early, fostered his inclination towards art, and though he | series the B.W.G. or Birmingham Wire Gauge may be

taken as the type. The largest size of which it takes account is known as No. 0000, after which come 000, 00, 0, and then the numerals from 1 to 36, which last is the smallest size. It is frequently used for gauging the thickness of sheet metal as well as for wire, in spite of the existence of the Birmingham Plate Gauge, which has an equally arbitrary series of its own, consisting of the same numbers (from 1 to 36) used in the reverse manner, the low numbers being the small sizes. Other arbitrary wire gauges also tend to add to the general confusion, amongst which may be mentioned the Lancashire Gauge, which takes an alphabet and a half, in addition to the numerals up to 80, for expressing the sizes of steel wire which are referred to it, but which nevertheless does not apply to "music wire," or "needle-wire," or sundry other special kinds of wire, which are favoured with separate gauges of their own. Of late years careful comparisons have more than once been independently made with a view to ascertaining the standard value of these incongruous systems, but the discrepancies in the results only prove what might have been predicted, viz., that errors have crept in, and that those which profess to be alike differ amongst themselves, whilst there exists no satisfactory means of rectifying these errors. Their gradual and entire abolition therefore seems to be the only chance of real improvement, and it is earnestly to be hoped that the Standard Gauge originally suggested by Sir J. Whitworth, which is now largely employed, may soon entirely supersede them. In this system the sizes are directly referred to the English imperial standard of length, each being expressed by the number of thousandth parts of an inch which it contains. Thus No. 36 wire means wire 036 of an inch in diameter. Under the old systems this might have been either No. 20, No. 62, No. 3, or No. 18.

had enjoyed no special instruction his first attempts at copying nature were so successful that his father was persuaded to permit him to choose a profession which seemed so much to accord with his natural bent. Under his father's direction he began studies in landscape, and he also diligently copied the works of the chief masters in animal painting which were contained in the academy and court library of Vienna. In the summer he made art tours in the districts of Styria, Tyrol, and Salzburg. Two animal pieces which he exhibited at the Vienna Exhibition of 1824 were regarded as remarkable productions for his years, and led to his receiving commissions in 1825 and 1826 from Prince Metternich and Caraman, the French ambassador. His reputation was greatly increased by his picture The Storm, exhibited in 1829, and from that time his works were much sought after and obtained correspondingly high prices. His Field Labourer was regarded by many as the most noteworthy picture in the Vienna exhibition of 1834, and his numerous animal pieces have entitled him to a place in the first rank of painters of that class of subjects. The peculiarity of his pictures is the representation of human and animal figures in connexion with appropriate landscapes and in characteristic situations so as to manifest nature as a living whole, and he particularly excels in depicting the free life of animals in wild mountain scenery. Along with | great mastery of the technicalities of his art, his works exhibit patient and keen observation, free and correct handling of details, and bold and clear colouring. He died at Vienna, 7th July 1862. Many of his pictures have been engraved, and after his death a selection of fifty-three of his works was prepared for this purpose by the Austrian Kunstverein (Art Union).

GAUGE, in the mechanical arts, is the name applied to a great variety of instruments, of which the object may be broadly stated to be the affording of increased facilities for comparing any two dimensions or distances. Wherever it is necessary for this to be done with a degree of accuracy unattainable by such means as the ordinary measuring rule affords, or for the same dimensions to be frequently measured with a maximum of speed and certainty, there will the hand-craftsman at once avail himself of some form of gauge. At the present day a due appreciation of the value of gauges is of growing importance to the mechanician, since they enable him greatly to improve the "fit" of the several portions of his machinery, whilst at the same time the labour expended in fitting is materially reduced. Indeed the system of making all similar parts " to gauge," so that in any number of machines they are interchangeable, is now effecting more than any other single cause for the improvement and cheapening of mechanical substitutes for manual labour.

