (Latr.), has the maxillary palpi filiform, and the last joints of the labia are enlarged. [TRIMERI.] EUNICE, a genus of Dorsibranchiate Annelida. It is furnished with tuft-like gills; the trunk is armed with three pairs of horny jaws; each of the feet has two cirri and a bundle of bristles; two tentacles upon the head above the mouth, and two on the neck.

E. gigantea is the largest Annelide known. It attains a length of from one to four feet, and inhabits the sea around the Antilles. EUO'MPHALUS, a genus of fossil Gasteropoda, from the Paleozoic Strata. (Sowerby.) [TROCHIDE.]

EUO'NYMUS (evάvvuos, literally 'having a good name,' and hence various derived senses), a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Celastraceæ. It has a flat 4-5-lobed calyx with a peltate disc at the base; 4-5 petals, inserted in the margin of the disc; 4-5 stamens, inserted in the disc; a single style; the capsule 3-5-celled, 3-5-angled, the dehiscence loculicidal; the seed solitary, with a fleshy arillus, not truncate at the hilum. The species are shrubs with tetragonal or terete branches, and ovate usually opposite leaves, yielding a fetid odour when bruised, and considered poisonous.

E. Europaeus, Spindle-Tree, has the petals oblong; the flowers mostly 4-cleft and tetrandrous; the branches tetragonal, smooth, and even; the leaves elliptic-lanceolate, minutely serrate; the capsule obtusely angular, not winged. It is a native of Europe in hedges and thickets, and is found abundantly in Great Britain. The flowers are small, of a greenish-white colour, and give out a fetid odour. Its wood is tough and white, and is used for making skewers. It has from this got the name of Prick-Wood; Gerard calls it Prick-Timber. Its French name is Fusain, in allusion to its use in making spindles. It is called also in French Bonnet de Prêtre and Bois à Lardoire; the former in allusion to the capsules, which when open bear some resemblance to a priest's cap, the latter from the use made of the wood in making skewers and larding-pins. It has, in common with the Cornus sanguinea, the names of Dog-Wood and Gatteridge-Tree; the first name is in allusion to the use of the wood of these trees for making an infusion with which mangy dogs were washed. It is also known in English by the name of Louse-Berry, a name which it has got from its berries being used when powdered as an application to the head for the destruction of lice. The wood of this tree is also used by musical instrument makers. When used for skewers, toothpicks, &c., the branches are cut when the shrub is in blossom, as that is the period when the wood is toughest. Linnæus says that cows, goats, and sheep eat the leaves, but that horses refuse them. The berries are poisonous, and produce when eaten vomiting and purging. Whilst growing wild in hedges and coppices this plant does not attain any great size; but when planted and allowed to grow alone it becomes a tree, and reaches a height of twenty or thirty feet. Although almost entirely neglected in the planting of pleasure-gardens, it forms a singularly beautiful object in the autumn, when its clusters of red berries are ripe. The seeds are covered with an arillus, which is of a beautiful orange colour.

E. verrucosus has the branches warted with proximate lenticular glands; the leaves ovate and slightly serrate; the flowers 3 on a peduncle; the petals ovate; the capsule bluntly 4-cornered. This is a deciduous shrub or low tree, a native of Austria, Hungary, and Carniola. It has a singular appearance, and is worthy of cultivation on that account amongst collections.

E. latifolius has smooth branches; broad ovate leaves; trichotomous many-flowered peduncles; oval obtuse petals; the lobes of the capsule acutely angular and wing-formed. It is a deciduous shrub or low tree, attaining a height of 10-20 feet, and is a native of the south of Europe. Its fruit is large, and of a deep red colour; the decaying leaves are also reddish. This is the handsomest species of the genus. It has broad shining leaves, and its large red pendulous fruits, with their orange-coloured seeds, which are suspended in the air when the capsules open, contribute much to the beautiful appearance of this tree.

