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Carus, and Gerstaeker on classification of

animals, 85

Professor, on classification of the Cetacea,
88

Castor, European Pliocene, 113

European Miocene, 120

Casoryx, N. American Tertiary, 138

Cathartes, Brazilian caves, 164

Cave-fauna of Brazil, 143
Cavia, European Miocene, 121
in Brazilian caves, 144

S. American Pliocene, 147
Cebochorus, European Eocene, 126
Cebus in Brazilian caves, 144
Celebes, physical features of, 389
mammalia of, 426

birds of, 428
insects of, 434

origin of fauna of, 436

Centetida, European Miocene, 118

Ceratodus, remarkable Australian fish, 397
Cercolabes in Brazilian caves, 145
Cercopithecus in European Pliocene, 112
Cervidae, European Miocene, 120

birth-place and migrations of, 155

Cervus, European Pliocene, 113

Indian Pliocene and Miocene, 122

N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 138
in Brazilian caves, 144
8. American Pliocene, 147
Cetacea, European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 119

N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 140

Cetacea, classification of, 89

range of Oriental genus, 374

Ceylon and Malaya, resemblance of insects of,

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China, fossil mammals in, resembling those of
Indian and European Miocene, 362
North, mammalia of, 222
Chinchillide in Brazilian caves, 145
S. American Pliocene, 147
Pliocene of Antilles, 148
Chiroptera, classification of, 87

list of Palearctic genera of, 239
list of Ethiopian genera of, 300
range of Oriental genera of, 371
list of Australian genera of, 475
Chiroptera, European Eocene, 125

in Brazilian caves, 144
Chlamydotherium in Brazilian caves, 145
Choromorus, European Miocene, 119
Charopotamus, European Eocene, 126
Charotherium, Indian Miocene, 122

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Continental extension in Mesozoic times, 156
Corvus, European Miocene, 161

Coryphodon, European Eocene, 126

Cosmopolitan groups enumerated, 175

Cricetodon, European Miocene, 120

Cricetus, European Pliocene, 113
Crocodiles, Eocene, 165

Crocodilia, classification of, 100

Crook-billed plovers of New Zealand, 456
Crotch, Mr., on beetles of the Azores, 209
Crowned-pigeon, figure of, 415
Cryptornis, European Eocene, 163
Ctenomys, S. American Pliocene, 147
Cuba, extinct mammalia of, 148
Curculionidium, Oolitic insect, 167
Cyclostoma, Eocene, 169

Cyllo sepulta, European Cretaceous, 167
Cynælurus, in Brazilian caves, 144
Cynopithecus of Celebes, affinities of, 427
Cyotherium, European Eocene, 125

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probable cause of absence of from tropical
Africa, 291

Delphinus, European Pliocene, 112
Dendrocygna, European Miocene, 162
Desman of S. Russia, figure of, 219
Diceratherium, N. American Tertiary, 137
Dichobune, European Eocene, 126
Dicotyles, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 137
in Brazilian caves, 144

S. American Pliocene, 146

birthplace and migrations of, 155
Dicrocerus, European Miocene, 120
Didelphys, European Eocene, 126

N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
in Brazilian caves, 145
Didida, 164

Dinocerata, N. American Tertiary, 139
Dinoceras, N. American Eocene, 139
Dinornis, allied form in European Eocene, 163
of New Zealand and Australia, 164
Dinornithidae of New Zealand, 164
Dinotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116
European Miocene, 120

Miocene of Perim Island, 123
Dinyctis, N. American Tertiary, 134
Dinylus, European Miocene, 117

Diplacodon, N. American Tertiary, 136

Diprotodon, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157
Dispersal of animals, 10

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E.

East Africa, geographical features of, 258

wide range of genera and species over, 259
few special types in, 260

East African sub-region, description of, 258
genera and species ranging over the whole
of, 259

mammalia of, 260
birds of, 260
reptiles of, 260

amphibia and fishes of, 260
insects of, 260

few peculiar types in, 260
illustration of zoology of, 261

East Australia, peculiar birds of, 440
East Thibet, mammalia of, 222

Eaton, Rev. A. E., on insects of Kerguelen

Island, 211

Echimyida, in Brazilian caves, 145

Echinogale, European Miocene, 118
Ectognathus, N. American Eocene, 139
Edentata, Miocene of Greece, 116

European Miocene, 121

N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Pliocene, 140
of Brazilian caves, 145

S. American Pliocene, 147

Edentata, classification of, 90

probable birthplace of, 155

range of Ethiopian genera of, 305
range of Oriental genus of, 375

Elephants, fossil of Indian Miocene, 123

fossil in N. American Post-Pliocene for-
mations, 130

birthplace and migrations of, 155
Elephant shrews, S. African, 267

Elephas, Post-Pliocene, 112

fossil in N. China, 123

N. American Tertiary, 138

Elliot, Mr., his great work on the birds o
paradise, 415

Elornis, European Miocene, 162

Elotherium, N. American Tertiary, 137, 139
Elwes, Mr., on birds of Persia, 204

on true relations of the birds of Central
India, 323

Embasis, N. American Tertiary, 134
Emu, figure of, 441

Emys, Indian Miocene, 123

Miocene and Eocene, 165

Emydida, Indian Miocere, 123
Enhydrion, Indian Miocene, 121
Eobasileus, N. American Eocene, 139
Eocene period, 124

fauna of S. America, 148
Ephemera, from the Lias, 167
Eporeodon, N. American Tertiary, 138
Equida, European Pliocene, 112