Examples of some of the usual forms of gauges are given below. For wire the simplest gauge consists of a steel plate with a series of holes drilled through it, each hole being numbered according to the series to which the gauge refers. By means of the Notched Gauge (fig. 1) sheet metal can be gauged by a similar mode of obtaining a more or less accurate fit. Rough gauges on the same principle are constantly employed also in workshop practice for comparing together internal or external diameters, &c.; and

FIC.I

2 B.W. C.

FIC.3

3

FIG.4

FIC.2

10

÷

FIC.5

1

The gauges which come within the province of this article differ in two main particulars, according as they refer the measurements which can be made by them to some definite and established standard of length, or take cognizance ouly of an arbitrary or haphazard one. The obvious advantage of being able to record, and at any time again obtain with certainty, the thickness of a plate of metal, or any other gauged dimension, would have led one to suppose that for all except mere temporary purposes the gauges used would invariably be of the first kind-Standard Gauges, as we shall distinguish them. But the fact is unhappily far otherwise, at least as regards the important manufactures of sheet metal and wire (which cannot be easily measured without some form of gauge), the result being that the thickness and diameters of these are expressed by various complicated and irregular series of numbers and letters, which have no reference either to each other or to any standard system of measurement. Of these arbitrary | Gauges, such as fig. 3, fulfil this requirement by having

they serve the purpose well enough so long as the object is a mere comparison, without taking account of the amount of any minute difference which may exist. When a measurement of such differences is required, or direct reference to a standard system, recourse must be had to some form of gauge provided with means for enlarging them sufficiently to be readily recognizable. Sliding or Calliper

1

the graduated scale affixed to one of their arms and a | lying to the south in the basin of the Rhodanus (Rhone),

vernier in connexion with the other. A V-gauge, which, instead of a series of notches round its edge, has only one long tapering notch, by the graduations of which the diameter of any wire that will enter it can be read off, is simple and tolerably efficient. So also is the kindred arrangement (fig. 5), in which a wire or plate can be inserted between a fixed pin and the edge of a revolving cam with graduated face. But perhaps on the whole the best and handiest form is the Micrometer Gauge (fig. 2), which, by means of a micrometer screw with a divided head, measures to the one-thousandth part of an inch, and in careful hands can render visible even smaller fractions. Gauges consisting of two arms jointed together like pincers are also used in certain trades, minute differences in the width of the jaws being magnified and rendered visible on a graduated arc at the opposite ends of the arms.

For special purposes gauges of many other forms are employed, some of which are of much greater delicacy, but these cannot be described here. The only others which remain to be mentioned are those of which the Plug and Collar Gauges (fig. 4) are the type, sets of which are now to be found in almost all mechanical workshops where the value of standard dimensions is recognized. Each gives only the one external or internal dimension for which it is made, but it gives that with the highest attainable accuracy, so that by carefully preserving a comparatively small number of these for reference, and using them in conjunction with measuring machines, the most minute differences can be measured and noted in terms of the standard, so that exact sizes can at any future time be again obtained without appreciable error. (C. P. B. S.)

GAUHATI, a town in Kámrúp district, Assam, the chief town of the province, situated on the left or south bank of the Brahmaputra, lat. 26° 11′ 18" N., long. 91° 47′ 26" E. Gauhati, which is the most populous town in the Brahmaputra valley, was the seat of the British administration of Assam up to 1874, when the headquarters were removed to Shillong in the Khási hills, 67 miles distant, with which it is connected by an excellent cart road. Gauháta is an important centre of river trade, and the largest seat of commerce in Assam. A regiment of native infantry is permanently cantoned there. Two much frequented places of Hindu pilgrimage are situated in the immediate vicinity, the temple of Kamakhya on a hill 2 miles west of the town, and the rocky island of Umananda | in the mid-channel of the Brahmaputra. Population (1872), 11,492; municipal revenue, £2727.

GAUL, the name given by the Romans to the country lying between the Rhine and the Pyrenees. When the Greeks first became acquainted with the south-west of Europe they applied to the whole of it, in a somewhat vague sense, the term Celtice (ἡ Κελτική), calling its inhabitants Celts (Κελτοί). Later we find Galatia (Γαλατία) and Gallia (Γαλλία), with the corresponding Galati (Γαλάτοι) and Galli (Γάλλοι), used as nearly synonymous with the earlier name. The shorter of these two forms the Romans adopted; and in the opening chapter of Cæsar's well-known Commentaries, we have our first definite account of the limits of the country and its divisions, as then understood. According to this authority, Gaul was in his day divided among three peoples, more or less distinct from one another, the Aquitani, the Gauls, who called themselves Celts, and the Belgæ. The first of these extended from the Pyrenees to the Garumna (Garonne); the second from that river to the Sequana (Seine) and its chief tributary the Matrona (Marne), reaching eastward presumably as far as the Rhenus (Rhine); and the third from this bounding line to the mouth of the last-named river, thus bordering on the Germans. By implication Cæsar recognizes a fourth division, the Provincia,

