parts of the Indus basin. The vine is much cultivated in | Hunza, Molái-these are great wine drinkers; Nagar, some parts of the valley. In Puniál it is grown in small Shiah; Ishkaman, Molái; Yassin, Molái and Sunni, withvineyards, the vines being often old trees; the whole vine- out any Shiahs. Till lately they were very loose Mahomeyard is covered with a horizontal framework of sticks, 2 to tans. Some of the Moslem officers in the Sikh and Dogra 4 feet above the ground, and over this the vines are trained. garrisons have spread greater rigidity. The wine is put in The people of the basin are all reckoned to be Dards, large earthenware jars, which are then buried for a time. though there is this perplexing fact, that (setting aside The people do not understand clarifying the wine. Dr dialects) two languages are spoken among them, which are Leitner tasted some which was very palatable, but looked entirely and radically different,-the Khajuna language, more like mutton-broth than wine. A kind of beer is also which is spoken in Hunza, Nagar, and Yassin, being one made. Polo is a favourite game throughout Dardistán, as of which no relation has yet been traced to any other tongue, in Balti, which is its home, or one of its homes, and it exwhilst the Shina, spoken in the rest of the basin, is clearly tends to the Chitral country. Wherever Baltis or Dards Aryan, and kindred to the Sanskritic languages of India. live, the polo-ground may be looked for. Target archery Now there seems to be no doubt entertained that the with firearms is also a favourite amusement; they use stones Yassin people at least have all the characters of undisputed for bullets, with a thin coating of lead. They are excellent Dards. It is worth while to exhibit the numerals from shots. The Jew's harp is played; and the invention is these two languages. ascribed to King David. Four ...... do......... altatz. Three..... tré........ uskó. tshar waltó. Five · poñ Six ........ .... shá....... tshudó. Nine .... nau...... untsho. Ten dáy ...... tóromo. Eleven.. akáy...... turma-hann. mishindó. Twelve .. bây ....... turma-altatz. The Dards not only occupy the Gilgit basin, but also extend down the Indus basin, in which they form a number of small republican communities (whilst the states of the Gilgit basin are all, so to speak, monarchical), reaching to Batera, where the Pushto-speaking tribes who are of Afghan blood, or at least Afghanized, commence. The Dards are described as decidedly Aryan in features, broadshouldered, well-proportioned, active, and enduring. The hair is usually black but sometimes brown, the eyes brown or hazel, the skin sometimes fair enough to show a ruddy complexion; the voice and manner of speech are harsh. In bearing they are cheerful, bold, and independent, not disobliging when rightly handled, and as a race decidedly clever. They do not care much for human life, but still are not blood-thirsty. They are, says Mr Drew, "a people who will meet one on even terms, without sycophancy or fear, and without impertinent self-assertion." The women are not pretty in Gilgit, but those of Yassin have a better repute, and indeed Hayward says: "The women have a more English cast of countenance than any I have yet seen in Asia, light-brown locks prevailing." The dress is entirely woollen, trousers, choga (long robe like a dressing-gown), and girdle. The cap is most characteristic; it is a long woollen bag rolled up at the edge till it fits close to the head. The feet are wrapt in scraps of leather, with a long strip as a binder. There is a distinct separation into castes, of which Drew counts five, others only four. The lowest caste is Dúm, the name of a low caste found all over India to the extreme Deccan,-a notable circumstance. The middle castes, Shin and Yashkun, form the body of the Dard people. The pure Shin looks more like a European than any highcaste Brahman of India. A Shin man may marry a Yashkun woman, but a Yashkun man may not marry a Shin woman. The Yashkuns predominate in Gilgit basin; the Shins in Haramosh (up the Indus valley) and Astor (east of Gilgit), and in the states of the Indus basin below Gilgit. It is a notable circumstance that the Dards abhor the cow, much as the Mussulmans abhor swine. They will not drink cow's milk, nor make or eat butter. In this last point the IndoChinese nations generally and the Chinese resemble them, but not in the dislike to the animal. The Dards will not burn cow-dung nor touch the cow if they can help it. History.