E. Americanus, American Spindle-Tree, has smooth branches; the leaves almost sessile, elliptic-lanceolate, serrated; the flowers 1 to 3 on a peduncle; the petal sub-orbiculate; the capsules warty. This is a sub-evergreen recumbent shrub, and is a native of North America from Canada to Florida. The capsules are of a deep crimson, the seeds white, and the arillus scarlet. They add much to the beauty of this plant, and have given rise in America to its common name, the Burning Bush. It is of easy culture in a moist soil. Several varieties have been described by botanists. E. atropurpureus is found in English gardens, and is a native of America. E. Hamiltonianus

is a Nepaul species, introduced about twenty years ago. E. nanus is a dwarf species. About thirty species have been described. All the hardy kinds are easily cultivated in any common soil in the open air. They may be propagated by seeds which ripen in this country. Cuttings planted in the autumn will readily take root.

(Loudon, Encyclopædia of Trees and Shrubs; Don, Dichlamydeous Plants.)

EUPATORIA'CEÆ, one of the tribes of composite plants admitted by De Candolle, who defines it thus:-"Style of the hermaphrodite flowers cylindrical; the arms long, somewhat clavate, covered externally with downy papillæ at the upper end. The stigmatic series but little prominent, and usually disappearing before they reach the middle of the arms of the style." Under this character are arranged 38 genera, the most extensive of which is the genus Eupatorium, including no fewer than 294 species.

EUPATO'RIUM, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Composita, the tribe Eupatoriacea, the sub-tribe Eupatoriea, and the division Adenostyleæ. It has 3-100-flowered heads, a flat naked receptacle, the scales of the involucre in one or two or more rows, equal or unequal, loosely or closely imbricated, the throat of the corolla hardly dilated, the anthers inclosed, the arms of the style exserted, cylindrical, obtuse; the pappus in one row, hairy, rough. E. cannabinum, Hemp-Agrimony, has the leaves in 3 or 5 deep lanceolate serrated segments, the middle one longest. It is a native of Europe, and is mostly found on the banks of streams. It is a common plant in the British Isles. The stem is about three feet high, and has a slightly aromatic smell. The whole plant is bitter, and was formerly employed in medicine as a tonic and febrifuge. An infusion of this plant is said to be the common medicine of the turfdiggers in Holland against the ulcerations and diseases of the feet and legs to which they are subject. The expressed juice, when taken in large quantities, produces both vomiting and purging.

E. perfoliatum, Thorough-Wort, Thorough-Wax, Cross-Wort, or Bone-Set, has subsessile opposite linear-lanceolate acuminate leaves, decreasing gradually in breadth from the stem, where they are widest, to the extremities; serrated, wrinkled, pale underneath, and hairy, especially the veins. This plant is a native of North America, in meadows and boggy soils. It has erect round hairy stems, branched only at the top, with a cylindrical imbricated involucre, inclosing from 12 to 15 flowers, the florets of which are tubular. All parts of this plant are intensely bitter, and a decoction of the leaves has been recommended by American physicians as a valuable tonic and stimu lant, and used as a substitute for Peruvian bark in the cure of intermittent fever. In large doses the infusion or decoction of the whole plant is emetic, sudorific, and aperient. It is used with advantage instead of the infusion of chamomile flowers in working off emetics.

E. Ayapana has subsessile, opposite, lanceolate, triple-nerved, acuminate, nearly entire, smooth leaves. It is originally a native of South America, on the right bank of the river Amazonas, whence it has been introduced into the East Indies. It has a stem shrubby at the base, branched, and smooth; the heads are pedicellate, and contain about 20 florets. An infusion of this plant is used in Brazil as a diuretic and diaphoretic. It has also been employed as an antidote against the bites of venomous serpents and insects. A quantity of the bruised leaves is laid upon the scarified wound, and the fresh juice is administered from time to time to the patient. The reputation of this plant for the bites of poisonous serpents, like that of many others, is probably undeserved. Other species of Eupatorium possess medicinal properties: E. aromaticum and E. odoratum have very fragrant roots; E. perfoliatum and E. rotundifolium have been employed in renal diseases and consumption. The E. Guaco of older botanists is now referred to the genus Mikania. [MIKANIA]

(Burnett, Outlines of Botany; Lindley, Flora Medica; Lewis, History of Materia Medica.)

EUPHEUS. [ISOPODA.]

