Foreign.

HRDLICKA, A. (Museum of Natural History, New York), measures whites and negroes, but especially Indians. His schedules are made up in book form to contain measurements and observations on 100 individuals. In each book there are three kinds of schedules, entitled (1) Measures, (2) Inspection, (3) Physiological and medical. The instruments used are Matthieu's (Paris) compas à épaisseur, compas glissière (all frequently controlled by standard), large aluminium chest compass, tape (such as used in l'Ecole d'Anthropologie), dynamometer, thermometer. Measurements have been taken since 1897. Anthropological observations on about 1,000 white and 100 coloured children have been published. Original records of about 2,000 Irish, English, Americans, &c., may be available.

The objects of the investigations have been: Registration of growth, detection of racial differences, correlation with occupations, but especially the study of variation. In only one instance have assistants been employed, and these have been personally trained and supervised. Work done on other races than whites is considered to have been the most satisfactory. Among whites, mixture, occupation, health, but especially pathological condition, introduce many new factors.

Dr. Hrdlicka considers that the most prominent subjects for investigation are: (1) Racial studies; (2) The study of normal children (white) in every aspect; (3) A thorough study in any direction of individuals (living and dead), the most specialised (functionally); (4) Studies on families and homogeneous communities.

From these studies he considers that we may expect not only to accumulate a positive knowledge, but also to determine the circumstances most favourable or most detrimental to development. It is also probable that some tendencies of development among the whites can be established. The essential thing in all these investigations, however, is the quality, training, and experience of the workers.

MANOUVRIER, Dr. L. (Laboratoire d'Anthropologie à l'École pratique de la Faculté de Médecin), writes that the committee will be able to find complete information as to the methods employed in his laboratory (which is that of Broca) in the memoirs published by himself and his pupils. The following is a list of the most important of these memoirs :

1. Dr. Godin Recherches anthropométriques sur la Croissance des diverses parties du corps.' (Paris. Maloine, éditeur.)

2. Dr. Papillault: L'homme moyen à Paris.' (Bulletin Société d'Anthrop. 1902.)

3. Dr. L. Manouvrier: Étude sur les rapports anthropométriques en général et sur les principales proportions du corps.' (Mémoires de la Soc. d'Anthrop. 1902.)

He published some years ago two memoirs which may be of special interest to the Committee, copies of which he has sent to the Anthropological Institute.

1. 'Généralités sur l'Anthropométrie.' (Revue de l'École d'Anthrop.) 2. Aperçu de céphalométrie anthropologique.' (Extrait de l'Année psychologique, 1896.)

In these works will be found the system of anthropometry carried out in his laboratory, where more than 100 measurements are made on each subject. In order to carry out this system successfully a very rigorous technical training is necessary. An experience of more than twenty years has convinced Dr. Manouvrier of the necessity for a practical and very careful training in the technique of anthropometry, even when a small number of simple measurements have been selected.

Uniformity and accuracy are very difficult to obtain when an investigation is carried out by several persons. Repeated comparison and mutual checking are necessary if an investigation is continued for a long time. MOCHI, Dr. A. (Assistant Professor of Anthropology, Florence), has sent the following letter and three memoirs :

'Società Italiana d' Antropologia, Via Gino Capponi 3, Florence. 'November 21, 1903.

'DEAR SIR,-This Society received one of your circulars relative to an inquiry into the Anthropometrical methods adopted in England and Ireland-an inquiry intended to establish a basis of co-operative action in accordance with the methods and principles which obtain amongst the various students of Anthropometry in your country.

In the above circular I was entrusted with the task of reporting thereon, a task which I discharged at the meeting held on March 15, 1903, whilst I explained its import and paid homage to your initiative. When the account of said meeting has been published in the "Archivio per l' Antropologia," you will be able to see what I said on that occasion in regard to your work.

In the meantime I take the liberty of sending you some of our literature relative to Anthropometry, and I shall invite Dr. R. Livi, Dr. N. Pizzoli, and other Italians to also send you their publications relative to the question. In establishing the basis for a plan of Anthropometrical research to be adopted in England and Ireland, you will have before you what has been done by us in that science. I take this opportunity to tender you and the Committee my personal homage.

The literature received from Dr. Mochi is :

1. L'instituzione di un laboratorio antropometrico nel Museo Nazionale d' Antropologia dell' Instituto di Studi Superiori in Firenze.' Dr. A. Mochi.