Miocene of Greece, 115
European Eocene, 125

Equus, European Pliocene, 112
Post-Pliocene, 112

Indian Miocene, 121

N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 135
Brazilian caves, 144

S. American Pliocene, 146

Ereptodon, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130

Erinaceus, European Miocene, 117

Erythromachus of Rodriguez, 164

Esthonyx, N. American Eocene, 139

Ethiopian region should not include any part

of India, 63

defined, 73

subdivisions of, 73

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Fauna of Japan, general character and affini-
ties of, 230

of Palearctic region, general conclusions
as to, 231

extinct, of Madagascar and Mascarene
Islands, 282

Malayan, probable origin of, 359
Moluccan, peculiarities of, 419

Timorese, origin of, 422

of Celebes, origin of, 436

of New Zealand, origin of, 460

Felis spela, 110

Felis, Miocene of Greece, 115

European Miocene, 118

Indian Miocene, 121

N. American Post-Pliocene, 129

in Brazilian caves, 144

Fernando Po, zoological features of, 265

Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa Islands, birds of, 443
Fishes, means of dispersal of, 29
classification of, 101

cosmopolitan groups of, 176
of the Palearctic region, 186
of the European sub-region, 196

of the Mediterranean sub-region, 205

of the Manchurian sub-region. 227

Fishes, fresh-water, table of Palearctic families

of, 227

of the Ethiopian region, 255

of South Africa, 268

fresh-water, table of Ethiopian families of,

298

fresh-water, of the Oriental region, 318
of the Indo-Malay sub-region, 341
fresh-water, table of Oriental families of,
369

fresh-water, of the Australian region, 397
fresh-water, resemblance of Australian and

S. American, 400

how the transmission may have taken
place, 401

fresh-water, of New Zealand, 457

Flamingoes, European Miocene, 162

Flora, of New Zealand, as influenced by scar-
city of insects, 462

fossil of Australia, 467

Flower, Professor, on classification of mam-
malia, 85

classification of carnivora, 87

Flying Lemur, Malayan, figure of, 337
Flying Opossum, figure of, 442

Formosa, zoology of, 332

Forests, essential to existence of many Euro-
pean animals, 192

Siberian, greatest extent of, 216

G.

Galapagos, scarcity of insects in, 463
Galecynus, in European Pliocene, 112
Galera, N. American Post-Pliocene, 13
Galeospalax, European Miocene, 118
Galeotherium, Post-Pliocene, 111
Galethylax, European Eocene, 125
Galictis, in Brazilian caves, 144
Gallinæ, classification of, 96

range of Palearctic genera of, 248
range of Ethiopian genera of, 311
range of Oriental genera of, 384

range of Australian genera of, 485

Gallus, Miocene of Greece, 116

Gallus bravardi, European Pliocene, 161

Gastornis, European Eocene, 163

Genera common to Post-Pliocene and Pliocene
faunas of N. America, 132

Geological history of Oriental region, 362
Gibraltar, cave fauna of, 114

Glacial epoch, as affecting the distribution of
animals, 40

as a cause of the great change in the
fauna of the temperate zones, since
Pliocene times, 151

probably simultaneous in both hemi-
spheres, 151

causing a general subsidence of the
ocean, 152

Glandina, Eocene, 169

Glossotherium, in Brazilian caves, 145

S. American Pliocene, 147

Glyptodon, S. American Pliocene, 147

Gnathopsis, S. American Pliocene, 147

Goats, Palearctic, 182

Godman, Mr., on Natural History of the

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Grallæ, peculiar Oriental genera of, 386

peculiar Australian genera of, 486
Gray, Dr. J. E., on classification of Cetacea,88
Greece, Upper Miocene deposits of, 115

summary of Miocene fauna of, 116
Groups peculiar to a region, how defined, 184
Gulick, Rev. J. T., on Achatinellidae of the
Sandwich Islands, 446

Günther, Dr., his classification of reptiles, 98
his classification of fishes, 101

on gigantic tortoises of Galapagos and the
Mascarene Islands, 289

on range of Indian reptiles in the Hima-
layas, 329

H.

