32. Limestone. Allorisma sulcata (common). Naticopsis. 34. Limestone. Productus giganteus (in lower portion). 48. Limestone (Hardraw Scar). Upper portion weathers red. Productus semireticulatus, var. costatus. 49. Black shale. Productus giganteus. Lithostration. Syncyclonema Sowerbii. 51. Sandstone. Upper portion thickly bedded, lower portion flaggy. 52. Black shale with nodules. From the underset Limestone above Mill Gill, the following were obtained: Remarks: It will be observed that Productus giganteus ranges from the bottom to the top of the section and is met with both in the Limestones and the shales. Posidonomya Becheri is very abundant in a layer of shale about 9 inches above the Great Scar Limestone, and may be useful in describing that limestone in other districts. The occurrence of Spirorbis helicteres so low down on the carboniferous system is especially noteworthy. It is fairly abundant in the roof-shale of (15) Coal, with which it is associated in the same way as with the Coal-seams of the true Coal-measures. The two thin coals (15) and (40) may be used as indexes to the Middle Limestone and the Hardraw Sear Limestone respectively, No. 15 Coal being 10 feet 4 inches below the Middle Limestone, whilst No. 40 Coal is 11 feet 4 inches above the Hardraw Scar Limestone. In conclusion the Committee would ask for a larger grant than 57., which only covered railway fares and actual out-of-pocket expenses, and would point out that the reports have always justified the grant. Miss Jessie Barker sends me the following list of fossils which she collected from a shale top at Newbrough. Professor Lebour informed her that the horizon of that shale was somewhat doubtful owing to faulting, but 'at any rate the shale is very near one of the limestones next beneath the 4 fathom Limestone, and called the 3 yard, 5 yard, and Scar Limestone respectively.' 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 18 determined by Dr. G. J. H.; 3, Mr. F. A. B., also 2, I think, but it is quite unmistakable; 30, Dr. H. Woodward; the remainder by Dr. W. Hind. The Movements of Underground Waters of North-west Yorkshire. Fourth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor W. W. WATTS (Chairman), Mr. A. R. DWERRYHOUSE (Secretary), Professor A. SMITHELLS, Rev. E. JONES, Mr. WALTER MORRISON, Mr. GEORGE BRAY, Rev. W. LOWER CARTER, Mr. T. FAIRLEY, Mr. PERCY F. KENDALL, and Mr. J. E. MARR. (Drawn up by the Secretary.) [PLATES II. AND III.] THE Committee is carrying out the work in conjunction with a committee of the Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society. On April 4 the members of the joint committee resumed the work of tracing the underground waters of Ingleboro', described in previous reports. On that day half a pound of fluorescein was put into the sink at the Washfold (P 52) on Bent Hill Rig, Park Fell, at 2.15 P.M. This had almost disappeared at 6.15 P.M., when a second half-pound was introduced, this being arranged so as to flow in slowly and keep up the supply for a considerable time. The stream was still coloured on April 5 at 1.30 P.M., when the remainder of the charge was sent down in a flush. The stream was slowly dwindling on the 5th, it having been in flood on the previous day. All the springs in the neighbourhood were carefully watched for several days, but as yet no result has been observed. This sink will be again tested during the current year. While waiting for the result of the above experiment the survey of the underground passages in the neighbourhood of Alum Pot was continued. Previous experiments tried at the stream sinking at P 14 on Farrar's Allotment having been without result, 2 lb. of fluorescein were put in there at 7 P.M. on June 26. A look-out was kept at all the springs from Austwick Beck Head to Turn Dub for a period of ten days, and also by residents in the neighbourhood up to the time of the next visit of the Committee, but without result. On the day following the introduction of the test there was a very heavy flood, which may account for the non-success of the experiment. This stream will be tried again as soon as favourable conditions occur. Streams near Ribblehead Station. S 102 is a small spring issuing from the grit beds of the Yoredale Series, above Keld Bank, on Park Fell. The stream from this spring sinks at P 73, about half a mile south-west of the station, at a height of 1,240 feet above the sea. A quarter of a pound of fluorescein was introduced at P 73 at noon on June 29, and was seen at S 103 at 3.30 P.M. on the same day. It again sank at P 74, and reappeared at S 104 at 3.35. About 30 yards below S 104 the stream has been partially diverted to P 76, but a portion flows down