the mind and where we differ. Very much of the discussion to which I have listened in years past, and very much that has been written, seems to assume that those who are not advocates of workshop training deny the value of all forms of manual activity in school training, and they are put in the position of being advocates of old rote and memoriter methods of teaching; and the contrast is always drawn between the manual method and a method of teaching that has been outlawed in this country for twenty-five years. This discarded rote method is put up as the alternative, and all that is valuable in a true and natural system of teaching is used to support the claims of manual training, including the work shop. Not only the kindergarten but our best elementary schools have increasingly recognized and used the eye and the hand as means of teaching real knowledge and of mental training. And so I think that it is too much in advocating a special form of manual training to base it broadly upon the argument for a true and natural method of teaching.

My fear is that public attention and the attention of educators is being called away from the great reform that ought to be made in teaching-a reform that touches every branch of knowledge and demands that it be taught in harmony with the nature of the child, and is being fixed upon workshop training which at best is mere cornice work in general education. My fear is that the attention of our teachers and others is being diverted from true teaching to workshop manual training which Dr. Woodward says can be best begun at fourteen years of age. If needed reforms in teaching are to be diverted to such a sideshow, we shall certainly not gain by the movement.

I am using the term manual training in this discussion in the usual sense of training in the use of mechanical tools, with mechanical skill as an end. I see no good reason for applying this term to all school exercises in which the hand is used. If this be manual training, it has had a considerable place in school work for many years. But, as I understand the term, manual training is that training which has manual skill as an end. It is analogous to the terms intellectual training, moral training, physical training, etc. Manual training is that training that gives manual results. It is not the use of the hand as a means of attaining intellectual ends, as is true in many school exercises. It is the manual result as an end that justifies the term manual training, though there may be intellectual results. Take, for illustration, such kindergarten work as modelling in clay, folding and cutting paper, etc. The object is to give the child a truer conception of form-knowledge is the end. The same is true of map-drawing and many other uses of the hand in school training. They are means of intellectual training, and can not properly be called manual training.

There are two school exercises that may properly be regarded as exceptions; these are writing and drawing, both of which have manual skill as an end. But writing is a very old school art, and it seems to

me very late to give it the new name of manual training. Drawing is a manual art and has manual skill as an immediate end, but it has been taught in many American schools for over thirty years, and I do not see what is to be gained by now putting it in the school course under the name of manual training. But, by whatever name writing and drawing may be called, we are all in favor of them as school studies. Manual activity is now recognized as a necessary means of teaching the natural and physical sciences, as botany, zoology, physics, chemistry, etc. But this use of the hand is not manual training; if it be, then we are all in favor of such manual training.

But we differ respecting that new form of manual training which involves the use of mechanics' tools, and it seems to me that the real question at issue concerns this workshop training. It is here that we disagree. I suspect that much of the merit claimed for the St. Louis Manual Training School may not be due to its workshop training, but to the superior manner in which other branches are taught, and especially to its laboratory training in science. For over seven years I was presi dent of a college of science and technology, and supervised the school of practical mechanics, with its workshop training. The courses of study in the college-four in number-were so arranged that the Freshman and Sophomore classes had two of their studies in common, and these courses differed chiefly in the one element of manual labor. The pupils who took the course in mechanics had two hours daily in the work. shop; those who took the course in industrial art had two hours in drawing, etc.; those who took the agricultural course spent two hours on the experimental farm and in the botanical laboratory; and those who took the course in science spent two hours in the natural history, physical, and chemical laboratories. Thus in these courses two hours daily were given to four different kinds of hand work. Did the students that spent two hours in the workshop have any advantage over the other students? I have no hesitation in saying that they did not; and, if I were to decide between the educational value of the science laboratory and the workshop, I should give the preference to the laboratory; and if a student does not intend to be a mechanic, I should advise him to take the course in science, with its laboratory training.

I do not object to technical schools or manual training schools. I welcome them as a most valuable means of special education; and my judgment is that within ten years the manual training school of this country will look directly to the training of mechanics, and its door will open practically and efficiently into the mechanic arts. It will thus take its true place as a means of special education. The public school will hold to its true work of general education, and it will continue to be true that the more thorough and efficient the general education of the mechanic, the more fruitful will be his special training when he reaches the technical school.

APPENDIX TO PROFESSOR WOODWARD'S PAPER.

THE RECORD OF THE GRADUATES.

Six classes have graduated from the school. Much interest has been expressed in their record as affording some clue to the influence of their training in the school. It has therefore been thought best to give a full list of the names and present occupations of these classes as fully as known. At the same time it should be borne in mind that the full influence of the school is to be found only by following the careers of all who have been for a longer or a shorter time under its influence. About one-half of those who attend the school remain to graduate, but the influence of the training has been scarcely less marked upon those who have been in the school two years than upon the graduates. Moreover, all the graduates are too young to afford material for very definite conclusions. The average age of the graduating class is about eighteen years.