and stretching westwards as far as Tolosa (Toulouse) in the basin of the Garonne-a portion of Gaul that had been subdued and made a Roman province about fifty years before Cæsar entered on his career of conquest there. By far the greater part of the country was a plain watered by numerous rivers, the chief of which have already been mentioned, with the exception of its great central stream, the Liger or Ligeris (Loire). Its principal mountain ranges were Cebenna or Gebenna (Cevennes) in the south, and Jura, with its continuation Vosegus or Vogesus (Vosges), in the east. The tribes inhabiting Gaul in Cæsar's time, and belonging to one or other of the three races distinguished by him, were numerous. Prominent among them, and dwelling in the division occupied by the Celts, were the Helvetii, the Sequani, and the Ædui, in the basins of the Rhodanus and its tributary the Arar (Saône), who, he says, were reckoned the three most powerful nations in all Gaul; the Arverni in the mountains of Cebenna; the Senones and Carnutes in the basin of the Liger; the Veneti and other Armorican tribes between the mouths of the Liger and Sequana. The Nervii, Bellovaci, Suessiones, Remi, Morini, Menapii, and Aduatici were Belgic tribes; the Tarbelli and others were Aquitani; while the Allobroges inhabited the north of the Provincia, having been conquered in 121 в.с.

The ethnological relations of Cæsar's three great Gallic races have given rise to much discussion. Greek writers, who, in consequence of the planting of the colony of Massilia (Marseilles) on its southern coast at so early a period as 600 в.с., had gained some knowledge of Gaul before the Romans, speak of its inhabitants as Ligurians; and it is certain that a people of this name occupied at one time the coast-line of Europe from the western slopes of the maritime Alps to the Rhone. By many these Ligurians are regarded as having once spread themselves over a much wider area, peopling extensive tracts of Europe as well as Northern Africa. Subsequently, another race, coming probably across the Pyrenees from Spain, subdued south-western Gaul and ruled as far north as the Garonne the Basques of the two slopes of these mountains remaining to our own day their lineal representatives. Later still, but at a date which history does not venture to fix, one of those great waves of population that are believed to have rolled in succession from east to west brought into northern and central Gaul, it may be at an interval of centuries, the two great branches of the Celtic race, the Gadhelic or Gaelic and the Cymric-the one represented in Britain by the Irish and Scottish Highlanders, the other by the Welsh. Reading Cæsar's brief statements by the light thus afforded, ethnologists now generally hold that his Aquitani were Iberians, largely intermingled with intrusive Gauls; that his Gauls belonged to the Gaelic division of the Celtic race, and his Belgæ to the Cymric (both of them, however, being affected by the presence of races whose territory they had overrun, and the latter by the addition of a German element derived from their proximity to the Rhine); and that the natives of the Provincia were Ligurians, with so large an intermixture of Celts as to make the latter the dominant race. Neither the Greek colony of Massilia, nor those colonies sent out by it, can be supposed to have seriously affected the Gaulish nation from the point of view we are now discussing. It was in a different manner, as a civilizing agency, that they made their presence felt.

Such, it would appear, was Gaul ethnologically when made a part of the Roman empire by Julius Cæsar shortly before the commencement of the Christian era; and, as has often been remarked, such in the main it is still. Some recent scientific inquirers find grounds, however, for concluding that the opinion, so prevalent not only in England | that ensued, the country was found to have taken under a

but in France itself, that the physical and mental characteristics of the modern Frenchman are chiefly derived from the ancient Gauls, is only in part well founded. The Gauls, they say, like the Romans after them, were strong enough to impose their language on a race or races they had subjugated; but in the attempt to absorb them they themselves have suffered and continue to suffer so much that the day may yet come when the older race will all but regain its superiority. Slowly but surely, according to the researches of M. Roget, Baron de Belloguet, the blue-eyed, fair-haired, Long-headed Celt has for many generations been giving place throughout France, in a direction proceeding from south to north, to a more ancient, dark-eyed, black-haired, roundheaded man-a similar phenomenon being also noticeable among the Germans.