-The Dards are located by Ptolemy with surprising accuracy (Darada) on the west of the Upper Indus, beyond the head-waters of the Swat river (Soastus), and north of the Gandara, i.e., the Gandháras, who occupied Peshawar and the country north of it. The Dardas and Chinas also appear in many of the old Pauranic lists of peoples, the latter probably representing the Shin branch of the Dards. This region was traversed by two of the Chinese pilgrims of the early centuries of our era, who have left records of their journeys, viz., Fahian, coming from the north, c. 400, and Hwen-thsang, ascending from Swat, c. 631. The latter says: "Perilous were the roads, and dark the gorges. Sometimes the pilgrim had to pass by loose cords, sometimes by light stretched iron chains. Here there were ledges hanging in mid-air; there flying bridges across abysses; elsewhere paths cut with the chisel, or footings to climb by." Yet even in these inaccessible regions were found great convents, and miraculous images of Buddha. How old the name of Gilgit is we do not know, but it occurs in the writings of the great Mahometan savant Al-Birúni, in his notices thou hast passed the defile which forms the entrance and hast of Indian geography. Speaking of Kashmir, he says: "When penetrated into the plain, thou hast to thy left the mountains of Balaur and Shamilau. Two days' journey distant are the Turks called Bhatáwarián, whose king takes the name of Bhatsháh. The country which these Turks occupy is called Kilkit (or Gilgit), Asora, and Shaltás. Their tongue is Turk; the people of Kashmir have to suffer much from their raids "-(Reinaud, "Extraits," in Journal Asiatique, ser. iv. tom. iv.). There are difficult matters for discussion here. It is impossible to say what ground the writer had for calling the people Turks. But it is curious that the Shins say they are all of the same race as the Moghuls of India, whatever they may mean by that. Gilgit, as far back as tradition goes, was ruled by rajas of a family called Trakane. When this family became extinct the valley was desolated by successive invasions of neighbouring rajas, and in the 20 or 30 years ending with 1842 there had been five dynastic revolutions. The most prominent character in the history was a certain Gaur Rahman or Gauhar Aman, chief of Yassin, a cruel savage and man-seller, of whom many evil deeds are told. Being remonstrated with for selling a mullah, he said, "Why not? the Koran, the word of God, is sold; why not sell the expounder thereof?" The Sikhs entered Gilgit about 1842, and kept a garrison there. When Kashmir was made over to Maharaja Gúláb Singh of Jámú in 1846, by Lord Hardinge, the Gilgit claims were transferred with it. And when a commission was sent to lay down boundaries Multán) and Lieut. Ralph Young of the Engineers visited Gilgit, of the tracts made over, Mr Vans Agnew (afterwards murdered at the first Englishmen who did so. The Dogras (Gúláb Singh's race) had much ado to hold their ground, and in 1852 a catastrophe occurred, parallel on a smaller scale to that of the English troops at Cabul. Nearly 2000 men of theirs were exterminated by Gaur wife, escaped, and the Dogras were driven away for eight years. Rahman and a combination of the Dards; only one person, a soldier's Gúláb Singh would not again cross the Indus, but after his death (in 1857) the present Maharaja Ranbir Singh longed to recover lost prestige. In 1860 he sent a force into Gilgit. Gaur Rahman just then died, and there was little resistance. The Dogras have twice since then taken Yassin, but did not hold it. Now, recently, it is believed, they have not only occupied Yassin, but have invaded Chitral also. They also, in 1866, invaded Darel, one of the most secluded Dard states, to the south of the Gilgit basin, but withdrew again. The chief source of the information in this article is an excellent work by Mr Frederick Drew, who was long in the employment of the maharaja, The Jummoo and Kashmir Territories, a Geographical Account, 1875. Use has also been made of Dr Leitner's uncompleted work, Results of Tour in Dardistan, &c.; of Mr Hayward's letters (Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc., vol. xv., and Journ. Roy. Geeg. Soc., vol. xli.); and of Col. Walker's Report on the Survey Dept. for 1877-78. All the Dards of the Gilgit basin are Mahometans, and of three different sects, Sunnis, Shiahs, and Moláis (Mullahis?), the last being a Shiah offshoot and modification. The last two drink wine, the annis do not. Gilgit proper is half Sunni, half Shiah; Paniál, Molái; The narrative of the mullah," who performed the remarkable journeys noticed briefly in that report, has been for the present withheld from publication by the Indian Government, but the map corrected by his surveys is of extreme interest interesting region. ance. (H. Y.) and value. By and by we may hope for the publication of Captain Biddulph's observations, which will doubtless throw much new light on this secluded and GILL, JOHN (1697–1771), a Baptist minister and learned Rabbinical scholar, was born at Kettering, Northamptonshire, in 1697. On account of the limited means of his parents, he owed his education chiefly to his own perseverAfter receiving baptism in November 1716, he began to preach, and officiated at Higham Ferrers, as well as occasionally at his native place, until the beginning of 1719, when he became pastor of the Baptist congregation at Horsleydown, in Southwark, where he continued fiftyone years. In 1748 he received the degree of D.D. from the university of Aberdeen. He died at Camberwell, October 14, 1771. His principal works are Exposition of the Song of Solomon, 1728; The Prophecies of the Old Testament respecting the Messiah considered, 1728; Treatise on the Doctrine of the Trinity, 1731; Cause of God and Truth, in 4 vols., 1731; Exposition of the Bible, in 10 vols., in preparing which he formed a large collection of Hebrew and Rabbinical books and MSS.; Dissertation on the Antiquity of the Hebrew Language-Letters, Vowel Points, and Accents, 1767; A