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Climates of Timor, Angola, and Scot-
land compared, 14

Climbing plants of tropical forests, 37
uses of, 39
Cockatoos, 100
Coelogynes, 51

Coloration of tropical birds, 110
Colour, cause of change of, in humming-
birds, 144

Colour in nature, problems of, 159
how far constant, 161

as affected by heat and light,161
of tropical birds, 163

of tropical butterflies, 164
of temperate and tropical flowers,
165

changes of, in animals produced by
coloured light, 167

voluntary change of, in animals,
170

not usually influenced by coloured
light, 171

Colour, the nature of, 180
how produced, 183
changed by heat, 183

a normal product of organization,
185

as a means of recognition, 196
proportionate to integumentary de-
velopment, 198

not caused by female selection, 198
Colour absent in wind-fertilized flowers,
233

same theory of, in animals and
plants, 234

of flowers and their distribution,
235

Colour, nomenclature of, formerly im-
perfect, 247

Colour-development as illustrated by
humming-birds, 212

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DANAIDE, warning colours of, 174
Danainæ, Acræinæ and Heliconiinæ,
local resemblances of, 256
Daphne pontica, 230

Darwin, Mr., on mode of cross-fertiliza-
tion and its use, 228

not too highly rated, 252

on vegetation of Galapagos, 272
on use of scented leaves, 277
on former union of West Indian

islands and S. America, 306
on oceanic islands, 307
revolution in thought effected by,
284

Deserts on line of tropics, 28
Desmoncus, 41

De Vry, Mr., on the sugar-palm, 43
Dews, cause of heavy tropical, 10

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F.

FEMALE birds, greater brilliancy of
some, 211

Female insects, greater brilliancy of
some, 203
Ferns, 46

Ferns, preponderance of in Tahiti and
Juan Fernandez, 269, 270

Fiji Islands, pale butterflies of, 259
Fire-ants, 83

Fishes, causes of general coloration of,
171

Flowering-trunks, probable cause of, 34
Flowers, comparative scarcity of in
equatorial forests, 60
Flowers and insects, 64
Flowers of temperate zones brilliantly
coloured, 165

comparatively scarce in tropical
forests, 167

Flowers, attractive colours of, 228

fertilized by insects, 228

attractive odours of, 230

when sweet-scented not conspi-

cuously coloured, 230
attractive grouping of, 231
alpine, why so beautiful, 232
why allied species differ in beauty,

233

when wind-fertilized not coloured,
233

relation of colours of, to distribu-
tion, 235

and fruits, recent views as to action
of light on, 236

Flowers of Auckland and Campbell's
Isles, bright coloured, 238
Flying-lizards, 113

Foliage, two chief types of, in tropical
forests, 33

colours of, 221

Foot of savages does not approach
that of apes, 289 (note)
Forest-belt, cause of equatorial, 27
Forest-belts, temperate, 29

Forest-tree, section of a Bornean, 32

formed from climbers, 32

Forest-trees, characteristics of, 30
Forest-trees of low growth, 34
Forest-trees, uses of equatorial, 35

Forests, effect of on rainfall and drought,

19

devastation caused by destruction
of, 20

equatorial, 29

undergrowth of tropical, 34

Formica gigas, 81

Foxes, none in Isle of Wight in 1605,

305

Frogs and toads, 116

Frog, with bright colours uneatable, 175

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Local causes of colour-development, 216
Locusts, richly coloured tropical, 94
Longicorns, 95

Lophornis ornatus, very pugnacious,

214

Lord Howe's Island, white rail in, 264
Lubbock, Sir John, on colour percep-
tion in insects, 255

MACAWS, 100

M.

Madagascar, white-marked butterflies
of, 260

Madagascar once united to Africa, 325
Madagascar and Malaya, resemblances
of fauna of, 328

Male birds, origin of ornamental plum-
age of, 205

Male birds which incubate, 212
Male humming-birds produce a shriller
sound, 215

Males, theory of display of ornaments
by, 207

Malva sylvestris, M. rotundifolia, 233
Mammals, 116

Mammalia, supposed variations of, com-
parable to those of butterflies, 261

local resemblances of, in Africa, 262
Mammalia of Palæarctic Region, 315
of Ethiopian Region, 317
of Oriental Region, 319

of miocene period in Euro-Asia,
321

Man, antiquity and origin of, 280

indications of extreme antiquity
of, 285

highly developed at very early
period, 286

antiquity of intellectual, 290
Mangroves, 58

Manicaria saccifera, 41

Mantidæ, 91

Mantis resembling an orchis-flower, 173
Marantaceæ, 47

Marmosets, 118

Marshall, Messrs. on barbets, 106
Martins, M. Charles, on increased size
of leaves of arctic plants, 236
Mates readily found by birds, 200
Mauritia, palm, 40
Maximiliana regia, 41
Meiglyptes, 150

Meldola, Mr. R. on variable colouring
in insects, 170

Meliphagidae in Auckland Isles pro-
bably flower-fertilizers, 239

Melliss, Mr. on flora of St. Helena, 275
Migrations between N. America and
Euro-Asia, 334

between N. America and South
America, 335

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