Haast, Dr., on extinct birds of New Zealand,

460

Habitat, definition of, 4

Hainan, zoology of, 334

Halcyornis, European Eocene, 103

Halitherium, European Pliocene, 112

European Miocene, 119

Helladotherium, Miocene of Greece, 116

European Miocene, 120

Hatteria of New Zealand, 456

Helictis, Himalayan, figure of, 331

Helix, Eocene, 169

Hemibos, Indian Miocene, 122

Hemicyon, European Miocene, 118

Herpetotherium, N. American Tertiary, 134
Hesperomys, N. American Tertiary, 140
in Brazilian caves, 145

S. American Pliocene, 147

Hesperornis, N. American Cretaceous, 164
Heterodon, in Brazilian caves, 145
Hexaprotodon, Indian Miocene, 122

Hickman, Mr. John, on a cause of the extinc-
tion of large animals, 158

Himalayas, altitude reached by various groups
in the, 329, 333

Hipparion, European Pliocene, 112

Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, 119

N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
N. American Tertiary, 135
Hippopotamus, Post-Pliocene, 112
Europe in Pliocene, 113
Indian Pliocene, 122
Hipposyus, N. American Tertiary, 133
Hippotherium, European Miocene, 119
Indian Miocene, 122
Hippotragus, European Miocene, 120
Homalodontotherium, S. American Pliocene,

146

Homalophus, European Miocene, 161
Homocamelus, N. American Tertiary, 138

Honeysuckers, birds specially adapted to
Australia, 392

Hooker, Dr., on deficiency of odours in New
Zealand plants, 464

Hoplocetus, European Pliocene, 112
Hoplophoneus, N. American Tertiary, 134
Horses, fossil, in Indian Miocene, 121

perfect series of ancestral, in N. America,
136

probable birthplace of, 154

Hutton, Capt. F. W., on origin of New Zealand
fauna, 461

Huxley, Professor, on zoological regions, 59
division of animal kingdom by, 85

Hyana, Post-Pliocene, 112

Miocene of Greece, 115

European Miocene, 118

Hyana, Indian Miocene, 121

fossil in N. China, 123
Hyenarctos in European Pliocene, 112
European Miocene, 118
Indian Miocene, 121

S. American Pliocene, 146
Hyænictis, Miocene of Greece, 115
European Miocene, -118

Hyanide, European Miocene, 118
Hyanodon, European Miocene, 118
European Eocene, 125

N. American Tertiary, 134
Hyonodontida, European Miocene, 118
Hydrocherus, N. American Post-Pliocene, 130
Hydrornis, European Miocene, 162
Hyohippus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Hyomoschus, European Miocene, 120
Hyopotamus, European Miocene, 119
N. American Tertiary, 137

Hyopsqdus, N. American Tertiary, 133
Hyotherium, European Miocene, 119

Hypertragulus, N. American Tertiary, 138

Hypisodus, N. American Tertiary, 138

Hpsiprymnus, Australian Post-Tertiary, 157

Hyrachyus, N. American Tertiary, 136

Hyracodon, N. American Tertiary, 136

Hyracoidea, classification of, 90

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of Indo-Malay sub-region, 341

statistics of collecting in the various

islands of the Malay Archipelago, 343

of the Australian region, 403

of New Guinea, 417

of the Moluccas, 420

of Timor group, 426

of Celebes, 454

of New Zealand, 458

scarcity of, in New Zealand, 462
influence of on the flora, 463
Insectivora, European Miocene, 117
N. American Post-Pliocene, 129
N. American Tertiary, 133
Insectivora, classification of, 87

of the Palearctic region, 181
of N. China and E. Thibet, 222
range of Palearctic genera of, 239
of Madagascar, 273

range of Ethiopian genera of, 301
of the Oriental region, 315
range of Oriental genera of, 372
range of Australian genera of, 476
Isacis, N. American Tertiary, 133
Ischyromys, N. American Tertiary, 140
Islands, N. European, zoology of, 197

of the Mediterranean sub-region, 206
of the West African sub-region, 265
of Ethiopian region, 269
Mascarene, 280

of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, 333
of Indo-Malay sub-region, 345
Fiji, Tonga, and Samoa, 443
Society and Marquesas, 444

New Caledonia and New Hebrides, 445
Sandwich, 446

of New Zealand sub-region, 453
Norfolk, 453

Lord Howe's, 454

Chatham, 454

Auckland, 455

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Lanius, European Miocene, 161
Laopithecus, .American Tertiary, 133
Laornis, N. American Cretaceous, 164
Lemuria, a hypothetical land, 76
Lamuravida, N. American Tertiary, 133
Lemuravus, N. American Tertiary, 133
Lemurida, European Eocene, 124
Lemuroidea, range of Ethiopian genera of, 300
range of Oriental genera of, 371
Lepictis, N. American Tertiary, 133
Lepidoptera, cosmopolitan families of, 177
table of Palearctic families of, 238
S. African, 268

table of Ethiopian families of, 299
of the Oriental region, 318
table of Oriental families of, 369
of the Australian region, 404
table of Australian families of, 472
Leptarchus, N. American Tertiary, 135
Leptauchenia, N. American Tertiary, 138
Leptochorus, N. American Tertiary, 137
Leptodon, Miocene of Greece, 116
Leptomeryx, N. American Tertiary, 138
Leptoptilus, European Miocene, 162

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