See Waring, Manual of Practical Therapeutics, 3d ed., 1871, p. 311; Flückiger and Hanbury, Pharmacographia, p. 285, 1874; Bentley and Trimen, Medicinal Plants, No. 128.

GALE, THEOPHILUS (1628-1678), a distinguished divine, was born in 1628 at King's Teignmouth, in Devonshire, of which place his father was vicar. In 1647 he was entered at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he took his B.A. degree in 1649, and M.A. in 1652. In 1650 he was made fellow and tutor of his college. He remained five years at Oxford, discharging actively the duties of tutor, and was then appointed to a church at Winchester. After the restoration he refused to submit to the Act of Uniformity, and was ejected from his parish. In 1662 he accepted the post of tutor to the sons of Lord Wharton, whom he accompanied to the college of Caen, in Normandy. He returned to England in 1665, and spent some years in literary work. The latter portion of his life he passed in London as assistant to the Rev. John Rowe, a dissenting minister, who had charge of an important church in Holborn. Gale succeeded Rowe in 1677, and died in the following year.

His principal work, The Court of the Gentiles, which appeared in parts in 1669, 1671, and 1676, is a strange storehouse of miscellaneous philosophical learning. It resembles the Intellectual System of Cudworth, though very inferior to that work both in general construction and in fundamental idea. Gale's endeavour is to prove that the whole philosophy of the Gentiles is a distorted or mangled reproduction of Biblical truths. Just as Cudworth referred the Democritean doctrine of atoms to Moses as the original author, so Gale tries to show that the various systems of Greek thought may be traced back-to Biblical sources. Like most of the learned works of the 17th century, the Court of the Gentiles is chaotic and unsystematic, while its erudition is rendered almost valueless by the complete absence of any critical discrimination. The other writings of Gale are―The Idea of Jansenism, 1669; Theophilus, or a Discourse of the Saint's Amity with God in Christ, 1671; Anatomy of Infidelity, 1672; Idea Theologiæ, 1673; Philosophia Generatis, 1676. GALE, THOMAS (1636-1702), an eminent classical scholar, was born at Scruton, Yorkshire, in 1636. He was educated at Westminster School and at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow. In 1666 he was appointed regius professor of Greek, in 1672 headmaster of St Paul's School, in 1676 a fellow of the Royal Society, and also prebendary of St Paul's, and in 1697 dean of York. He died at York in 1702. Gale published a collection of Opuscula Mythologica, Ethica, et Physica, and editions of several Greek and Latin authors, but his fame rests chiefly on his collection of old works bearing on early English history, entitled Historic Anglicana Scriptores and Historia Britannica, Saxonicæ, Anglo-Danica, Scriptores XV. He is the author of the inscription on the London Monument in which the Roman Catholics are accused of having originated the great fire.

GALEN, CHRISTOPH BERNHARD VAN (1600-1678), prince-bishop of Münster, was descended from a noble family in Westphalia, and was born 15th October 1600. After attending the Jesuit college at Münster, and the universities of Cologne, Mainz, Louvain, and Bordeaux, he was engaged in several diplomatic missions. Subsequently he became colonel in the army of the elector Ferdinand of Bavaria, and took part in campaigns against the French and Swiss. On the death of Ferdinand he was chosen princebishop of Münster, but scarcely had he succeeded in restoring the internal prosperity of his territories, and freeing them from foreign invaders, when an insurrection arose in the city which he was unable completely to subdue till 1661. In 1664 he was chosen, along with the margrave Frederick of Baden, joint administrator of military affairs of the Rhenish alliance in its war against the Turks. After the peace that followed the victory of St Gotthard, he concluded an alliance with Charles II. of England against the Netherlands; but through the intervention of Louis XIV. an arrangement was made in 1666 by which the king of the Netherlands vacated all the territories of Galen, with

the exception of the town of Borkelo. In 1672, in conjunction with France, Galen renewed hostilities against the Netherlands, but in the same year suffered a severe defeat at Coevorden, and although, along with the French general Turenne, he afterwards obtained several successes, he concluded a peace in 1674, by which he resigned all the advantages he had gained. In the following year he entered into an alliance with the king of Denmark and the elector of Brandenburg against Charles XI. of Sweden, and in 1676 captured Stade, the capital of the duchy of Bremen, after which he took possession of that duchy and of several places in the duchy of Verden. Subsequently he became involved in a war with East Friesland, and only consented to evacuate that territory on payment of a large sum of money. He died at Ahaus, 19th September 1678.