Body of Doctrinal Divinity, 1767; A Body of Practical Divinity, 1770; and Sermons and Tracts, with a memoir of his life, 1773. An edition of his Exposition of the Bible appeared in 1816 with a memoir by Dr Ripon, which has also appeared separately. Various editions of several of his other works have also appeared. GILLESPIE, GEORGE (1613-1648), a prominent member of the presbyterian party in the Westminster Assembly, was born at Kirkcaldy, where his father was parish minister, on the 21st of January 1613, and entered the university of St Andrews as a presbytery bursar" in 1629. On the completion of a brilliant student career, he became domestic chaplain to Lord Kenmure, and afterwards to the earl of Cassilis, his conscience not permitting him to accept the episcopal ordination which was at that time in Scotland an | indispensable condition of induction to a parish. While with the earl of Cassilis he wrote his first work, A Dispute against the English Popish Ceremonies obtruded upon the Church of Scotland, which, opportunely published (but without the author's name) in the summer of 1637, attracted considerable attention, and within a few months had been found by the privy council to be so damaging that by their orders all available copies were called in and burut. In April 1638, soon after the authority of the bishops had been set aside by the nation, Gillespie was ordained minister of Wemyss (Fife) by the presbytery of Kirkcaldy, and in the same year was a member of the famous Glasgow Assembly, before which he preached a sermon so pronounced against royal interference in matters ecclesiastical as to call for some remonstrance on the part of Argyll, the Lord High Commissioner. In 1642 Gillespie was translated to Edinburgh; but the brief remainder of his life was chiefly spent in the conduct of public business in London. Already, in 1640, he had accompanied the commissioners of the peace to England as one of their chaplains; and in 1643 he was appointed by the Scottish church one of the four commissioners to the Westminster Assembly. Here he took a prominent part in almost all the protracted discussions on church government, discipline, and worship, supporting Presbyterianism by numerous controversial writings, as well as by an unusual fluency and readiness in debate. On the Erastian question, in particular, besides a series of vigorous pamphlets against Coleman (A Brotherly Examination of some Passages in Mr Coleman's late printed Sermon, &c.; Nihil Respondes; Male Audis), he published in 1646 a large work entitled Aaron's Rod Blossoming, or the Divine Ordinance of Church-government vindicated, which is deservedly regarded as a really able statement of the case for an exclusive spiritual jurisdiction of the Church. Shortly after his return to Scotland, Gillespie was elected moderator of the Assembly (1648); but the laborious duties of that office (the court continued to sit from 12th July to the 12th of August) told fatally on a constitution which, at no time very vigorous, had of late years been much overtaxed, and, after many weeks of great weakness, he died at Kirkcaldy on the 17th of December 1648. In Scots was voted, though destined never to be paid, to his acknowledgment of his great public services, a sum of £1000 widow and children by the committee of estates. A simple tombstone, which had been erected to his memory in Kirkcaldy parish church, was in 1661 publicly broken at the cross by the hand of the common hangman, but was restored in 1746. Among the other works of Gillespie may be mentioned the Treatise of Miscellany Questions, wherein many useful Questions and cases of Conscience are discussed and resolved, published posthumously (1649); and The Ark of the Testament opened, being a treatise on the covenant of grace, also posthumous (2 vols., 1661-1677). GILLESPIE, THOMAS (1708-1774), one of the founders of the Scottish "Presbytery of Relief," was born in the parish of Duddingston, Midlothian, in 1708. On the completion of his literary course at the university of Edinburgh, he for a short time attended a small theological seminary at Perth, and afterwards studied divinity under Dr Doddridge at Northampton, where he received ordination in January 1741. In August of the same year he was admitted minister of the parish of Carnock, Fife, the presbytery of Dunfermline agreeing, not only to sustain as valid the ordination he had received in England, but also to allow a qualification of his subscription to the church's doctrinal symbol, so far as it had reference to the sphere of the civil magistrate in matters of religion. Having on conscientious grounds persistently absented himself from the meetings of presbytery held for the purpose of ordaining an unacceptable presentee as minister of Inverkeithing, he was, after an unobtrusive but useful ministry of ten years, deposed for contumacy by the Assembly of 1752; he continued, however, to preach, first at Carnock, and afterwards in Dunfermline, where a large congregation gathered round him; but it was not until 1761, and after repeated efforts to obtain readmission to the church, that, in conjunction with Boston of Jedburgh and Collier of Colinsburgh, he formed a distinct communion under the name of The Presbytery of Relief,-relief, that is to