Nevertheless, the following tables show that our students are taking no small part in the busy world. Very young men are seen bearing heavy responsibilities and bearing them well. If the tree is to be judged by its fruit, we have a very good tree.

ALUMNI.

Class of 1883.

Henry H. Bauer, farmer, Dorchester, Ill.

John Boyle, Jr., mining engineer (W. U. 1887). Superintendent Mountain Key Mine, Pinas Atlas, N. Mex.

John L. Bryan, head turner in Pipe Works, Washington, Mo.

Alexander W. Buchanan, mechanical engineer (Cornell, 1887).

Peyton T. Carr, clerk insurance office.

Edward E Davidson, in real-estate business and manager of the Economy Steam Heat Company, St. Paul, Minn.

Cornelius V. De Jong, machinist, 1410 Leffingwell Avenue.

Harry Deitrich, pattern-maker at the James Jones Mannfacturing Company, 2123 Lucas Avenue.

William S. Dodd, collector Laclede Gas-Light Company.

Henry F. Dose was student at University of Illinois.

Wm. J. Downton, No. 1 Shaw Place, architect's office.

Leo. Gluck, fifth-year class in mining, Washington University.

S. D. Hayden, real estate and loan business, Denver, Colo.

Robert L. Hyatt, farmer.

Conrad S. Ittner, foreman brick-layer, 2849 Russell Avenue.

Wm. B. Ittner, architect, St. Louis.

Albert L. Johnson, B. E. (W. U. 1887), assistant engineer Merchant's Bridge.

Wm. Love, B. E. (1888), surveyor, street department, city of St. Louis.

Harry W. Lytance, real-estate business in Chicago.

Robert H. McMath, B. E. (W. U. 1886), surveyor of the St. Louis Board of Fire Underwriters, Gay Building.

Otto L. Mersman, merchant, St. Louis.

Wm. G. Nixon, book-keeper for the Missouri Pacific Railway, 2227 Walnut Street, St. Louis.

Everet G. Phillips, engineer and shoemaker, 3016 Cass Avenue.

Wm. K. Roth, with Adam Roth Grocer Company, 321 S. 23d Street.

Justus W. Schmidt, student in Germany.

Greenfield Sluder, M. D. (1887), St. Louis.

Jules C. Smith, machinist.

Herbert De Q. Taylor, salesman, Simmons Hardware Company, St. Louis.

John P. Thul, B. E. (W. U. 1886), draughtsman, office of president of board of public improvements, St. Louis.

John F. Valle, cashier and book-keeper, 5 Benton Place.

Class of 1884.

Grant Beebe, B. E. (1888), with Pond Engineering Company, Omaha, Nebr.

A. Theo. Bruegel, mechanical engineer (1888, Lehigh University). Teacher of mathematics and drawing, Cogswell Polytechnic College, San Francisco.

Gco. R. Carothers, teacher of manual training.

Walter Coles, student, University of Virginia.

Claud N. Comstock, civil engineer (1888, Columbia College), New York.

Geo. D. Eaton, Jupiter Mining Company, Du Quoin, Ill.

Alfred C. Einstein, north-west passenger agent, St. Louis and San Francisco Rail

way, Des Moines, Iowa.

Hamilton R. Gamble, clerk, wholesale drug store.

Charles D. Grayson, practical mailer, St. Louis.

Geo. N. Hinchman, draughtsman in office of patent lawyer.

Ernest C. Klipstein, teacher manual training, City High School, Springfield, Mass. Charles S. Langdon, draughtsman with Isaac D. Smead & Co., engineers, Toledo, Ohio.

James L. Marks, machinist.

Constant Mathey, salesman with Mermod, Jaccard & Co., St. Louis.
Alexander D. Mermod, salesman with Mermod, Jaccard & Co., St. Louis.

Ralph H. Miller, ex-superintendent, Toledo Manual Training School, Toledo, Ohio.
Geo. S. Mills, principal Toledo Manual Training School, Toledo, Ohio.
William O'Keefe, clerk, Excelsior Manufacturing Company, 3520 Lindell Avenue.
Otto H. Olfe, draughtsman with Mississippi Iron Works, St. Louis.

Harry Pflager, assistant general foreman with Pullman Car Company, St. Louis. John H. Pope, B. E. (1888), assistant engineer, with Messrs. Morison and Corthell, engineers Merchant's Bridge, St. Louis.

Edward L. Pretorius, clerk in business department of Westliche Post, St. Louis. Wm. F. Richards, clerk in general passenger office of the Vandalia Line, St. Louis. Harry C. Scott, shipping clerk, Mound City Paint and Color Company, St. Louis. Percy S. Silver, travelling sales-agent, Pomeroy Coal Company, Atchison, Kans. Charles F. Springer, merchant, Chicago.