The Vie de Christophe Bernard de Galen, évêque de Münster, was published at Rouen in 1679; J. Ab. Alpen's De vita et rebus gestis Ch. Bern. de Galen appeared at Koesfeld in 2 vols. in 1694, an abridgment of this work at Münster in 1790, and a more extended abridgment at Ulm in 1804; and Tucking's Geschichte des Stifts Münster unter Galen was published at Münster in 1865.

GALEN, or GALENUS, CLAUDIUS, called Gallien by Chaucer and other writers of the Middle Ages, the most celebrated of ancient medical writers, was born at Pergamus, in Mysia, about 130 A.D. His father Nicon, from whom he received his early education, is described as remarkable both for excellence of natural disposition, and for mental culture; his mother, on the other hand, appears to have been a second Xanthippe. In 146 Galen commenced the study of medicine, and in about his twentieth year he left Pergamus for Smyrna, in order to place himself under the instruction of the anatomist and physician Pelops, and of the peripatetic philosopher Albinus. He subsequently visited other cities, and in 158 returned from Alexandria to Pergamus. In 164 he went for the first time to Rome. There he healed Eudemus, a celebrated peripatetic philosopher, and other persons of distinction; and ere long, by his learning and unparalleled success as a physician, earned for himself the titles of "Paradoxologus," the wonderspeaker, and "Paradoxopoeus," the wonder-worker, thereby incurring the jealousy and envy of his fellow-practitioners. Leaving Rome in 168, he repaired to his native city, whence he was soon sent for to Aquileia, in Venetia, by the emperors Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius. In 170 he returned to Rome with the latter, who, on departing thence to conduct the war on the Danube, having with difficulty been persuaded to dispense with his personal attendance, appointed him medical guardian of his son Commodus. In Rome Galen remained for some years, greatly extending his reputation as a physician, and writing some of his most important treatises. It would appear that he eventually betook himself to Pergamus, after spending some time at the island of Lemnos, where he learned the method of preparing a certain popular medicine, the "terra lemnia"

or

"sigillata." Whether he ever revisited Rome is uncertain, as also are the time and place of his death. According to Suidas, he died at the age of seventy, or in the year 200, in the reign of Septimius Severus. If, however, we are to trust the testimony of Abul-faraj, one of his Arabian biographers, his decease took place in Sicily, when he was in his eightieth year. Galen was one of the most versatile and accomplished writers of his age. He composed, it is said, nearly 500 treatises on various subjects, including logic, ethics, and grammar. Of the published works attributed to him 83 are recognized as genuine, 19 are of doubtful authenticity, 45 are confessedly spurious, 19 are fragments, and 15 are notes on the writings of Hippocrates.

Galen, who in his youth was carefully trained in the Stoic philosophy, was an unusually prolific writer on logic. Of the numerous commentaries and original treatises, a

catalogue of which is given in his work De Propriis Libris, | mining. Meanwhile zinc ore has been discovered, of which
one only has come down to us, the treatise on Fallacies in 12,000,000 b were mined in 1877. The lumber produce
dictione (Tepi TŵV KATà Tηv Xéέiv σodioμáτwv). Many is also considerable, averaging 7,000,000 feet annually.
points of logical theory, however, are discussed in his The principal buildings are the German-English normal
medical and scientific writings. His name is perhaps school, the high school, and the building in which are
best known in the history of logic in connexion with the included the custom-house and post-office. Galena has an
fourth syllogistic figure, the first distinct statement of which iron-foundry, flour-mills, woollen mills, saw and planing
was ascribed to him by Averroes. There is no evidence mills, besides furnaces and manufactories for lead, zinc, cop-
from Galen's own works that he did make this addition to per, and furniture. Mining commenced in 1820, and in 1822
the doctrines of syllogism, and the remarkable passage the United States began to grant leases of the mineral lands.
quoted by M. Minas from a Greek commentator on the The first street was laid out in 1826; village government
Analytrics, referring the fourth figure to Galen, clearly shows was legalised in 1837, and a city charter granted in 1839.
that the addition did not, as generally supposed, rest on a Population in 1850, 6004; in 1860, 8196; and in 1870,
new principle, but was merely an amplification or alteration 7019, of whom 2473 were foreigners.
of the indirect moods of the first figure already noted by
Theophrastus and the earlier Peripatetics.