Northern Italy, in consequence of an intrusion of Gauls at some early date, received from the Romans the name of Gallia Cisalpina or Citerior, to distinguish it from Gaul proper, called also Gallia Transalpina or Ulterior. Afterwards when the Roman element gained the upper hand, Togata was sometimes substituted for Cisalpina; while in contradistinction, Gallia Braccata was applied to the Provincia from the braccæ or trousers worn by the natives, and Gallia Comata to the rest of the country, from the inhabitants wearing their hair long. The Gaulish emigrations into Spain on the one hand, and into Britain on the other, scarcely come under the present article; still less can we sefer here to the inroads of that restless race into various parts of eastern Europe and western Asia. But it may be remarked in passing that so extensive were the conquests of the Gauls that, in the beginning of the third century before our era, their empire, if much less compact, was scarcely less extensive than that of Rome in her palmiest days.

new name a still more conspicuous place in the political system of Europe.

What is known of the ancient religion of the Gauls will be found under DRUIDISM (vol. vii. p. 477), and brief notices of their institutions and customs, as well as some particulars regarding the introduction of Christianity among them, are given in the article FRANCE (vol. ix. p. 527).

See Dom Martin, La Religion des Gaulois, Paris, 1727, 2 vols. 4to; Pelloutier, Hist. dcs Celtes, Paris, 1771, 2 vols. 4to; D. Schæpflinus, Vindiciæ Celticæ, Strasburg, 1754, 4to; Amédée Thierry, Hist. des Gaulois, Paris, 1828, 3 vols. 8vo; Henri Martin, Hist. de France, vol. i., Paris, 8vo; Walckenaer, Géographie Ancienne historique et comparée des Gaules Cisalpine et Transalpine, Paris, 1839, 3 vols. 8vo; Ukert, Geographie der Griechen und Römer, vol. ii., pt. ii., Weimar, 1832; Holtzman, Kelten und Germanen, Heidelberg, 1855, 8vo; Article "Gallia" (by G. Long), Long), in Dr W. Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, vol. reography, i., London, 1869, 8vo; Roget, Baron de Belloguet, Ethnogénie Gauloise, Paris, 1868-1875, 4 vols. 8vo; E. Desjardins, Géographie historique et administrative de la Gaule Romaine, Paris, 1877,

vols. 8vo.

Fans,

(J. M'D.)

4

GAUNT, JOHN OF. See LANCASTER, DUKE OF. GAUR, or, more commonly, Gour, the name of a mediæval city in Bengal, of which the scattered relics cover a large area in the district of Malda, commencing not far south of the modern civil station of that name.

The name Gaur is a form of the ancient Gauda (meaning the country "of sugar"), a term which was applied to a large part of modern Bengal, and specifically to that part in which these remains lie. We have the names of dynasties, and partial lists of the kings of these dynasties, which bore the title of Gaureshara, lord of Gaur, or Gauda, before the first Mahometan invasion. The last of these dynasties, that of the Senas, or of the Vaidyas, superseded its pre decessor, the dynasty of the Palas, about the middle of the 11th century. The most eminent of this dynasty, by name

For some time after the death of Cæsar little attention | Lakshmanasena, who flourished at the end of the century,

could be paid to Gaul by the ruling powers at Rome; but in 27 B.c. Augustus, now master of the Roman world, took measures to Romanize it thoroughly. The old division into four provinces was retained, and made subservient to administrative purposes. The Provincia, however, received the name of Gallia Narbonnensis, from the Roman town of Narbo (Narbonne); the boundaries of Aquitania were extended to the Liger; what remained of Cæsar's Gauls were constituted the province of Gallia Lugdunensis, so named from its capital, the new settlement of Lugdunum (Lyons); and the northern division was called Gallia Belgica. This arrangement remained nearly unchanged till the 4th century, when the four provinces were broken up into seventeen, each with a capital and a number of other towns of more or less importance, the names of which may be found in the larger geographical and historical works that treat of the period. While an integral part of the Roman empire Gaul often played no mean part in the contests that took place for the imperial purple; and it was during one of these that Claudius Civilis, a Romanized Gaul, made a gallant attempt to achieve the independence of his country. His efforts, however, were not supported by the mass of the people, and the movement was crushed by Vespasian. Perhaps the most noteworthy event of those centuries was the insurrection of the Bagaudæ or peasant banditti, in the reign of Diocletian. Ruined and driven to despair by the exactions of the imperial treasury, men scoured the country in marauding bands, plundering wholesale. Though the revolt was suppressed, the lesson it ought to have taught Rome was unheeded, and thus the seeds of future troubles remained in the soil. In the declining days of the empire Gaul became a prey to the Visigoths in the south, the Burgundians in the east, and the Franks in the north-east. When order had arisen out of the confusion

