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the Cathedral, making the north side passable, as well as the south side, for coaches, and facilitating the approaches to and from the new Postoffice. At the same time a due

regard is to be paid both to profit and economy, as the new streets and amphitheatre will form the handsomest and best places for business in the city.

POLITICAL RETROSPECT.

MANUFACTURING DISTRICTS.-It is with extreme pleasure that we report some unequivocal symptoms of amendment in the state of the manufacturing districts. At the commencement of the month we scarcely ventured to hope for such an event; and when the report of it first reached us, we received it doubtingly. We are glad to find that we have been unnecessarily incredulous, and that our private enquiries warrant us to conclude not only that some improvement has taken place, but that it has been progressive; a circumstance which is peculiarly encouraging.

Many of our readers may not be aware that the manufacturers of silk, printed goods, and other fancy articles, at least, as far as is connected with home consumption, have, in the course of the year, two busy and two inactive seasons-the taste or fashion which is suited to articles for the summer being quite different from those wanted for winter. Hence the spring and autumn are usually busily employed as the times of preparation, and the summer and winter proportionally vacant. The present period falls in with one of these yet it has not been attended with any increase of distress, rather the reverse; and as the season of provision for the "winter trade" is now approaching, we hope considerable relief will arise to those classes of our manufac

turers; whilst an increase of demand for goods of more regular consumption has induced some houses to increase the number of their workmen, and others to extend the hours of employment. These are consoling circumstances, yet our readers must not indulge too sanguine expectations; we fear another winter must pass over before such a revival can take place as shall afford effectual and permanent relief.

In the southern districts the harvest has been very generally housed, and a considerable portion of it in the northern ones. With the exception of the wheat, the crops are generally deficient, particularly those of barley and oats. The rains have come so seasonably, and been succeeded by weather so favourable to the turnips and potatoes, as to induce a confident expectation that the supply of these will be found sufficient.

PORTUGAL.The Emperor of the Brazils, with a wisdom and moderation which rarely belong to human nature, and which is generally felt by statesmen as hostile to the personal exercise of their authority, has voluntarily relinquished the sovereignty of Portugal, with its Asiatic and African dependencies. This line of conduct will probably preserve the intimate and beneficial connexion to which the mother country is justly entitled from her colonies,

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effects will be produced by the operations of similar principles on the Portuguese, whose name has been so distinguished in former periods; and that as they become practically acquainted with the exercise and enjoyment of liberty, they will shake off the spiritual tyranny of that corrupt church to which they are now subject, and that religious as well as civil liberty will be established among them.

The following is an outline of the new constitution:-The kingdom is to consist exactly, 1st, in Europe, of the kingdom of Portugal, which is composed of the provinces of Minho, Tras-osMontes, Beira, Estremadura, Alentejo, the kingdom of the Algarves, and of the adjacent islands of Madeira, Porto Santo, and the Azores: 2dly, in Western Africa, Binsseau, and Cacheu; on the coast of Mina-os-Forte, of St. John the Baptist, of Ajuda, Angola, Benguella, and its dependencies, Cambinda, and Molembo, the Cape de Verd Isles, and that of Saint Thomas, of Princes and their dependencies; on the Eastern Coast, Mozambique, Rio de Senna, Sofalla, Inhambana, Quelimana, and the Islands of Cape Delgado: 3dly, in Asia, Salvete, Bardez, Goa, Damao, Diu, and

the establishments of Macao, and the Isles of Solor and Timor.

The Roman Catholic Religion is to be the established one, but all others are graciously allowed to foreigners, provided always that there is to be no exterior form of temple.

The legislative power is to belong to the Cortes, with the approbation of the King. The Cortes is to consist of two Chambers, ' Peers and Deputies. The powers of the Cortes are-1. To receive the oath of the King, of the Prince Royal, of the Regent, and of the Regency.-2. To elect the Regent or the Regency, and to mark the limits of their authority.-3. To acknowledge the Prince Royal as heir of the throne in the first session next after his birth.-4. To appoint a tutor to the King when a minor, in the event of his father not having appointed one by his last will.-5. On the death of the King, or in the event of the throne being vacant, to establish a Council of Administration, to inquire into and reform the abuses which may have been introduced into it.-6. To make laws, to interpret them, to suspend them, and revoke them. -7. To watch over the guard of the Constitution, and to provide for the general good of the nation. 1 -8. To fix annually the public expenses, and to apportion the direct taxes.-9. To grant or res fuse the entrance to foreign forces, by land, or by sea, into the inte rior of the kingdom or into its ports.-10. To fix annually and according to the report of Government, the land and sea forces, or-: dinary and extraordinary.-11. To authorise the Government to con❤ 1 tract loans.-12. To procure and establish proper resources for the payment of the public debt.-13.1 To regulate the administration of

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the national domains, and decree their alienation.-14. To create or suppress public offices, and to fix the emoluments. 15. To determine the weight, the intrinsic title, value, inscription, type, and denomination of monies, as well as the standard of weights and measures."

The mode of election is upon the French model. We wish this had been otherwise:-the citizens possessed of the right of suffrage, are to choose Electors; by these the deputies are to be appointed: the following are the classes of citizens excluded from voting in the first assemblies:

Minors under twenty-five, unless in the case of married men, or military officers, whose majority is fixed at twenty-one; or in the case of bachelors licentiate, or ecclesiastics. 2dly. Sons in their father's households, unless they be in public employments. 3. Domestic servants, with some exceptions. 4. All monks, or persons in cloisters. 5. All persons not possessing a net annual revenue of 100,000 rees, (about 241.) arising from funded property, industry, commerce, or employment.

The number of Representatives is not yet decided on. It is regulated by a special law.

Juries are established, and the ་་ Judges are made independent of the crown.

