"John Heydon, Minister of the Gospel," in a pre- official residence? Chester's Chronicles of the She was not very beautiful, If it be beauty's test To match a classic model, When perfectly at rest. And she did not look bewitchingly, &c. Who is the "American poetess" who wrote the following lines?— God of the Granite and the Rose ! Soul of the Sparrow and the Bee ! The mighty tide of Being flows Through countless channels, Lord, from thee. THE GEM PYROPUS.-In the late Dr. Neale's metrical English version of the poem by Bernard the Cluniac, of which 'Jerusalem the Golden' is the best-known excerpt, the words "moenia clara pyropo" are translated, "thy streets with emeralds blaze" (The Rhythm of Bernard de Morlaix,' Is this the correct enunciation of the proverb? Replies. NAMES. D. K. CLARK, (7th S. iv. 1, 90, 134, 170, 249.) I suppose that it is the weakness of his case that MR. ADDY'S rejoinder is weaker than his plea. has induced him to occupy himself with the discussion of the imaginary charge that I have accused him of deriving English local names from Celtic London, J. T. Hayes, 1866, pp. 26, 43). Pyropus in Latin, and its derivative piropo in Italian, mean a carbuncle. Cf. Graglia's 'Dictionary.' Of course the word is originally Greek, and means "flame-coloured," which destroys the emerald RECORDS OF CELTIC OCCUPATION IN LOCAL theory. Rastall, in his Chronicles,' quotes some medieval Latin hexameters by Christopher Okland, which allude to the pyropus flashing in the famous collar of SS worn by the Knights of the Garter. His words are, "flammis interlucente pyropo." The whole passage, which is very beautiful, is evidently derived from the Nuptials of Honorius and Maria,' which is either by the great Claudian or by his Christian Græco-Egyptian namesake, wrongly, according to Dr. Ludwig Jeep, of Leipzig, confounded with the great Latin poet of the Silver Age. How did this confusion between the pyropus, or carbuncle, and the emerald, or smaragdus, arise? Possibly because in an interesting passage in one of the dialogues of Erasmus (Er., Dial. Ciceron., Lugd., Bat., 1643, p. 120) he couples them, but only to distinguish one from the other: "Quid dissimilius quam smaragdus et pyropus?” H. DE B. H. 'VOYAGE TO THE MOON.'-I have lately purchased from the curious collection of Mr. Henry Gray, 47, Leicester Square, an octavo pamphlet of 44 pp., "A Voyage to the Moon, with an Account of the Religion, Laws, Customs, and Manner of Government among the Lunars or Moon-men. Stamford, 1718." Can any of your readers tell me by whom this pamphlet was written? It is not noticed in Watts. Jos. PHILLIPS. CUSTOMS: EXCISE.-Did the receivers of the Excise duties in the North of England, in the last century and the seventeenth century, have an sources. should revert to a charge that I not only never Otherwise I cannot understand why he preferred against him, but actually excepted him from, and whose application to him I have already explicitly disclaimed. ADDY accuses me of making reckless charges. I I must protest against the manner in which MR. asserted, and I repeat, that certain etymologies put forward by DR. TAYLOR and MR. ADDY implied ignorance of the Anglo-Saxon declensions. The proof of this accusation, which MR. ADDY brands as absurd, is that these etymologies are founded on the assumption that a gen. pl. in s existed in Anglo-Saxon, and it is an elementary fact of A.-S. grammar that there was no such gen. pl. form. To disprove this charge MR. ADDY imports the name Hun-ton into the discussion, erroneously assumes that it represents an A.-S. *Húnatún, and alleges that I have" in effect "stated that to explain such a form as meaning "town of Huns" implies an ignorance of A.-S. grammar. Of course I never made any such absurd charge. It is a charge that no man in his senses would make. MR. ADDY'S careful study of his A.-S. grammar renders his adherence to these etymologies involving a gen. pl. in s all the more inexcusable, for his MS. anno-shire Bednall appears as Bede-hala (=*Bédantations of his grammar argue that he does not wish heall); and the Lincolnshire Bucknall (=*Buccanto put himself, like some etymologists, supra gram-heall) is spelt Buche-hale.* maticam, although, it is true, he displays some impatience of phonological restraint. His argument that, if a knowledge of the non-existence of an A.