EUPHORBIA, a genus of Exogenous Plants, giving its name to an extensive and important natural order. It has very small monandrous naked male flowers, crowded round an equally naked female one, in the inside of an involucre looking like a calyx, and formerly mistaken for that organ. The species have either a common leafy appearance, with the involucres proceeding from among large foliaceous bracts, or they are nearly leafless, with their stem excessively succulent, so as to resemble Cacti. Those with the former character are natives of most parts of the world, and are the only kinds found in Europe; the succulent species chiefly appear in the hottest and driest countries. Barren uncultivated places in the plains of Hindustan, and the arid regions of Asia and the north of Africa are their favourite stations; in the Canaries, on volcanic soil, E. Canariensis and E. laphylla form great bushes with arms like candelabras. From Cacti, which some of these plants much resemble, they are readily known by their spines, when they have any, not growing in clusters, and by their emitting, when punctured, an abundant discharge of milky juice. This, in a concrete state, forms what is called the gum-resin, or rather resin, called Euphorbium, an acrid, corrosive most dangerous drug, principally furnished by

786

Euphorbia officinarum.

E. Lathyris, a common weed in cottage gardens, where it is called Caper, yields from its seeds an oil of the most violent purgative nature. If it were less dangerous it might be substituted for Tiglium oil. Fée states that with as much of this oil as could be sold for a franc ninety adults might be purged.

E. Tirucalli has erect naked round branches, which are succulent, polished, and abounding in milky juice. The leaves are small, linear, fleshy, sessile, and at the ends of the twigs. The flowers are crowded, sub-sessile, terminal, and axillary; the lobes of the involucre are five in number, roundish, smooth, and peltate; the tube woolly on the inside. The capsule is villous. The milk when introduced into the eye produces severe inflammation and even blindness. It is used medicinally in India.

E. tribuloides has a stem about two inches high and one inch broad, ovate, fleshy, quadrangular, having two opposite, stalked, ovate spathulate leaves growing from its base. The prickles are in pairs, white, clustered on the margin of the angles. It is said to be a sudorific.

E. antiquorum is common on barren and uncultivated lands all over India and Arabia Felix. It has a shrubby leafless succulent stem. The branches are spreading, triangular or quadrangular, the angles sinuated, and armed with double spines at the protuberances. The peduncles are solitary or in pairs, 3-flowered. There are only 5 stamens. The bark of the root when bruised in water is taken as a purgative. Some writers consider that this plant yields the drug Euphorbium, a resinous substance possessing acrid irritant properties. In all probability however this substance is chiefly obtained from E. officinarum. The Arabs make up violent diuretic pills by rubbing over the juice of E. antiquorum with flour, yet their camels will eat the branches when cooked. The juice of E. heptagona, E. virosa, and E. cereiformis, African species, furnishes the Ethiopians, and E. cotinifolia, the wild Brazilian, with a mortal poison for their arrows. The juice of the leaves of E. nereifolia is prescribed by the native practitioners of India internally as a purge and deobstruent, and externally, mixed with Margosa oil, in such cases of contracted limb as are induced by rheumatic affections. The leaves have no doubt a diuretic quality. Of the leafy Euphorbias great numbers are found to possess a milk with purgative or emetic qualities. The roots of some of the species are emetic.

According to Deslongchamps the powdered root of E. Gerardiana is emetic in doses of 18 or 20 grains. The root of E. Ipecacuanha is said by Barton to be equal to the true Ipecacuanha-in some respects superior. E. Pithyusa is esteemed in the Mediterranean. E. thymifolia is somewhat aromatic and astringent, and is prescribed in India in the diarrhoea of children, and as a vermifuge. In the same way is employed E. hypericifolia, a plant of tropical America, which is astringent and somewhat narcotic. Nevertheless, E. balsamifera has no such qualities, and is eaten when cooked. E. Mauritanica is also employed as a condiment; but its acridity is unpleasant. It is said to be used in adulterating scammony. The sap of E. phosphorea shines with a phosphorescent light in a warm night in the ancient forests of Brazil. (Lindley, Vegetable Kingdom.)