2. L'Antropometria nelle scuole.' Dr. A. Mochi.

3. L' Antropologia nell' insegnamento universitario e l'antropo metria nella scuola di Paolo Mantegazza.'

In the first of these memoirs a list of measurements and observations to be made on each subject is given. This list comprises more than 160 categories; and the characters to be noted are divided broadly into (1) Morphological, and (2) Physiological.

1903.

b D

Archæological and Ethnological Researches in Crete.-Report of the Committee, consisting of Sir JOHN EVANS (Chairman), Mr. J. L. MYRES (Secretary), Mr. A. J. EVANS, Mr. D. G. HOGARTH, Professor A. MACALISTER, and Professor W. RIDgeway.

THE grant which was assigned to the Committee was applied in equal parts in aid of two distinct researches :

(1) To enable Mr. Arthur Evans to continue his excavation of the Palace of Knossos and its surroundings a sum of 50l. was paid over to the treasurer of the Cretan Exploration Fund and duly expended in the campaign of 1903. Mr. Evans's report is appended.

(2) The other sum of 50l. was placed at the disposal of Mr. W. L. H. Duckworth, M.A., Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge, and University Lecturer in Anthropology, who undertook in consideration of this grant and of a grant from the British School of Archaeology in Athens to make a study of the human remains which were being discovered in prehistoric burial-places in the British School's excavations at Palæokastro, in Eastern Crete; and also to make a preliminary study of the anthropography of modern Crete and other parts of the Egean area. Mr. Duckworth's report of his investigation is appended.

The Committee ask to be reappointed, with a further grant.

(1) Mr. ARTHUR EVANS'S Excavations at Knoss08.1

It had seemed to the excavator possible that this year's campaign in the prehistoric palace at Knossos might have definitely completed the work. But the excavations took a wholly unlooked-for development, productive of results of first-rate importance both on the architectural and general archæological side, and calling still for supplementary researches of considerable and indeed, at present, incalculable extent.

The search for the tombs, which was principally carried out in the region north of the Palace, only resulted in the discovery of a necropolis of secondary interest in a much destroyed condition. At the same time remains of houses were brought to light, going back to the earliest Minôan period and proving the continuous extension of the prehistoric city for a distance of over a quarter of a mile north-east of the Palace.

At its north-western angle the Palace area itself has gained a monumental accession. The building proved to extend beyond the paved court which lies on this side, and excavation here brought to light what can only be regarded as the royal theatre. This consists of two tiers of limestone steps, eighteen in number and 30 feet in width on the east side, varying from six to three, with an extension of 50 feet on the south, while between the two is a raised square platform. The steps or low seats and platform overlook a square area where the shows must have taken place. Owing to the made character of the ground to the north-east the limestone slabs on that side had either disappeared or were brought out in a much disintegrated condition, and it was found necessary for the conservation of the rest of the monument to undertake considerable restoration. This was, however, facilitated by the fact that

Cf. Proc. Brit. Assoc., 1902 (Belfast), p. 466, and previous reports.

the lower courses of the outer supporting wall were throughout preserved. The theatre would have accommodated about five hundred spectators. A somewhat analogous feature was discovered by the Italian mission; bordering the west court of the palace at Phæstos; but the arrangement at Knossos is much more complete and gives us the first real idea of the theatre in prehistoric Greece. The pugilistic shows represented on certain small reliefs at Knossos and Hagia Triadha and the traditions of the dancing-ground' of Ariadne, executed by Dædalos for Minos, may throw a light on the character of the performances in this theatral area.

Between this building and the west court of the Palace an area was explored containing a very complex mass of constructions representing, at different levels, every age of Minoan culture, and apparently belonging to a sanctuary connected with the Cretan cult of the Double Axe and its associated divinities. Painted pottery and other objects were here found, with designs referring to this cult. Among other discoveries were highly decorative polychrome vases belonging to the Middle Minôan' period, more or less contemporary with the twelfth dynasty of Egypt. Of later palace date was an extremely important deposit consisting of a bronze ewer and basins, with exquisitely chased ornamentation in the shape of lilies and various kinds of foliage.