-S. gen. pl. in s could have been obtained so easily as I said, it is not "likely that any reasonable person would avoid seeking it," is more amus-select, to prove this, a few examples of local names ing than conclusive. So far from Hun-tone representing *Húna-tún, it is clearly equivalent to *Húnes-tún, and it thus supports my contention. My studies of Domesday phonology soon led me to perceive that the scribes of that work frequently omitted the gen. es. I compounded with personal names, since these witnesses are free from doubt. In the following table I have placed the modern name in the first column, the Domesday form in the second, and the personal name in the third :— Thoro-ton Alkman-ton Asgar-by Nottinghamshire. Agemun-tone Osuui-torp Derbyshire. Lincolnshire. Asgere-bi O.N. por-var-r. A.S. Ealh-mund O.N. As-geirr. Finding that the facts do not agree with his views, MR. ADDY attempts to get over them by an assertion that it is difficult to reconcile with any respect for A.-S. grammar. He tells us that it seems clear to him that both Huns-ton and Hunton represent an A.-S. *Húna-tún, "town of Huns." It is manifestly wrong to state that the Domesday Hunes-tune represents an A.-S. * Húna-tún, but MR. ADDY attempts to justify this assertion by saying that the old inflections "" were dying out or changing to newer forms "when Domesday was compiled. This is one of those vague, unsupported assertions with which we are only too familiar in local etymology, and, like most of these shadowy generalizations, it is entirely wrong. In the first place, the names in Thurlby (Bourne) Tvrolve-bi, Torulf-bi O.N. pór-ólf-r. Húnes, &c., do not depend solely upon the testimony of Domesday, for I quoted several A.-S. These names suggest that the English in forming instances; secondly, even if the gen. pl. in s local names followed the old Teutonic (and Aryan) had been in common use in 1086, it would not system of using the stem as the compounding form. support MR. ADDY, for these names were comBut it is evident from the A.-S. charters that they pounded centuries before that date; and, finally, with the gen. for this purpose, for amongst the invariably used the later system of compounding there is not the slightest evidence of the existence hundreds of local names recorded there are only of this gen. pl. when Domesday was compiled. There is, therefore, absolutely no reason for holding that the one or two dubious instances where the gen. of the Domesday Hunes-tune represents an A.-S. *Húna-personal name is wanting. Hence we may conclude tún; and there is very little more reason to believe that the Yorkshire Hun-tone comes from this *Húna-tún. According to the phonology of Domesday, this latter name would appear as *Hune-tune or *Hune-tone, not as Hun-tone. And even if Hune-tune existed, it would not benefit MR. ADDY'S case, for such a form would also represent an A.-S. *Húnan-tún, from the personal name Hún-a.* This *Hune-tone is precisely the form we should expect *Húnan-tún to assume in Yorkshire, for Northumbrian began to drop the n of the weak declensions so early as Bede's time. Moreover, the Domesday scribes frequently represented the weak gen. an by e, even in cases where we can prove that the full form still existed at that time. Thus the A.-S. Huntan-dún, Huntingdon, is spelt Hunte-dun in the Survey; the Derbyshire Willington is given as Wille-ton;t the Stafford *Compare, A.D. 943, Húnan-weg (Cart. Sax.,' ii. 524, 9); A.D. 947, Hunan-héafod (Cod. Diplom.,' v. 313, 13); and the Norfolk Hun-worth, which occurs in Domesday as Hune-worda, Hune-uurde, and Huna-worda, representing an A.-S. *Húnan-weordig. †This must, on the analogy of Huntingdon, represent an A.-S. * Willan-tún, from the personal r N-a. that the gen. es originally formed part of the names in the above cases, although it is omitted by the Domesday scribes. We have, fortunately, several instances where the Survey gives two forms of the names of certain villages-one with and the other without the gen. sing. Here are a few examples: Thurgar-ton Aslock-ton Audle-by Aud-by Nottinghamshire. O.N. por-geir-r. O.N. As-lák.r. Aslache-tone Lincolnshire. *This name occurs as Buken-hale in one of the spurious Croyland charters, dated 1051, in Cod. Dipl.,' iv. 126, 12, and as Boken-hale, A.D. 806, in 'Cart. Sax.,' i. 453, 28-one of the clumsiest forgeries in the collection. The Staffordshire Bucknall is called Bucken-ole in the Survey. + Compare Aslaches-hou (now Aslacoe) Hundred in the same county, the Yorkshire Aslaches-bi, and the Nottinghamshire Aslock-ton in the next table. Hunestanes-tuna* Hunesta[n]-tuna Then we have cases where the two forms exist side by side in the same county, although, apparently, referring to different villages. Such are the Derbyshire Normanes-tune and Norman-tune, Wales-tune and Wale-tune, the Yorkshire Ansgotesbi and Ansgote-bi, and the Northamptonshire Wendles-berie and Wendle-berie. We cannot resist the conclusion that these two forms are identical in meaning, more especially when the two forms are applied to one village. As it is very unlikely that an unnecessary es would be inserted, and as we have seen that the genitival is the typical A.