EUPHORBIACEA, Spurgeworts, a natural order of Exogenous Plants with definite suspended anatropal ovules, scattered flowers, and tricoccous fruit. The genera consist of trees, shrubs, or herbaceous plants, often abounding in acrid milk. The leaves are mostly opposite or alternate, simple, rarely compound, often with stipules. The flowers are axillary or terminal, arranged in various ways, sometimes inclosed within an involucre resembling a calyx; flowers monoecious and dioeciThe calyx inferior, with various glandular or scaly internal

ous.

3

Andrachne telephioides.

1, a male flower; 2, a female flower; 3, an ovary nearly ripe; 4, a section of a ripe fruit.

This extensive order, which probably does not contain fewer than 2800 species, described or undescribed, exists in the greatest abundance in equinoctial America, where about three-eighths of the whole number have been found, sometimes as large trees, frequently as deformed bushes, still more usually as diminutive weeds, and occasionally as leafless succulent plants resembling Indian figs in aspect, but not in any other particular. In the Western World they gradually diminish as they recede from the equator, so that not above 50 species are known in North America, of which a very small number reaches as far as Canada. In the Old World the known tropical proportion is much smaller, arising probably from the species of India and equinoctial Africa not having been described with the same care as those of America, not above an eighth, having been found in tropical Africa, including the islands; a sixth is about the proportion in India. A good many species inhabit the Cape, where, and in the north of Africa, they often assume a succulent habit; and there are about 120 species from Europe, including the basin of the Mediterranean, of which 16 are found in Great Britain, and 7 in Sweden. A large number of these plants are poisonous. The poisonous principle resides chiefly in their milky secretion. The hairs of some are stinging. The bark of many is aromatic; and the flowers of some tonic. Many are used in medicine, such as Croton, Cascarilla, and Euphorbia. The stimulating poisonous principle however appears to be volatile, since the action of heat is sufficient to dispel it. Thus the starchy root of the Manihot, or Cassava, which when raw is a violent poison, becomes a wholesome nutritious food when roasted. Some yield a fixed oil from their seeds, as the species of Elæococca. For further particulars respecting the important and various properties of the species of this order, see PEDILANTHUS, CROTON, BUXUS, CASCARILLA, JATROPHA, RICINUS, and EUPHORBIA. The order contains 191 genera, and 2800 species. EUPHOTIDE, a Compound Rock, consisting of Diallage and Felspar. It is sometimes called Diallage Rock.

EUPHRA'SIA (from evpparía, delight), a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Scrophulariacea or Scrophularineæ. It has a campanulate 4-cleft calyx; the upper lip of the corolla galeate, emarginate, the lower larger, spreading, with the middle lobe emarginate; 4 stamens, fertile, the lower celis of the upper anthers with a long spur; the capsules oblong-ovate, compressed, emarginate, with entire valves; the seeds few.

E. officinalis, Euphrasy, Eyebright, has ovate or cordate-ovate nearly sessile serrate leaves, the corolla glabrous, the lobes of the lower lip emarginate, of the upper lip patent sinuate-dentate, the anthers unequally mucronate, hairy. It is from one to four inches high, and is a native of the heaths and pastures of Europe, the Himalaya Mountains, Cashmere, and all the north of Asia. It is common in Great Britain. This species is peculiarly subject to variation. The leaves are ovate, or cordate-ovate, or cordatetriangular, with the teeth acute or obtuse, ascending or spreading. The capsule also varies much in shape. There is scarcely a character permanent except the pubescence of the corolla. This elegant little plant has a slightly bitter and aromatic flavour, and has been employed

much in medicine, particularly in diseases of the eye. Its use in these complaints seems to have originated in its bright appearance, and when the doctrine of signs and seals prevailed this was supposed to indicate its value in brightening the eyes. Although it has lately fallen into disuse its astringent effect is undoubtedly of value in certain diseases of the eye, and will explain the fact that Professor Kranichfeld has related of its being useful in catarrhal affections of the eye. The expressed juice and distilled water of this plant have been the forms in which it has been employed.