is alleged in inscriptions to have extended his conquests to
Kanauj (in the Doab), to Nepaul, and to the shores of
Orissa; and this king is said by tradition to have founded
the royal city in Gauda which in later days reverted to a
form of this ancient name (Gaur), but which the founder
called after his own name Lakshmanavati, or as it sounded
in the popular speech Lakhnaoti. The fifth from this king,
according to Lassen's (more or less imperfect) list, Lakslı-
maniya (c. 1160-1198), transferred the royal residence to
Navadvípa, hod. Nadiya (on the Hoogly river 70 miles
above Calcutta), possibly from apprehension of the rising
tide of the Mahometan power; but here it overtook him.
Nadiya was taken about 1198-99 (the precise date is dis-
puted) by Mahommed Bakhtiyar Khilji, the general of the
slave king Kutbuddín Aibak of Delhi, who became esta
blished as governor of Bengal, and fixed his capital at
Lakhnaoti. Here he and his captains are said to have
founded mosques, colleges, and monasteries. Lakhnaoti
continued for the most part to be the seat of the rulers who
governed Bengal and Behar, sometimes as confessed dele-
gates of the Delhi sovereigns, sometimes as practically
independent kings, during the next 140 years.
about the year 1338, with the waning power of the Delhi
dynasties, the kingdom of Bengal acquired a substantive
independence which it retained for more than two centuries.
One of the earliest of the kings during this period, by name
Iliyas (Elias) Shah, whose descendants reigned in Bengal
with brief interruptions for nearly 150 years, transferred
the seat of government to Pandua (c. 1350), a place about
16 miles N. by E. of Gaur, and to the neighbouring fortress
of Ekdála, a place often named in Mahometan notices of
the history of Bengal down to the 16th century. At
Pandua several kings in succession built mosques and
shrines, which still exhibit architecture of an importance

From

These great embankments have been originally faced | whilst in more recent times their brick and stone were

throughout with masonry, whilst the crest shows numerous traces of edifices; but the whole of the earthworks are now overgrown with dense jungle. The Ganges now flows at a distance varying between 5 and 12 miles to the west of the enclosed area of the city, but there seems to be no doubt that in the earlier centuries of its occupation the great river washed its western wall, where now the Bhagirathi flows.

On this side, near the southern end, stood the citadel or royal fortress, stretching for a mile along the river bank, and marked out by the remains of a huge rampart of irregular trace, 180 feet wide at the base, and once faced with masonry, with numerous circular bastions. Shapeless masses of ruin fill the interior. The palace itself formed a rectangular inner enclosure of 2100 feet by 750, girt by a splendid brick wall, 18 feet thick at bottom, 81⁄2 feet thick at top, and 42 feet in height. To the northward the western embankment is prolonged far beyond the northern limit of the city, and about 3 miles north of the latter we encounter a vast line of earthwork stretching from the prolongation just mentioned, in an irregular curve eastward and then south-eastward to the vicinity of the Mahananda river, in all for more than 6 miles. This also was probably intended chiefly as a defence against inundation of the suburbs. A huge excrescence protruding from the line, and overgrown with forest trees, encloses an area of nearly a square mile, which tradition points out as the palace of one of the Sena kings. Still north of this, and extending to the banks of the Kalindri river, some 3 miles further, are found traces of ancient Hindu buildings.

Turning again to the southern extremity of Gaur, for 6 or 7 miles to the south of the city there seems to have extended, still under the protection of a western embankment, a continuous chain of suburbs. In the northern portion, at least, of these, "prostrate domes, mingled with carved lintels and innumerable bricks, are seen lying in confusion on all sides, and show how dense has been the population" (Ravenshaw, p. 26). Thus from north to south, the whole extent of ground bearing indications of urban occupancy is hardly less than 20 miles. We may, however, feel confident that, as in the case of Delhi, these traces comprehend a space within which the royal city occupied various localities in various ages. Traditions, collected by Dr Francis Buchanan, placed the residence of the older Sena kings on the sites at the extreme north near the Kalindri. The southern part of the fortified area of Gaur, with the citadel and palace, was evidently, as we shall see from the dates of the buildings, the seat of the later kings who immediately preceded the absorption of Bengal into the Moghul empire in the last half of the 16th century. The exact site occupied by Mahommed Bakhtiyar Khilji and his successors does not seem to have been determined.