-S. form, we may safely conclude that in the above cases the form embodying the gen. is the original. Then, as Domesday frequently omits the gen. in cases where we know from its own evidence that it still formed part of the name, we may reasonably conclude that the gen. es existed in other local names that happen to be recorded in Domesday in only the later, non-genitival form. Hence I hold that Hun-ton is identical in meaning with Huns-ton, and that both are derived from A.-S. *Húnes-tún, which can only mean the town of a man bearing a name beginning with the name-stem Hún. MR. ADDY is not more fortunate with his arguments in support of his Bright Bryt, Briton, theory. To prove that a Middle English gh does not invariably represent an original Teutonic guttural spirant, MR. ADDY produces an instance dating from 1637, and he does not even then prove that the gh is not original. This sound was, as I There is in Cod. Dipl.' (iv. 58) a grant to St. Edmondsbury by Bishop Elf-ric (ob. 1038), of East Anglia, of Hunstánes-tún, which Kemble identifies with Hunston, in Suffolk. The Norfolk Hunstanton is called locally Hunston, and this form seems to be recorded in the Domesday Hunes-tuna. If I am right in this identification, we have here clear proof that Hún in local names is derived from a personal name. Hunstanton is undoubtedly derived from a personal name, but it is nevertheless cited by DR. TAYLOR as being "possibly due to the Huns." + The Staffordshire Ettings-hall supports this conclusion. The gen. is still preserved in this name, although it is omitted in the Domesday Eting-hale. The omission of the Domesday es in later times is illustrated by the Staffordshire Norma-cott, which occurs in the Testa de Neville,' p. 52, circa 1220, as Normane-cot. In Domesday it is Normanes-cote. MR. ADDY'S instance, moreover, is one embodying a final, not a medial gh. have stated, "a distinct sound, not produced without an effort," in Middle English, whereas in the seventeenth century the gh was almost as much an orthographical tradition as it is now. The early names of Bright-side do not support MR. ADDY'S proposition, for it is not easy to derive these forms from Bright, and it is impossible to derive them from Bryt. His suggested Brittisc-eard is a most improbable name, which derives no support from the Brichisherd of A.D. 1181. The A.-S. eard is a very unlikely constituent of a local name, and there is, I believe, no instance on record of its being so used. lieving, on the evidence of the local name FrankishAfter he has shown us that he is capable of bewell and the compellation "omnibus hominibus Francis et Anglis," that settlements of Franks existed long after the Norman Conquest, and that he is prepared to introduce a Finnish settlement on the strength of an inadmissible explanation of Finch-well, it is scarcely surprising that MR. ADDY should affirm, on the sole evidence of the local name Yrish Cross, that an Irish quarter existed in This is a very improbable Sheffield in 1499. assumption. It must be borne in mind, too, that the Iryssh of our older records were, as their names Pale. The Irish quarters of English towns are, I frequently prove, generally men from the English believe, of quite recent origin. Their existence in the days of the Tudors and Stuarts seems hardly compatible with the firm administration of the harsh laws against vagrancy, and the brutality with which the burgesses of the corporate town treated non-burgess settlers within their liberties, I cannot see that these parasitic Irish settlements, MR. ADDY supposes, support the view that indeeven if they had existed for so long a period as pendent villages of Welshmen existed for centuries on English soil at great distances from the Welsh border. The population of an Irish quarter is, to forces operating for the maintenance of its Celtic a very large extent, a floating one, and there are character that must have been wanting in MR. ADDY's hypothetical Welsh villages. I refer more particularly to the frequent infusions of new blood from the Emerald Isle, and to the facilities of communication. In spite of the numerous forces working for the perpetuation of these Irish quarters, the older families frequently become denationalized, and their Irish origin becomes a family tradition. It is hardly possible that an Irish quarter could, if it were absolutely severed for four centuries from communication with Ireland, successfully resist absorption into the surrounding English population. Yet MR. ADDY's etymologies of such names as Wales-by presuppose that the Welsh inhabitants of such villages maintained their Celtic