E. Odontites has the leaves narrowed from the base, opposite, linear-lanceolate, remotely serrate; the floral leaves longer than the flowers; the corolla pubescent; the lobes of the lower lip oblong, obtuse; the anthers with two equal points, hairy. It is a native of Europe, and is abundant in Great Britain in meadows, corn-fields, and waste places. This plant is the Bartsia Odontites of Hudson, and the Odontites rubra of Persoon.

There are several other species of Euphrasia. Although pretty plants none of them will grow well in cultivation.

(Babington, Manual of British Botany; Lindley, Flora Medica.) EUPHROSINE, a genus of Dorsibranchiate Annelida. It has but one tentacle on its head.

EU'PODA (from ev, and roús, Todós, a foot), Latreille's fifth family of Tetramerous Coleoptera. The great size of the posterior thighs in many insects of this family gives rise to the appellation. The genus Sagra, many species of which, remarkable for brilliant red, purple, and green colours, are brought from the East, and the genus Crioceris, are types of sub-divisions of the family. EUPYCHROITE, a fibrous mammillary variety of Apatite, from Point Crown, Essex county, New York, United States. [APATITE.]

EURIBIA, or EURYBIA. [THECOSOMATA.] EU'RYALE (after one of the Gorgons, in allusion to the threatening armed appearance of the plant), a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Nymphæacea. It has a calyx of 4 sepals inserted in the torus, and adhering to it; 16-28 petals; numerous stamens; 16-20 carpels; the fruit half-inferior, arising from the sepals; petals and stamens adhering half-way up. There is but one species of this genus, E. ferox, which is an elegant aquatic, covered all over with prickles, with large peltate orbicular leaves, and bluish-purple or violet flowers, about the size of those of the yellow water-lily. It is a native of the East Indies in the lakes Gumtoe and Gogra, also in the province of Kianang in China. This plant presents a very singular appearance. Its petioles and calyces are hispid with stiff prickles. The leaves are about a foot in diameter. The root or rootstock contains starch, which may be separated as food, or the root may be eaten, as is done by the inhabitants of the districts where it grows.

In cultivation, this plant must be kept in water in a hotbed or stove. It will produce seeds if the pollen of the anthers, when it is in full bloom, be shaken on the stigmas. It can only be propagated by means of its seeds.

(Don, Dichlamydeous Plants.)
EURY'ALE. [ACALEPHE.]
EURYBIA. [ACALEPHE.]
EURYDICE. [ISOPODA.]
EURYLAIMUS. [MUSCICAPIDE.]

EURY'NOME, a genus of Brachyurous Crustaceans established by Dr. Leach, and forming the second genus of the Parthenopians of M. Milne-Edwards, who remarks that it establishes the passage between Parthenope or Lambrus and the other Oxyrhynchi. The general form of the body and aspect approximates these crustaceans to Parthenope, whilst the disposition of their external antennæ is similar to the conformation in Maia. The carapace is nearly in the form of a triangle with a rounded base, and is strongly tuberculated

Eurynome aspera.

and covered with asperities. The rostrum is borizontal, and divided into two triangular horns. The eyes are small; the orbits deep, their upper border very much projecting, and separated from the external

angle by a slit. The internal antennæ are bent back longitudinally, and the first joint of the external antennæ terminates at the internal angle of the orbit. The epistome is nearly squared, and the third joint of the external jaw-feet strongly dilated externally. The sternal plastron is nearly oval, and its median suture occupies the two last thoracic rings. The feet of the first pair are scarcely longer than the succeeding ones; in the male they are rather long, whilst in the female they are very short, but less than those of the second pair; the succeeding feet diminish progressively in length. Abdomen consisting of seven articulations in both sexes.

E. aspera. Length about half an inch; colour lively red with bluish tints. Locality, the coasts of Noirmoutier and the Channel (La Manche), at rather considerable depths. (Leach; Milne-Edwards.) [PARTHENOPIDE.]

EURYNO'TUS, a genus of Fossil Ganoid Fishes, from the Limestone of Burdie House and the shales of Newhaven. (Agassiz.) EURYO'CRINUS, a genus of Fossil Crinoidea, from the Mountain Limestone. (Phillips.)

EURYPODIUS. [MACROPODIDE.]