say, "from the yoke of patronage and the tyranny of the church courts." He died on the 19th January 1774. His only literary efforts were an Essay on the Continuation of Immediate Revelations in the Church, and a Treatise on Temptation, characterized by considerable laboriousness and some ability. Both works appeared posthumously (1774). See Lives of Fathers of the United Presbyterian Church (Edin. 1849). GILLIES, JOHN (1747-1836), the historian of ancient Greece, was born in 1747 at Brechin, in Forfarshire. He was educated at the university of Glasgow, where he greatly distinguished himself, and where, at the age of twenty, he officiated for a short time as substitute for the professor of Greek. Subsequently he received an engagement as tutor in the family of Lord Hopetoun, who afterwards conferred on him a pension for life. In 1784 he completed his principal work, the History of Ancient Greece, its Colonies and Conquests, which he published two years later in 2 vols. 4to. This work gives a clear and generally accurate account of the various states of Greece, and the progress of each in literature and the arts. The learning it displays is considerable, but its reflexions are generally somewhat trite, and the style is abrupt and frequently diffuse. It enjoyed, however, for some time a great popularity, and was translated into French and German. It was long a favourite text-book for schools, but is now completely superseded. On the death of Robertson, Gillies was appointed historiographer-royal of | in the history of caricature by the fact that his sketches are Scotland. In his old age he retired to Clapham, where he died 15th February 1836, in the 90th year of his age. Of his other works, none of which are much read, the principal are-View of the Reign of Frederick II. of Prussia, with a Parallel between that Prince and Philip II. of Macedon, 1789; Translation of Aristotle's Rhetoric, and of his Ethics and Politics; and History of the World from Alexander to Augustus, in 2 vols., 1807. GILLRAY, JAMES (1757-1815), one of the most eminent of caricaturists, was born at Chelsea in 1757. His father, a native of Lanark, had served as a soldier, losing an urin at Fontenoy, and was admitted first as an inmate, and afterwards as an out-door pensioner, at Chelsea Hospital. Gillray commenced life by learning letter-engraving, in which he soon became an adept. This employment, however, proving irksome, he wandered about for a time with a company of strolling players. After a very checkered experience he returned to London, and was admitted a student in the Royal Academy, supporting himself by engraving, and probably issuing a considerable number of caricatures under fictitious names. Hogarth's works were the delight and study of his early years.. Paddy on Horseback, which appeared in 1779, is the first caricature which is certainly his. Two caricatures on Rodney's naval victory, issued in 1782, were among the first of the memorable series of his political sketches. The name of Gillray's publisher and printseller, Miss Humphrey whose shop was first at 227 Strand, then in New Bond Street, then in Old Bond Street, and finally in St James's Street is inextricably associated with that of the caricaturist. Gillray lived with Miss (often called Mrs) Humphrey during all the period of his fame. It is believed that he several times thought of marrying her, and that on one occasion the pair were on their way to the church, when Gillray said:"This is a foolish affair, methinks, Miss Humphrey. We live very comfortably together; we had better let well alone." There is no evidence, however, to support the stories which scandalmongers have invented about their relations. Gillray's plates were exposed in Humphrey's shop window, where eager crowds examined them. A number of his most trenchant satires are directed against George III., who, after examining some of Gillray's sketches, said, with characteristic ignorance and blindness to merit, "I don't understand these caricatures." Gillray revenged himself for this utterance by his splendid caricature entitled A Connoisseur Examining a Cooper, which he is doing by means of a candle on a "6 'save-all"; so that the sketch satirizes at once the king's pretensions to knowledge of art and his miserly habits. The excesses of the French Revolution made Gillray conservative; and he issued caricature after caricature ridiculing the French and Napoleon, and glorifying John Bull. He is not, however, to be thought of as a keen political adherent of either the Whig or the Tory party; he dealt his blows pretty freely all round. His last work, from a design by Bunbury, is entitled Interior of a Barber's Shop in Assize Time, and is dated 1811. While he was engaged on it, he became mad, although he had occasional intervals of sanity, which he employed on his last work. The approach of madness must have been hastened by his intemperate habits. Gillray died on the 1st of June 1815, and was buried in St James's churchyard, Piccadilly. The times in which Gillray lived were peculiarly favourable to the growth of a great school of caricature. Party warfare was carried on with great vigour and not a little bitterness; and personalities were freely indulged in on both sides. Gillray's incomparable wit and