character unimpaired by four centuries of contact with the surrounding population. Such etymologies ask us "to admit that the human nature and the economic laws of to-day are wholly different from the human nature and the economic laws of fifteen centuries ago." Regarding French I may add one fact. In Annandale there is an estate called Frenchland. The lands were held in farm by William French But the question of probability need not be (Franciscus) in the beginning of the thirteenth considered until the philological objections to MR. century under Sir Robert de Brus, who afterwards, ADDY'S etymologies are removed. He cannot raise about 1218, granted them by charter of excambion the slightest objection to my derivation from to Roger French, the son of William French. The personal names, for he cannot deny the existence family of French possessed the estate for many of the personal names nor the fact that es is the generations, and it was certainly from them, and regular genitive of these names. Even if MR. not from a colony of Frenchmen, that the property ADDY'S etymologies were as philologically un-derived its name. G. N. objectionable as those I have put forward, he Glasgow. would not be able to claim that they were anything more than alternative etymologies. Before we can accept such conclusions as his etymologies involve, the local names upon which these conclusions rest must be absolutely incapable of any other reasonable explanation. MR. ADDY cannot claim that his etymologies fulfil these conditions. The derivation of these names from personal names is perfectly unobjectionable. It involves no historical improbabilities, it transgresses no philological laws, and I strenuously deny that it disturbs the harmony of English history and archæology with "the results of all the best modern research in anthropology, ethnology, and natural science," and that it "subverts the whole order of the sciences." And I venture to claim that phonology is quite equal to anthropology as "a ratiocinative process," for it has at least an equal right to be considered an exact science. I cannot admit that there is any necessity to consider anthropology at all in this matter. It is purely and simply a question of philology, which must be settled without reference to any anthropological theories whatever. Anthropology, if it step out of its own domain for its facts, must rely upon better foundations than a philologically inadmissible explanation of a handful of local names. W. H. STEVENSON. Other conflicts come to an end: that between the Saxon and the Celt goes on for ever. It is a perpetual Armageddon of philology. But an inch of charter is worth at least an imperial acre of disquisition. The existence or non-existence of Welsh survivals all over England must be decided upon firmer ground than place-names, which, though valuable as corroborative testimony, will not do as proof in chief. Is there any trace of such survivals in Anglo-Saxon charters? Documents of that kind, frequently by slight incidental allusions, give valuable racial indications; for example, an old charter (Norman, not Anglo-Saxon) of lands in Cumberland gives one of the boundaries as "the fosse of the Galwegians." * Is the Teutonic origin of the Belgæ, which MR. ADDY, in introducing the irrelevant quotation from Cesar, treats as an unquestioned fact, one of these results? In his first note upon this subject MR. W. H. STEVENSON disputes the thesis that tribal influences and tribal designations are apparent in English local names, and asserts (p. 3) that "local names in Weales-, Swa' fes-, Húnes-, Denes-, Wendles-, &c., are simply derived from men named Wealh, Swœ'f, Hún, Dene, Wendel, &c.; or, to put it more accurately, from men whose full names began with those stems." There is a story in the printed Latin edition of the 'Gesta Romanorum' which narrates "how a certain knight named Albert fought with a spirit and overcame him, and captured his steed, which, however, disappeared at the sound of the cockcrow" (ed. Herrtage, E. E. T. Soc., 1879, p. 525). On this story the editor supplies the following note : in his preface stating that the circumstance occurred "This tale is important from the fact of the author in Anglia ut narrat Gervasius, ad terminos episcopatus Elienensis,' near a certain castle Cathubrica nomine,' and at a place called Wandlebury, a name given, he says, 'quod illic Wandali partes Britannie seva The circumstance, he further states, was well known to Christianorum peremptione vastantes castrametati sunt.' many, and he himself had heard it both from the inhabitants and natives of the place, 'quam ab incolis et indigenis auditeri meo subjeci.”” I have drawn attention to this note from no