EURY'PTERUS (Harlan), a singular genus of Fossil Crustacea, from North America and Scotland. E. Scouleri occurs in Carboniferous Limestone at Kirkton, near Glasgow. EURYSTOMIDE. [CORACIAS.] EUSTACHIAN TUBE. [EAR.]

EUXENITE, a Mineral, containing Yttrium, occurs massive without any trace of cleavage. Its colour is brownish-black. In thin splinters it has a reddish-brown translucence, lighter than the streak. The streak is reddish-brown. Fracture subconchoidal. Hardness, scratches Thorite. Lustre metallic, greasy. Specific gravity 4.60. It is found at Jölster, in Norway. Its analysis, by Scheerer, gives

Columbic Acid, with some Titanic Acid
Titanic Acid

EVAGORA. [ACALEPHE.]
EVANIA. [PUPIVORA.]

EVENING PRIMROSE. [ENOTHERA.]

.

49-66

7.94

25.09

6.34

2.18

0.96

2:47

0.29

3.97

-98.90

EVERGREENS are plants which shed their old leaves in the spring or summer after the new foliage has been formed, and which consequently are verdant through all the winter season; of this nature are the Holly, the Laurel, the Ilex, and many others. They form a considerable part of the shrubs commonly cultivated in gardens, and are beautiful at all seasons of the year.

The principal circumstances in which Evergreens physiologically differ from other plants are the hardness of their cuticle, the thickness of the parenchyma of their leaves, and the small number of breathing pores, or stomates, formed on the surface of those organs. These peculiarities, taken together, enable them to withstand heat and drought with more success than other plants, but are often not sufficient to protect them against such influences in excess. Hence we find them comparatively uncommon in those parts of the continent of Europe where the summers are hot and dry, and most flourishing in a moist insular climate like our own. This is rendered more intelligible by a comparison of the proportions borne by their stomates, and those of deciduous plants. As far as this subject has been investigated, it appears that their leaves are usually altogether destitute of such organs on the upper side, and that those of the lower are mostly fewer in number and much less active than in deciduous plants.

The greater part of Evergreens are raised from seed; some are propagated by cuttings or layers, and the variegated varieties by budding and grafting. The soil in which they succeed best differs with the kinds; American Evergreens, such as Rhododendrons, Kalmias, &c., grow best in equal quantities of peat-earth, sand, and vegetable mould; European sorts grow in their greatest vigour in a fresh hazelly loam, but will thrive in almost any kind of soil.

The operation of transplanting Evergreens may be performed with success at almost all seasons of the year. Midsummer planting has even been recommended; it however is a work of necessity rather than propriety, because its success depends entirely upon the nature of the weather after the operation; if it be cloudy and wet for some time they may succeed; but if, on the contrary, it be hot and dry, they are sure to suffer for this reason, if the practice may be adopted, it is not to be recommended. The Common Holly however has been often known to succeed when planted at this season, either for hedges or as single plants. The hollies in one very remarkable case were carefully dug up in the cool of the evening, and removed to large trenches, which had been prepared for their reception; a quantity of water was then poured upon the roots, and the soil thrown upon the top of it, which of course was carried down and deposited in all the crevices in the trench, rendering the plants perfectly firm. In the

instance alluded to the weather was very favourable for a considerable period after the operation was performed.

Autumn and spring are much better seasons for work of this kind; | the plants are not so liable to suffer from the intense heat of the sun, and are more likely to be benefited by dews and frequent rains.

But, according to the most experienced cultivators, the winter months (that is, from October to February) are decidedly the best time for transplanting Evergreens. Mr. McNab, who is one of the greatest authorities upon this subject, says "I have planted Evergreens at all seasons of the year with nearly equal success, except from the middle of June to the middle of August, and even during this period I have planted some; but unless the weather is very dull and moist, it is difficult to prevent the plants suffering considerably, -and in many cases it is years before they recover. Although, however, I have planted Evergreens ten months out of the twelve with little difference of success, yet one season has a preference over the others with me, and when there is the power of choice I would recommend late in autumn, winter, or early in spring; that is, any time from the middle of October till the middle of February; and in general the beginning of this period is the best; that is, from the middle of October till the middle of December; always providing that the weather and the ground are favourable; that is, supposing there is no frost, no drying wind, nor much sunshine, and that the ground is not too much saturated with wet, either from continued rain or from the nature of the soil. One of the principal things to be attended to in planting Evergreens is to fix on a dull day for winter planting, and a moist day for spring and autumn planting."