humour, knowledge of life, fertility of resource, keen sense of the ludicrous, and beauty of execution, at once gave him the first place among caricaturists. He is honourably distinguished real works of art. The ideas embodied in some of them are sublime and poetically magnificent in their intensity of meaning; while the coarseness by which others are disfigured is to be explained by the general freedom of treat ment common in all intellectual departments in the eighteenth century. The historical value of Gillray's work has been recognized by accurate students of history. As has been well remarked: "Lord Stanhope has turned Gillray to account as a veracious reporter of speeches, as well as a suggestive illustrator of events." His contemporary political influence is borne witness to in a letter from Lord Bateman, dated November 3, 1798. "The Opposition," he writes to Gillray, "are as low as we can wish them. You have been of infinite service in lowering them, and making them ridiculous." Gillray's extraordinary industry may be inferred from the fact that nearly 1000 caricatures have been attributed to him; while some consider him the author of 1600 or 1700. He is invaluable to the student of English manners as well as to the political student. He attacks the social follies of the time with scathing satire; and nothing escapes his notice, not even a trifling change of fashion in dress. The great tact Gillray displays in hitting on the ludicrous side of any subject is only equalled by the exquisite finish of his sketches-the finest of which reach an epic grandeur and Miltonic sublimity of conception. Gillray's caricatures are divided into two classes, the political series and the social. The political caricatures form really the best history extant of the latter part of the reign of George III. They were circulated not only over Britain but throughout Europe, and exerted a powerful influence. In this series, George III., the Queen, the Prince of Wales, Fox, Pitt, Burke, and Napoleon are the most prominent figures. In 1788 appeared two fine caricatures by Gillray. Blood on Thunder fording the Red Sea represents Hastings looks very comfortable, and is carrying two large bags of Lord Thurlow carrying Warren Hastings through a sea of gore: money. Market-Day pictures the ministerialists of the time as horned cattle for sale. Among Gillray's best satires on the king are-Farmer George and his Wife, two companion plates, in one of which the king is toasting muffins for breakfast, and in the other the queen is frying sprats; The Anti-Saccharites, where the royal pair propose to dispense with sugar, to the great horror of the family; A Connoisseur Examining a Cooper; Temperance enjoying a Frugal Meal; Royal Affability; A Lesson in Apple Dumplings; and The Pigs Possessed. Among his other political caricatures may be mentioned-Britannia between Scylla and Charybdis, a picture in which Pitt, so often Gillray's butt, figures in a favourable light; The Bridal Night; The Apotheosis of Hoche, which concentrates the excesses of the French Revolution in one view; The Nursery with Britannia reposing in Peace; The First Kiss these Ten Years (1803), another satire on the peace, which is said to have greatly amused Napoleon; The Handwriting upon the Wall; The Confederated Coalition, a fling at the coalition which superseded the Addington Ministry; Uncorking Old Sherry; The Plum-Pudding in Danger; Making Decent, i.e., Broad-bottomites getting into the Grand Costume; Comforts of a Bed of Roses; View of the Hustings in Covent Garden; Phaethon Alarmed; and Pandora opening her Box. The miscellaneous series of caricatures, although they have scarcely the historical importance of the political series, are more readily intelligible, and are even more Characters (two plates); Twopenny Whist; Oh! that this too solid amusing. Among the finest are-Shakespeare Sacrificed; Flemish flesh would melt; Sandwich Carrots; The Gout; Comfort to the Corns; Begone Duil Care; The Cow-Pock, which gives humorous expression to the popular dread of vaccination; Dilletanti Theatricals; and Harmony before Matrimony and Matrimonial Harinonics -two exceedingly good sketches in violent contrast to each other. A selection of Gillray's works appeared in parts in 1818; but the first good edition was Thomas M'Lean's, which was published with a key, in 1830. A somewhat bitter attack, not only on Gillray's character, but even on his genius, appeared in the Athenæum for October 1, 1831, which was successfully refuted by J. Landseer in the Athenæum a fortnight later. In 1851 Henry G. Bohn put out an edition, from the original plates, in a handsome folio, the coarser sketches being published in a separate volume. For this edition Thomas Wright and R. H. Evans wrote a.aluable commentary, which is a good history of the times embraced by the caricatures. The next edition, entitled The Works of James Gillray, the Caricaturist: with the Story of his Life and Times (Chatto and Windus, 1874), was the work of Thomas Wright, and, by its popular exposition and narrative, introduced Gillray to a very large circle formerly ignorant of him. This edition, which is complete in one volume, contains two portraits of Gillray, and upwards of 400 illustrations. Mr J. J. Cartwright, in a letter to