the natural channel to P 75. By turning the whole stream alternately down P 75 and P 76 it was possible to trace both lines of flow. First the stream vas turned down the normal channel to P 75, and the fluorescein was seen at P 77 at 4.35 P.M., where it again sank, and was seen half an hour later in P 78. Secondly, the flow having been diverted into the artificial channel to P 76, the colour was seen in a trough at Brock Holes, the flow being partly by a natural channel parallel to the main joints in the limestone, and partly by a pipe to supply the trough. Fluorescein was next put into P 67, and was traced by S 95, P 68, S 69, P 69, and S 97, to P 70, where it finally sank. The fluorescein from all the above streams emerged at S 99, below the Station Hotel at Ribblehead, and subsequently at Batty Wife Hole, S 100. It then flowed overground to P 72, where it again sank, to come to light at S 101, near the bank of the Ribble below Gauber Farm, and so into the river. The spring at S 101 is similar in appearance to Turn Dub, described in the last report of the Committee, but is much smaller. In wet weather the excess of water from Batty Wife Hole flows over the surface, by way of Batty Wife Beck, into the Ribble, which it then joins some 100 yards further up-stream than the water which goes underground. Streams near Colt Park Farm. The streams sinking at P 62, P 63, and P 64, near High Barn, were found to unite in the spring at S 89 and to flow overground to Colt Park Farm, where the water sank, to reappear at S 90, whence it flowed overground for a few yards and again sank. This water was again seen in the spring S 93, in Salt Lake Quarry, where it forms a waterfall visible from the railway. It then crosses beneath the railway and sinks in a 1903. mass of glacial gravel at P 65, below which point we were unable to trace its course. The fluorescein from the flows just described having been allowed to pass off, the streams sinking at P 48 and P 49 near Bent Hill Rig Barn were next tested. These were found to unite and to flow along a master joint in the limestone via P 59 and P 60, and then to turn down a crossjoint to S 88, on Ashes Shaw Pasture Rocks. From S 88, after an overground journey of about ten yards, the water sinks at P 61, and again resumes the direction of the master joints, running parallel to the hillside to Rake Spring, S 91. The stream from Rake Spring flows overground past the south end of Salt Lake Quarry, beneath the railway, and through Ashes Gill Plantation to P 66, on Ashes Eller Bank, where it sinks in glacial drift near the river. Sinks on Fell Close. There are three streams flowing over Fell Close, viz. Keld Bank Spring East, sinking at P 79, Fairweather Spring East; sinking at P 80, and Fairweather Spring West at P 81.. These three streams were found to unite, and to issue at Eller Keld Spring, S 106, whence the water flows into the bed of Winterscale Beck, otherwise known as Haws Gill, where it again sinks to join the main drainage of Chapel-le-Dale, which will be described later. Proceeding southwards, the next stream is Keld Bank Spring West, which sinks on Scar Close Moss, at P 82. Fluorescein was put into P 82 at 12 noon on July 4, and was seen at S 105 and P 83 at 5 P.M. on the same day, and on the following day at P 84, and at Eller Keld Spring, S 106. The group of small streams sinking at P 93, on Fenwick Lot, are almost dry in summer, and have not yet been tested. They probably fall into Douk Cave, P 95, but this will be determined in due course. The Washfold on Souther Scales Fell. The group of streams sinking at the Washfold, P 94 and 96, on Souther Scales Fell, were tested on June 30, at 2.30 P.M., and the fluorescein was seen in Douk Cave, P 95, at 3.50 the same afternoon, having traversed a well-marked joint running N. 10° W., via the pothole known as Little Douk Cave. In Douk Cave the water again sinks, and the green colour was observed in Chapel Beck, in the pool below Gods Bridge, at 1 P.M. on July 3, and was much stronger at 2.30 P.M. The stream was low at the time, and there was little water above Gods Bridge. Weathercote Cave, P 88, and Hurtle Pot, P 90, were carefully watched from June 30 to July 3, but no trace of fluorescein was to be seen in either. The conclusion arrived at was, therefore, that the water from Douk Cave joins Chapel Beck on some part of its underground journey between Hurtle Pot and Gods Bridge. The main joint at Douk Cave runs N. 65 W., and this, if continued, would strike the main stream in the neighbourhood of the Vicarage, which agrees very well with the conclusion mentioned above. The small streams sinking at P 97, P 98, and P 99, still remain to be tested. |