It is of great importance to keep a number of the more tender sorts of Evergreens in pots, in order to send them to a distance if required; and if they are to be transplanted at home their roots are not so liable to be injured as when they are dug from the ground. The more tender species of the following genera should be treated in this way:-Arbutus, Cupressus, Daphne, Erica, Juniperus, Laurus, Magnolia, Phyllirea, Pinus, Quercus, Rhamnus, Thuja, &c.

In lifting Evergreens particular care should be taken of the young rootlets, as upon their preservation the success of the operation in a great measure depends; especially if the specimens have arrived at any unusual size. Small Evergreens are planted like other things; but the following precautions should be observed in all cases where individuals of any great size are the subject of the operation.

When the plant has been lowered into the hole dug for its reception, the soil must be thrown in loosely around it (not trod in), and a basin made to hold a quantity of water, which must be filled several times until the whole is completely saturated; this will convey the particles of soil down to the roots of the plant, and render it much more firm than any other method. By this treatment we have seen plantations of Evergreens formed without a single failure, which, when finished, appeared to have been growing for many years.

It matters little what size the plants have attained, if they can only be lifted without injuring the small fibres of the roots; they have been moved from 10 to 20 feet high, and otherwise large in proportion, with complete success. Should however the roots be unavoidably injured in transplanting, the branches must be closely pruned and shortened in proportion; so that when they begin to draw upon the roots for support they may not require more nourishment than the latter can supply.

Considering the great importance of Evergreens in a climate like that of Great Britain, where they flourish in such unrivalled beauty, and form so much natural protection to bleak exposed situations, they cannot be too extensively planted. The following lists will furnish information as to the principal kinds found in the nurseries and gardens of Great Britain :

I. Evergreens whose beauty depends exclusively upon their foliage. TREES.

Common Virginian Cedar, is less handsome; but both are quite hardy. [JUNIPERUS.]

Pinus.-All the species, where the soil is light and sterile enough, with that proportion of decayed unfermented vegetable matter which this genus delights in. The finest, as ornamental plants, are P. pinaster, P. Taurica, P. Pinea, the Stone Pine, P. nigricans, P. halepensis, and P. Pallasiana, which will grow in any soil that is not stiff and swampy in winter. P. sylvestris, and P. nigricans are the hardiest. [PINUS.]

Quercus.-The Q. Ilex, or Evergreen Oak, of which there are many varieties; Q. Austriaca, of which the Lucombe and the Fulham oaks are possibly domesticated forms; Q. Turneri, Q. Suber, the CorkTree, and Q. gramuntia, the Q. Ballota, or Spanish Oak, with sweet acorns, are all fine species equally handsome when young as bushes, and when old as trees. [QUERCUS.]

Tarus baccata, the Common Yew, and T. fastigiata, the Irish Yew.
[TAXUS.]
Thuja occidentalis, the American Arbor Vitæ, and T. orientalis, the
Chinese Arbor Vitæ. [THUJA.]

upon grass.

SHRUBS or BUSHES.

Aristotelia Maqui, a Chilian broad-leaved shrub, quite hardy.
Abies Clanbrasiliana, a curious dwarf fir, only suited to plant singly
Cunninghamia lanceolata, the Chinese Fir, rarely grows beyond the
Arbutus Andrachne, the Oriental Strawberry-Tree, and A. hybrida.
[ARBUTUS.]

size of a bush.

Aucuba Japonica, a Japanese spotted-leaf bush. [AUCUBA.] Buxus sempervirens, the Box-Tree, will succeed in light soil, especially if sandy and sterile; it prefers chalky downs, and will not thrive in stiff wet soil. [BUXUS.]