the Academy (Feb. 28, 1874), drew attention to the existence of a MS. volume, in the British Museum, containing letters to and from Gillray, and other illustrative documents. The extracts he gave were used in a valuable article in the Quarterly Review for April 1874. See also the Academy for Feb. 21 and May 16, 1974. For a contemporary life of Gillray, see George Stanley's notice in his edition of Bryan's Dictionary of Painters. There is a good account of him in Wright's History of Caricature and Grotesque in Literature and Art, 1863. See also the article CARICATURE. GILLYFLOWER, a popular name applied to various flowers, but principally to the clove, Dianthus Caryophyllus, of which the carnation is a cultivated variety, and to the stock, Matthiola incana, a well-known garden favourite. The word is sometimes written gilliflower or gilloflower, and is reputedly a corruption of July-flower, "so called from the month they blow in." Phillips, in his Flora Historica, remarks that Turner (1568) "calls it gelouer, to which he adds the word stock, as we would say gelouers that grow on a stein or stock, to distinguish them from the clovegelouers and the wall-gelouers. Gerard, who succeeded Turner, and after him Parkinson, calls it gilloflower, and thus it travelled from its original orthography until it was called July-flower by those who knew not whence it was derived." Dr Prior, in his useful volume on the Popular Names of British Plants, very distinctly shows the origin of the name. He remarks that it was "formerly spelt gyllofer and gilofre with the o long, from the French giroflee, Italian garofalo (M. Lat. gariofilum) corrupted from the Latin Caryophyllum, and referring to the spicy odour of the flower, which seems to have been used in flavouring wine and other liquors to replace the more costly clove of India The name was originally given in Italy to plants of the pink tribe, especially the carnation, but has in England been transferred of late years to several cruciferous plants." The gillyflower of Chaucer and Spenser and Shakespeare was, as in Italy, Dianthus Caryophyllus; that of later writers and of gardeners Mathiola. Much of the confusion in the names of plants has doubtless arisen from the vague use of the French terms giroflée, oeillet, and violette, which were all applied to flowers of the pink tribe, but in England were subsequently extended and finally restricted to very different plants. The use made of the flowers to impart a spicy flavour to ale and wine is alluded to by Chaucer who writes "And many a clove gilofre To put in ale"; also by Spenser, who refers to them by the name of sops in wine, which was applied in consequence of their being steeped in the liquor. In both these cases, however, it is the clove-gillyflower which is intended, as it is also in the passage from Gerard, in which he states that the conserve made of the flowers with sugar "is exceeding cordiall, and wonderfully above measure doth comfort the heart, being eaten now and then." The principal other plants which bear the name are the wallflower, Cheiranthus Cheiri, called wallgillyflower in old books; the dame's violet, Hesperis matronalis, called variously the queen's, the rogue's, and the winter gillyflower; the ragged robin, Lychnis flos cuculi, called marsh-gillydower; the water-violet, Hottonia palus tris, called water-gillyflower; and the thrift, Armeria vulgaris, called sea-gillyflower. As a separate designation it has in modern times been chiefly applied to the Muthiola or stock, but it is now very little used. GILPIN, BERNARD (1517-1583), rector of Houghtonle-Spring, distinguished by the unusual way in which he carried out his conception of the duties of a Christian pastor, was descended from a Westmoreland family, and was born at Kentmere in 1517. At Oxford he first adhered to the conservative side, and defended the doctrines of the church against Hooper; but his confidence was somewhat shaken by another public disputation which he had with Peter Martyr. In 1552 he preached before King Edward VI. a sermon on sacrilege, which was duly published, and displays the high ideal which even then he had formed of the clerical office; and about the same time he was presented to the vicarage of Norton, in the diocese of Durham, and obtained a licence, through William Cecil, as a general preacher throughout the kingdom as long as the king lived. Instead of settling down in England, however, he resigned his vicarage, and went abroad to pursue his theological investigations, and if possible satisfy his mind on some disputed matters. He carried out this intention at Louvain, Antwerp, and Paris; and from a letter of his own, dated Louvain, 1554, we get a glimpse of the quiet student rejoicing in an "excellent library belonging to a monastery of Minorites.” Returning to England towards the close of Queen Mary's reign, he was invested by his uncle, Dr Tonstall, bishop of Durham, with the archdeaconry of Durham, to which the rectory of Effington was annexed. The freedom of his attacks on the vices, and especially the clerical vices, of his times excited hostility against him, and he was formally brought before the bishop on a charge consisting of thirteen articles. Tonstall, however, not only dismissed the case, but presented