wish to enter the lists of controversy, but merely to show that the tribal derivation of local names is not a "fad" of modern philologists, but has the sanction of early tradition. The legend of the knight who meets an elfin foe upon a haunted hill is a very widespread tale, and is known far beyond the limits of Cambridgeshire. Calcutta. W. F. PRIDEAUX. vowed herself to chastity; being sought in marriage by Ewen, son of the King of Cumbria [. e., Urien Rheged], 'juvenis quidam elegantissimus,' on her continued refusal her father sent her to a swineherd, that she might be disgraced. The swineherd, a secret Christian, preserved her honour; but, at the instigation of a woman, she was forced by a beardless boy in woman's clothes. On the results of this becoming manifest, her father ordered her to be stoned and cast in a chariot from the top of a bill. Miraculously saved, she was put into a boat made of twigs and pitch, and covered with leather, at Aberledy, and carried out to the isle of May, whence, attended by a company of fishes, she was wafted to Culross, where she brought forth S. Kentigern, and where both she and her child were regenerated in the sacred font by S. Servanus. She came to live at Glasghu, where she was honourably buried." Bishop Forbes adds : "Fordun called her Thanes; Camerarius calls her Themetis or Thennat: Usher, Thenis, or Thenna, or Themi; the Metrical Chronicle of Scotland, Cemeda. In the Welsh language she appears as Dwynwen or Denyw, daughter of Llewddyn Lueddog of Dinas Eiddyn." As it does not happen to every one to possess Bishop Forbes's Kalendars of the Scottish Saints,' I have transcribed his abridgment of St. Thenew's history. In Adam's 'King's Kalendar,' given in Bishop Forbes's 'Kalendars," she is styled "S Thennow vidow mother of s. mungo vnder king Eugenius 2 In Scot." In 'Menologium Scoticum, on July 18 occurs, "Acta Thennae viduæ S. Kentigerni matris, miraculosae mulieris." On the same day, in the "Scottish Entries in the Kalendar of David Camerarius" is this, "Sancta Thametis, aliis Thennat Scotorum Regina, & in Glottiana præsertim Scotia prouincia celeberrima." morue "undoubtedly designate the same article"; WHY BETROTHAL AND MARRIAGE RINGS ARE Bp. Hatfield's Hall, Durham. MR. THOMAS's note is misleading. The Last KINGSLEY'S LAST POEM (7th 8. iv. 252, 366). Poem' is in the collected edition of 1880, published R. F. COBBOLD, M.A. by Macmillan. It may be added here that in 'Vita S. Kentegerni Ep. et Conf., edited by Mr. Pinkerton, it Kingsley's poem to which MR. WARREN refers is stated that St. Servanus gave the name Taneu appears under the title of 'Lorraine' in a collection to the mother, and Kyentyern, which means of poems published by Canon Farrar, and entitled Capitalis Dominus, to the child at their baptism,With the Poets.' An American edition of the and that he grew so fond of Kentigern as to Canon's book was published in 1883 by Funk & address him in a term of endearment Munghu, Wagnalls, New York. which means "dear friend"; a name by which S. Kentigern is now best known in Glasgow as the patron saint of the cathedral. Mr. Pinkerton also notes that Cambria is Strathclyde, and Laodonia Lothian; and that at Culross, in Fife, existed in 1789 a chapel dedicated to St. Mungo or Kentigern. Another account mentions that Eugenius III., King of the Scots, was the father of St. Kentigern. See Baring Gould, 'Lives of the Saints,' July 18. WILLIAM COOKE, F.S.A. [The above notice contains the substance of replies from very many correspondents, which are at the service of H. McL., if he will send a stamped and directed envelope.] FREDERICK T. HIBGAME. TOOLEY STREET TAILORS (7th S. iv. 449).-A few illustrations, for which I am mainly indebted to your past good records, occur to me. As to the mere saying, it probably turned up some sixty years ago. Certainly Canning, in a speech of his, used the expression derisively, as of three busybody tailors who affected to speak in their collective capacity on behalf of the people of England." Punch some years ago gave a racy sketch of the three, each riding on a goose, and armed with scissors. Shakespeare, in Twelfth Night,' puts it, "Did you never see the picture of we three"? which, as afterwards explaned, is, the planting "you two, and to let the fool make a third." MORUE: CABILLAUD (7th S. iii. 48, 214, 377, 454; iv. 78, 278, 371).-Your contributor's state- For aught I know to the contrary, Shakespeare ments (7th S. iv. 371), (1) that no one has disputed may have noted the old sign in Tooley Street, the non-existence of the cod in the Mediter-"We Three "; or, to be more exact, from the ranean; (2) that the Ital. merluzzo and the French Beaufoy Collection of Trade Tokens, No. 1025, |