II. Reed Stanford, B. E. (1888), teacher of chemistry and algebra, St. Louis Manual Training School.

Homer Wise, managing branch house of Collier White Lead and Oil Company, Minneapolis, Minn.

Edmund H. Wuerpel, student, St. Louis Art School.

Harry B. Wyeth, orange farming, Winter Park, Fla.

Class of 1885.

Wm. F. Barnes, teacher of the manual training department of the Tidioute Union Schools, Pennsylvania.

Hatcher Bates, farmer, Dardenne, St. Charles County, Mo.

A. M. Bumann, teacher manual training, Omaha High School, Nebraska.

King Charles Barton, book-keeper, with Omaha and Grant Smelting and Refining Company, Omaha, Nebr.

Judson S. Bemis, with Bemis Brothers' Bag Company.

Edgar L. Brother, teacher of tool-work, St. Louis Manual Training School.

Thomas W. Booth, 3301 Morgan Street.

Albert H. Buck, member of Sopohmore class, Washington University.

Edward H. Chapman, 1033 N. Compton Avenue.

Frederick A. Chouteau, teacher of manual training.

George W. Danforth, cadet U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis.

H. G. Ellis, teacher of drawing, St. Louis Manual Training School.

Arthur Feickert, baker and confectioner, opposite City Hall, Belleville, Ili.

Charles O. Fisher, clerk, with civil engineer and surveyor, south-west corner Broadway and Market Street.

Wm. F. Hopper, pattern-maker, Dunkirk Engineering Company, Dunkirk, N. Y. Clarence H. Howard, superintendent Kansas City Car and Wheel Company, Birmingham, Mo.

H. F. S. Kleinschmidt, teacher of manual training school, Denver University, Den ver, Colo.

Albert Koberle, student, Senior class in mining engineering, Washington University. Wm. P. Laing, machinist, St. Louis.

Edward L. Lang, secretary Charm Manufacturing Company, 113 Elm Street, St. Louis.

Ernest E. Lasar, machinist, with G. H. Lasar, 910 Autumn Street, city. Louis D. Lawnin, clerk, N. O. Nelson Manufacturing Company, St. Louis. Edward H. Lebens, student, Senior class, mining engineering, Washington University.

John J. Lichter, Jr., student, Senior class, dynamic engineering, Washington University.

Wm. Alex. Magee, machinist, with Ranken & Fritsch.

Frank W. Morse, master mechanic, Denver, Texas and Fort Worth Railway. Frank E. Nulsen, with Missouri Malleable Iron Company, 1641 Missouri Avenue. Geo. R. Olshausen, student, Senior class, dynamic engineering, Washington University.

Charles M. Parker, student, Senior class, Troy Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y.
Frank E. Reel, law student, Hawk Farm, St. Louis County, Mo.
Louis C. Rohlfing, doctor of medicine, Solomon City, Kans.

Edward H. Rottman, commercial traveller, Hilger Hardware Company, St. Louis.
James L. Sloss, clerk, with Jas. H. Brookmire & Co.

Edward Smith, lnmber business, Potosi.

Geo. M. Stedman, general manager Stedman's Foundry and Machine Works, Aurora, Ind.

J. Harrison Steedman, student, Senior class, Washington University.
Hamilton W. Stone, draughtsman, St. Louis Heating Company.

William T. Treadway, machinist, Jacksonville Shops, Jacksonville, Ill.
Harry L. Whitman, in business with his brother.

Charles H. Wright, teacher of manual training.

Class of 1886.

Bruce C. Alvord, Jr., in cutlery house of A. J. Jordan, 2819 Dayton Street.
Fred A. Bair, draughtsman, Brownell & Wright, street-car makers, St. Louis.
Alfred C. Beebe, member of Junior class in chemistry, Washington University.
Daniel F. Behrens, clerk with Belding Bros. & Co., silk manufacturers.
Charles L. Bouton, Junior class, science course, Washington University.

Charles W. Cahoon, stenographer, St. Louis and New Orleans Anchor Line, 2327 Adams Street, city.

Daniel L. Cliffton, 2944 Laclede Avenue.

Harry Marcy Coudrey, special agent for Travellers' Insurance Company, Southern Hotel, 3449 Washington Avenue, St. Louis, Mo.

Edward L. Dillon, clerk and collector of E. W. Moon, machine works, 1222 Madison Street, city.

Edward B. Fay, member of Junior class of civil engineering, Washington University.

W. Adin Field, died while a student at De Pauw University.

Charles H. Gardner, clerk in Simmons Hardware Company, 3129 Laclede Avenue, city.

Henry Gwinner, machinist.

Wallace Harker, salesman, with Udell & Crunden, 2940 Laclede Avenue, city.
Oscar F. Hartman, clerk with Sells & Co., 1930 Louisiana Avenue, city.

882-No. 2-S