the offender with the rich living of Houghton-le-Spring; and when the accusation was again brought forward, he again protected him. Enraged at this defeat, Gilpin's enemies laid their complaint before Dr Bonner, bishop of London, and he immediately gave orders for his apprehension. Upon this Gilpin prepared for martyrdom; and, having ordered his house-steward to provide him with a long garment, that he might "goe the more comely to the stake," he set out for London. Providentially, however, he broke his leg on the journey, and his arrival was thus delayed till the news of Queen Mary's death freed him from further danger. He at once returned to Houghton, and there he continued to labour till his death in 1583. When the Roman Catholic bishops were deprived, he was offered the see of Carlisle; but he declined the honour. At Houghton his course of life was a ceaseless round of benevolent activity. His hospitable manner of living was the admiration of all. In his household, he spent "every fortnight 40 bushels of corn, 20 bushels of malt, and an ox, besides a proportional quantity of other kinds of provisions." Strangers and travellers found a ready reception; and even their horses were treated with so much care that it was humorously said that, if one were turned loose in any part of the country, it would immediately make its way to the rector of Houghton. Every Sunday from Michaelmas till Easter was a public day with Gilpin. For the reception of his parishioners he had three tables well covered,—one for gentlemen, the second for husbandmen, the third for daylabourers; and this piece of hospitality he never omitted, even when losses or scarcity made its continuance difficult. He built and endowed a grammar-school at a cost of up. wards of £500, educated and maintained a large number of poor children at his own charge, and provided the more promising pupils with means of studying at the universities. So many young people, indeed, flocked to his school that there was not accommodation for them in Houghton, and he had to fit up part of his house as a boarding establishment. Grieved at the ignorance and superstition which the remissness of the clergy permitted to flourish in the neighbouring parishes, he used every year to visit the most neglected parts of Northumberland, Yorkshire, Cheshire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland; and that his own flock might not suffer, he was at the expense of a constant assistant. Among his parishioners he was looked up to as a judge, and did great service in preventing law-suits amongst them. If an industrious man suffered a loss, he delighted to make it good; if the harvest was bad, he was liberal in the remission of tithes. And all this he was enabled to do because his frugality was as great as his generosity; for his rectory was worth no more than £400 The boldness which he could display at need is well illustrated by his action in regard to duelling. Finding one day a challenge-glove stuck up on the door of a church where he was to preach, he took it down with his own hand, and proceeded to the pulpit to inveigh against the unchristian custom. a year. A life of Bernard Gilpin, written by George Carleton, bishop of Chichester, who had been a pupil of Gilpin's at Houghton, will be found in Bates's Vita Selectorum aliquot Virorum, &c., London, 1681. A translation of this sketch by William Freake, minister, was published at London, 1629; and in 1852 it was reprinted in Glasgow, with an introductory essay by Edward Irving. It forms one of the lives in Christopher Wordsworth's Ecclesiastical Biography (vol. iii., 4th edit.), having been compared with Carleton's Latin text. Another biography of Gilpin, which, however, adds little to Bishop Carleton's, was written by William Gilpin, M.A., prebendary of Ailsbury, London, 1753, and 1854. GILPIN, WILLIAM (1724-1804), author of several works on the scenery of Great Britain, was born at Carlisle in 1724. He was educated at Oxford university, and, after holding for some time a small curacy in the north of England, established a school for sons of gentlemen at Cheam in Surrey. Among his pupils were Viscount Sidmouth, Lord Bexley, and Mitford, the author of the History of Greece, the last of whom presented him, when he had resolved to retire from teaching, with the living of Boldre, near the New Forest, Hampshire. Gilpin died there, April 5, 1804. He is author of a Life of Bernard Gilpin, several miscellaneous religious publications, and lives of a number of the Reformers, but is chiefly known for his works on the scenery of various parts of England and Scotland, illustrated by tasteful engravings in aquatint executed by himself. The principal of these works are-The River Wye and Southern Districts of Wales, 1782; The Lake Country, 1789; Observations on Picturesque Beauty made in the year 1776 in several parts of Great Britain, particularly the Highlands of Scotland, 1778; two corresponding volumes on the Lakes of Cumberland and Westmoreland; Forest Scenery, 1791; Three Essays on Picturesque Beauty, with a Poem on Landscape Painting, 1782; Essays on Prints and Early Engravings; Western Parts of England and Isle of Wight, 1798; and The Coasts of Hampshire, Sussex, and Kent, published posthumously. GIL VICENTE. See