On the north-east of the Palace, built into the side of the hill, was uncovered a remarkably well-built house, constructed largely of fine gypsum blocks, which appears to have been a kind of royal Villa. Here, as in the domestic quarter of the Palace, the upper story is also well preserved, and there are two stone staircases, one with a double head. On a landing here was found a magnificent painted jar containing reliefs of papyrus plants in a new technique. The principal chamber was a columnar hall with a tribuna at one end, backed by a square apse containing the remains of a gypsum throne, the whole presenting an extraordinary anticipation of the later basilica.

Within the previously uncovered Palace area supplementary explorations of lower levels have been carried out on an extensive scale. A whole series of deep walled chambers, perhaps representing the dungeons of an earlier palace, have been opened out. Excavations below the floor-level of the Olive Press area have brought to light the floor-levels of more ancient chambers containing exquisite painted pottery belonging to the middle Minoan period and sealings throwing an interesting new light on its glyptic art and the early 'pictographic' type of script. Beneath the pavement of the Long Gallery of the magazines a continuous line of deep stone cists (kaselles) was discovered, and from the remains of wooden chests inlaid with glazed ware and crystal mosaic, accompanied by quantities of gold foil, it is clear that these repositories had once contained treasure. Near the east Pillar Room a small pit was found beneath the floor-level containing vases and other objects belonging to the earliest Minoan period that immediately succeeds to neolithic, and affording the first collective view of a representative type series of that period. The character of the glazed beads found in this deposit seems to indicate relations with early dynastic Egypt. The exploration of the neolithic stratum, which to a depth of 25 feet underlies those of the 'Minoan' buildings, was continued, several new shafts being dug within the Palace The successive phases of the local neolithic culture are thus becoming more clearly defined.

arca.

The investigation of the cause of a slight depression in the pavement

of a storeroom immediately north-east of the east Pillar Room led to a discovery of extraordinary interest. Beneath the pavement and a small superficial cist belonging to the latest palace period were found two spacious repositories of massive stonework containing, in addition to a store of early vases, a quantity of relics from a shrine. These had evidently been ransacked in search for precious metals at the time of the reconstruction above, but a whole series of objects in a kind of faïence like the so-called Egyptian porcelain,' but of native fabric, had been left in the repository. The principal of these is a figure of a snake Goddess, about 14 inches high, wearing a high tiara up which a serpent coils, and holding out two others. Her girdle is formed by the twining snakes, and every feature of her flounced embroidered dress and bodice is reproduced in colour and relief. A finely modelled figure of a votary of the same glazed material holds out a snake, and parts of another are also preserved. The decorative fittings of the shrine include vases with floral designs, flowers and foliage in the round, naturalistic imitations of nautiluses and cockles, rock-work and other objects, all made of the same faïence. Two extraordinarily life-like groups represent a cow and calf and a Cretan wild goat and kids. The central aniconic object of the cult, supplied in the formerly discovered shrine of the Double Axe, was here a marble cross of the orthodox Greek shape. The cross also occurs as the type of a series of seal-impressions, doubtless originally belonging to documents connected with the sanctuary, found with the other relics. A number of other seal impressions deposited with these show figures of divinities and a variety of designs, some of them of great artistic value. An inscribed tablet and clay sealings with graffito characters was also found, exhibiting a form of linear script of a different class from that of the archives found in the chambers belonging to the latest period of the Palace.

In view of these important results it is obvious that further investigations beneath the later floor-levels must be carried on throughout the palace area. The search for the royal tombs has also to be continued. The region about the theatre and the north-west sanctuary still requires methodical excavation on a considerable scale, and the neolithic strata call for continued investigation. The need for further assistance from those interested in the results already obtained is still urgent.

(2) Report on Anthropological Work in Athens and in Crete by W. L. H. DUCKWORTH, M.A., Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge; University Lecturer in Physical Anthropology.

PART I.-General Report.

In the autumn of 1902 the Director of the British School at Athens informed me that a grant of 507. had been made by the Cretan Committee of the British Association in aid of physical anthropological investigations in Crete. It was proposed that I should undertake the work, and the suggestion was made that, in addition to research in Crete, preliminary studies in the museums at Athens should form part of the programme, which thus included the following series of observations :

(a) On the prehistoric human remains in the museum at Candia and in the ossuary at Palæokastro, Crete.

(b) On the physical characteristics of the modern Cretans, and