Juniperus communis, the Common Juniper; J. Suecica, the Swedish Juniper, much less handsome; J. Sabina, the Savin Bush, excellent Laurus nobilis, the Sweet Bay; quite hardy, though a native of the for undergrowth, and ornamental as a single bush upon lawns. warm south; its aromatic leaves employed in confectionary, pickles, &c. [LAURUS.]

Ligustrum vulgare, the Common Privet; excellent for hedges and for undergrowth, especially the evergreen variety. [LIGUSTRUM.] Phyllirea.-Every variety of this valuable genus should be cultivated: P. obliqua and P. latifolia as large species, P. media as a middlesized one, and P. angustifolia as a graceful bush. Pinus pumilio or Mughus, the Alpine Pine-Tree. Rhamnus alaternus, of which there are several varieties, and R. Clusii; hardy bushes, which bear pruning er cutting down to the ground remarkably well. [RHAMNUS.]

TWINERS.

Hedera, many varieties of the common Ivy; H. Canariensa, the Irish Ivy; and H. chrysocarpa, the Golden-Berried Ivy. [HEDERA ] II. Evergreens whose flowers have a conspicuous appearance. TREES.

Andromeda arborea requires peat; grows 40 feet high in North

America.

Arbutus Unedo, the Common Strawberry-Tree; of this there is a beautiful variety with deep red flowers, and another with double Acacia affinis grows without protection near Edinburgh; A. dealbata, flowers, much less handsome than either. A. lophanta, and several other Australian species will flourish without protection in the southern counties. [ACACIA.]

Eucalyptus perfoliata, E. pulverulenta, exist in the open air near Edinburgh; they and other species will thrive in the south and west of England. [EUCALYPTUS.]

Ligustrum lucidum, the Wax-Tree, a Japanese plant.

particularly A. Douglasii, A. excelsa, the Norway Spruce, A. Deodara, the Cedar of India, A. Cedrus, the Cedar of Lebanon, and A. Larix, the common Larch, together with A. balsamea, the Balm of Gilead, A. picea, the Silver-Fir, and A. Webbiana, the Silver-Fir of the Himalaya Mountains. [ÁBIES.] The Cedar of Lebanon will grow well in a swamp. Araucaria imbricata, the glory of the mountains south of Chili; it will hardly succeed north of the midland counties. [ARAUCARIA.] Cunninghamia lanceolata, the Chinese Fir; very handsome, but only suited to the south of England. [CUNNINGHAMIA.] Cupressus sempervirens, the Common Cypress, and C. horizontalis, the Spreading Cypress, are quite hardy: and the latter, if to be procured, forms a tree much more ornamental than the other with its formal shape. But the nurserymen almost always sell a slight variety of C. sempervirens for it. [CUPRESSUS.]

Cupressus Lusitanica, the Cedar of Goa, is a beautiful tree, but only suits the climate of southern counties.

Ilex aquifolium, Common Holly. The nurseries contain endless varieties of it, both green and variegated. The latter are not to be compared with the others for beautiful effect. [ILEX.] Juniperus.-The J. excelsa forms a fine tree; J. Virginiana, the

enough to live in this country away from the shelter of a wall, except quite in the south; unprotected specimens exist however near Edinburgh. [MAGNOLIA.]

SHRUBS or BUSHES.

Andromeda.-The handsomest species are A. Catesbæi, A. angustifolia, A. Mariana, which is rather tender, A. pulverulenta, A. speciosa, and A. floribunda. They require peat soil. Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi, a trailing plant. [ARCTOSTAPHYLOS.] Ammyrsine Lyoni, a beautiful little American bush, requiring peat. Berberis aquifolium, B. fascicularis, B. repens, B. Asiatica, B. aristata. [BERBERIS.]

Bupleurum fruticosum stands the sea breeze well upon chalky cliffs. [BUPLEURUM.]

Cistus, all the species. They are quite hardy if planted where wet cannot lodge in winter, and exposed to the full sun in summer. [CISTUS.]

Colletia spinosa.

Cotoneaster_microphylla and C. rotundifolia, small bushes. [CoroNEASTER.]

Cytisus scoparius, Common Broom; there is a double variety, C. albus, the Portugal White Broom. [CYTISUS.]