VICENTE, GIL. GIN, the name commonly given to an aromatized spirit for drinking, varieties of which are also known as Geneva, Hollands, and Schiedam. Gin is an abbreviation of Geneva, both being primarily derived from the French genièvre (juniper), from the fact that the characteristic flavouring ingredient of the spirit is juniper berries. Gin was originally and is still largely a Dutch compounded liquor, but it has long been a favourite stimulant beverage with the lower orders in London and other large English towns; and it is manufactured on a great scale by English rectifiers. As each separate distiller varies to some extent the materials and proportions of ingredients used in the preparation of gin, the varieties of the beverage are numerous; but generally a clear distinction exists between Hollands or Dutch gin and English gin. In the manufacture of Hollands a mash is prepared consisting of say 112 b of malted bere or bigg and 228 b of rye meal, with 460 gallons of water, at 162° Fahr. After infusion a proportion of cold water is added; and when the heat is reduced to about 80°, the whole, about 500 gallons, is run into the fermenting vat, to which about half a gallon of yeast is added. Fermentation speedily ensues, and in about two days the attenuation is complete, although at this stage nearly one-third of the saccharine matter in the liquor is undecomposed. The special features of the fermentation are the small proportion of yeast employed and the imperfect attenuation of the worts. The wash so obtained is distilled, and the resulting low wine is redistilled, with the addition of juniper berries and a little salt, sometimes with the addition of hops. Dutch gins vary much one from another but generally they are much purer and mellower liquors than the more highly flavoured and frequently adulterated British gins. Good qualities of the latter have as their basis plain grain spirit from the ordinary whisky distilleries, the following being an example of a mixture for distillation :300 gallons of low wines. rectified spirit 650 95 b juniper berries. 95 corianders. 47 lb crushed almond cake. 2 angelica root. powdered liquorice. 6 There is, however, much variation in the ingredients employed, and several other flavouring substances-notably cardamoms and cassia or cinnamon-are freely employed. A kind of gin is also prepared by mixing proportions of essential oils by agitation with plain spirits without any with oil of turpentine and aromatic substances without the redistillation, and much inferior liquor is said to be made turbidity that would arise in these inferior beverages when use of juniper berries at all. To prevent the cloudiness or mixed with water, they are fined with alum, potassium carbonate, acetate of lead, or sulphate of zinc. To give factitious pungency and mellowness to such drinks, grains of paradise and Cayenne pepper are freely used, and the is known as cordial gin is usually more highly aromatized absence of spirit is also covered by the use of sugar. What than the other varieties, and sweetened so that it really ought to be classed as a coarse liqueur. In thirty-eight specimens of gin examined by Dr Hassall, the alcoholic the sugar present varied between 2:43 and 9.38 per cent., strength of which ranged from 22:35 to 48.80 degrees, and seven were found to contain Cayenne pepper, two had cinnamon or cassia oil, and nearly all contained sulphates. From the fact that the essential oil of juniper is the most powerful of all diuretics, gin is frequently prescribed in diseases of the urinary organs. Its beneficial effects in such cases is most marked; but, on the other hand, the grossly sophisticated liquors which are largely consumed under the name of gin are most detrimental in their effects. In the early part of the 18th century gin-shops multiplied with great rapidity in London, and the use of the beverage increased to an extent so demoralizing that retailers actually exhibited placards in their windows intimating that there people might get drunk for 1d., and that clean straw in comfortable cellars would be provided for customers. The legislature was obliged to interfere in order to try to curb the tide of debauchery, and what is known as the Gin Act was passed in 1736, under the provisions of which, dealers were prohibited from selling gin and other spirits in quantities less than 2 gallons without a licence of £50, and an excise duty of 20s. was charged on each gallon. The operation of the Act, however, gave rise to much confusion, to illicit trade, and to gin riots, and after a lapse of seven years the statute was repealed. GINCKELL, GODART VAN (1640-1703), first earl of Athlone, general, was born in Guelderland about 1630 or 1640. He was the head of an ancient and noble family, and bore the title of Baron van Reede. In his youth he entered the Dutch army, and in 1688 he followed William prince of Orange in his expedition to England. In the following year he distinguished himself by a memorable exploit-the pursuit, defeat, and capture of the Scottish regiment which had mutinied at Ipswich, and was marching across the fens to their native land. It was the alarm excited by this mutiny that facilitated the passing of the first Mutiny Act. In 1690 Ginckell accompanied William III. |