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municate his thoughts, whether verbally or by writing, and publish them in print, always however being responsible for any abuses which he may commit in the exercise of this right, according to the forms determined by the law.-4. No person can be persecuted for the sake of religion, as long as he respects that of the State, and does not offend public morality.-5. Every man may remain in the kingdom, or depart from it, carrying with him all his property; conforming, nevertheless, to police regulations.-6. Every citizen's house is an inviolable asylum, &c., with many other similar provisions, the most important of which is the abolition of the privilege which the nobility possessed, of being excepted from taxation. Torture, the use of the lash, branding with hot iron, are formally abolished. As might be expected, these measures have excited a considerable alarm in Spain. It cannot be hoped that they will be established in Portugal, so torn as it has been by violent and conflicting parties, without considerable opposition; yet we trust that the moderation which has dictated these changes, will gradually gain the attachment and confidence of all.

RUSSIA. The remainder of the report on the conspiracy alleged to have prevailed in this country, has been published; thirty-six persons have been pronounced guilty, five of these have been hanged; a punishment not employed in Russia during the last sixty years.

TURKEY.--The affairs of this power present a picture of increased turbulence and disorder. In, Constantinople the Sultan maintains his supremacy, and the work of strangling and decapitat

ing the remains of the rebellious Janissaries goes on with a vigour and activity which promises to give full effect to the decree for their extirpation in that capital. In the provinces where they are numerous, and no preparatory measures have been adopted, they are said to have taken the alarm, as might have been reasonably supposed :-they justly conclude that the slaughter will not be confined to their comrades about the court; but that in the general destruction of their body, the remotest members will become personally sensible of those operations of legal violence directed against them. In the Asiatic provinces they are said to exceed the number of one hundred thousand; should any considerable portion of these unite, and their efforts be directed by able leaders, desperate as they must be from their situation, we may fully expect results as sanguinary as any recorded in history.

We

It can hardly happen that such events should not prove favourable to the protection of the unfortunate Greeks, from the ruin that threatened them after the fall of Missolonghi. have no intelligence from that quarter sufficiently authenticated to enable us to report concerning them. Lord Cochrane is said to have arrived there with his steamboats, intended to form part of his materials of war. If his Lordship's skill and energy is conducive to the preservation of this. interesting people from the destruction threatened by their barbarous enemies, he will deserve the gratitude of every friend either of literature or humanity.

We caution our readers against

confounding the piratical depredations committed in these seas with the operations of the Greek fleets: none can be more distinct. The Archipelago has, in all ages, been infamous for the former, and our classical friends will call to mind the extent and audacity of those piracies which required the presence of a Roman fleet and army under no less a general than Pompey to subdue them. The leaders of the Greeks would rejoice to see them destroyed: their conduct has called for the chastisement of the British authorities in that station. We regret to state that it has been attended with the loss of the lives of several valuable officers,

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SOUTH AMERICA. -The weak and pertinacious policy of Ferdinand again threaten to renew the scenes of blood-shed and devastation in this beautiful portion of the world. A Spanish fleet, with troops on board, is reported, on very respectable authority, to have anchored before Carthagena; the number of land forces have been estimated at ten thousand men,

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UNIVERSITY AND CLERICAL INTELLIGENCE.

OXFORD.

July 25.

Mr. W. Palmer was elected Demy of Magdalen College.

July 26.

Mr. Bourne, of Pembroke College, and Mr. Pears, Demy of Magdalen College, were elected Probationary Fellows of the latter College; and Mr. Allington and Mr. Linton were admitted Fellows of the same Society.

July 29.

Robert Marsham, Esq. M. A. Fellow of Merton College, was appointed Warden of that Society.

August 2.

Edward Denison, B. A. of Oriel College; George Trevelyan, B. A. of Oriel College; William Ricketts, B. A. of Merton College; and E. H. Estcourt, B. A. of Balliol College, were elected Fellows of Merton College.

August 7.

Mr. Edward Hawkins was chosen a Scholar of Pembroke College, (as founder's kin) on the Foundation of Thomas Tesdale, Esq.

August 22,

Mr. John Holliday was unanimously elected Yeoman Bedell in Divinity.

August 23.

The Rev. Charles John Meredith, M. A. of Magdalen College, was admitted a Fellow of Lincoln College, on the Visitor's Nomination.

CAMBRIDGE.

August 2.

Mr. G. W. Barnard, of King's College, was admitted a Fellow of that Society.

August 3.

George Leapingwell, Esq. M. A. of Corpus Christi College, was elected one of the Esquire Bedells.

His Majesty having been pleased to grant a Royal Charter of Incorporation to the University Life Assurance Society, the first Meeting of the Members was held on Tuesday, the 18th of July: the Right Hon. C. M. Sutton in the Chair. After the Charter had been read, a very satisfactory statement of the business, which had been transacted during the first year of the establishment of the Society previous to the Charter, was laid before the Meeting, when it appeared that Assurances had been proposed to the amount of nearly 400,000l. and Policies granted on the Lives of 222 persons, of whom, by a singular coincidence, the number of Oxford and Cambridge men were exactly equal; and that the Society had sustained no loss by the death of any Assurer. The Bye-Laws were then agreed upon, under which the Corporation will in future be governed. The petitioners to his Majesty for the Charter, were the Bishop of Bristol, the Dean of Christ Church, the Right. Hon. C. M. Sutton, and John Wray, Esq. late of Trinity College, Cambridge. The Charter has been granted to encourage among professional men, and particularly among the Clergy, the practice of Life Assurance; but it is limited to those who are, or have been, Members of one of the Universities.

PREFERMENTS.

Arnold, Charles, B. A. to the Rectory of Wakerley, Northamptonshire; Patron, the Marquis of Exeter.

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