Throughout the interior length of Gaur run embanked roads, whilst the whole area is thickly dotted with excavated tanks of all sizes, up to the great Sagar Dighi (or "Ocean Tank"), a rectangular sheet of water measuring little short of a mile by half a mile. This vast work is probably to be referred to the Hindu age. The former existence of six ghauts of masonry can be traced on its banks, which are densely wooded to the water's edge. Numerous excavated channels also run in every direction, the earth from which appears to have served to raise the inhabited surface. The remaining buildings of importance are scattered at wide intervals over the area, but the soil is throughout covered with fragments of brick, &c., in a manner which leaves no doubt of the former density of population. But Gaur has repeatedly been a quarry of building material. The old Lakhnaoti was robbed to build the medieval capital of Pandua, and the later Gaur probably to build Rajmahl,

transported as merchandise to Malda, Moorshedabad, Hoogly, Rungpore, and even (as regards the more valuable kinds of stone) to Calcutta. In the revenue returns of Bengal, at the time of its transfer to the Company, there was an entry of an annual levy of 8000 rupees, as "Gaur brick royalty," from landholders in the neighbourhood of Gaur who had the exclusive right of dismantling its remains. The bricks of Gaur, Rennell says, are of extraordinary solidity of texture and sharpness of edge. The facilities which the site affords for water carriage during the rainy season greatly aided this systematic spoliation. That no Hindu buildings remain from the earlier cities is probably to be accounted for by this process of destruction.

We have quoted a Mahometan visitor to Gaur in the middle of the 13th century. The next such mention perhaps occurs in the travels of the Venetian Nicolo Conti, who somewhat early in the 14th century ascended the Ganges 15 days' voyage to a city of great size and wealth called Cernove. On both banks of the stream were most charming villas, and plantations, and gardens. The name looks like Shahr-i-nao, which we know from coins to have been the name of a royal city of Bengal about 1380-85, and which Mr Ed. Thomas believes to have been merely that given to one of the re-foundations of Gaur. A more detailed and certain account is given by De Barros, when describing the adventures of the Portuguese party in 1537-38, to which allusion has been made above (dec. iv. liv. ix. cap. i.):

"The chief city of this kingdom (of Bengala) is called Gouro. It is situated on the waters of the Ganges, and is said to be three of our leagues in length, and to contain 200,000 inhabitants.1 On the one side it has the river for its defence, and on the landward faces a wall of stone and lime of great height, besides having, where the river comes not, a great ditch full of water, in which great boats can swim. The streets are broad and straight, and the main streets have trees planted in rows along the walls, to give shade to the passengers. And the population is so great, and the streets so thronged with the concourse and traffic of people, especially of such as come to present themselves at the king's court, that they cannot force their way past one another, and thus such as hap to fall among the horsemen, or among the elephants which are ridden by the lords and noblemen, are often killed on the spot, and

crushed under the feet of those beasts. A great part of the houses of this city are stately and well wrought buildings."

The earliest detailed notice of the ruins that we hear of is a

MS. one, by Mr Reuben Burrows, the mathematician (1787), which is quoted by the editor of Creighton's drawings as being in the India Library. Rennell gives some account of the ruins in his Memoir of a Map of Hindustan (1788), and the plan of them is roughly laid down, on a small scale, in his Bengal Atlas (No. 15). Mr Henry Creighton, who for many years managed an indigo factory among the ruins (1786-1806), made many drawings of them, with notes and a detailed map, on a large scale. Dr Buchanan states that engravings from Creighton's drawings had been published by a Mr Moffat in Calcutta before the compilation of his own statistical work. Of this we have seen no copy. It is probably the same as "the set of eight views of the ruins of Gour and Rajmehal," which is advertised in the Calcutta Gazette, 6th December 1798 (see Seton-Karr's Selections, vol. iii. p. 529). A work, however, was published in London in 1817, from the materials left by Mr Creighton, called the Ruins of Gour Described, &c.; and this contained the most accessible data on the subject till Mr Ravenshaw's work. There is in the India Office a MS. volume (1810) by Major William Francklin of the Bengal army, containing notices of the remains and translations of a good many

1 So in De Barros, Lisbon edition of 1777, vol. viii. p. 458, "duzentos mil vizinhos." But in the English version of Faria y Sousa's Asia Portuguesa by Stevens (1695), i. p. 417, a passage abridged from De Barros has "one million and two hundred thousand families." The last word is probably a mistranslation, but the million seems required.