In 1844 M. Minoides Minas published a work, avowedly from a MS. with the superscription Galenus, entitled Γαληνοῦ Εἰσαγωγὴ Διαλεκτική. Of this work, which contains no direct intimation of a fourth figure, and which in general exhibits an astonishing mixture of the Aristotelian and Stoic logic, Prantl speaks with the bitterest contempt. He shows demonstratively that it cannot be regarded as a writing of Galen's, and ascribes it to some one or other of the later Greck logicians. A full summary of its contents will be found in the 1st vol. of the Geschichte der Logik (591–610), and a notice of the logical theories of the true Galen in the same work, pp. 559-577.

There have been numerous issues of the whole or parts of Galen's works, among the editors or illustrators of which may be mentioned Jo. Bapt. Opizo, N. Leonicenus, L. Fuchs, A. Lacuna, Ant. Musa Brassavolus, Aug. Gadaldinus, Conrad Gesner, Sylvius, Cornarius, Joannes Montanus, Joannes Caius, Thomas Linacre, Theodore Goulston, Caspar Hoffman, René Chartier, Haller, and Kühn. Of Latin translations Choulant mentions one in the 15th and twentytwo in the following century. The Greek text was edited at Venice, in 1525, 5 vols. fol.; at Basel, in 1538, 5 vols. fol.; at Paris, with Latin version by René Chartier, in 1639, and in 1679, 13 vols. fol.; and at Leipsic, in 1821–33, by C. G. Kühn, considered to be the best, 20 vols. 8vo. An epitome in English of the works of Hippocrates and Galen, by J. R. Coxe, was published at Philadelphia in 1846. Further details as to the life and an account of the anatomical knowledge of Galen will be found in the art. ANATOMY, vol. i. pp. 802-804. See also René Chartier's Life, in his edition of Galen's works; N. F. J. Eloy, Dictionnaire Historique de la Médecine, s. v. Galien," tom. i., 1778; F. Adams's "Commentary" in his Medical Works of Paulus Agineta, London and Aberdeen, 1834; J. Kidd, “A Cursory Analysis of the Works of Galen, so far as they relate to Anatomy and Physiology," Trans. Provincial Med. and Surg. Assoc., vi., 1837, pp. 299-336; C. V. Daremberg, Exposition des Connaissances de Galien sur l'Anatomie, la Physiologie, et la Pathologie du Système Nerveux (Thèse pour le Doctorat en Médecine), Paris, 1841; and J. R. Gasquet, "The Practical Medicine of Galen and his Time," The British and Foreign MedicoChirurgical Rev., vol. xi., 1867, pp. 472-488.

GALENA, a city of the United States, the capital of Jo Daviess county, Illinois, is situated on the Fever or Galena river, 6 miles above its junction with the Mississippi, and on the northern division of the Illinois Central Railroad, 180 miles W.N.W. of Chicago. The city winds around the base of rocky limestone bluffs, which spring rather abruptly from the river on both sides, and the streets rise above one another, and are connected by flights of steps. It is the commercial depôt of an extensive and fertile district, but owes its prosperity chiefly to the species of lead from which it takes its name, and the mines of which surround it in all directions, underlying, more or less densely, an area of over 1,500,000 acres. In these mines copper is also found in combination with the galena. In the earlier years the produce of the mines found its way by water to St Louis, but in 1829 the first load, 3000 b, was conveyed overland to Chicago. In 1846 the yield reached its highest point of 50,000,000 b; in 1852 it was 40,000,000; and in 1877 only 3,300,000. This diminution is due to the absence of the expensive appliances necessary for deep

GALESBURG, a city of the United States, the capital of Knox county, Illinois, is situated at the junction of the Burlington and Peoria branches of the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad, 163 miles W.S.W. of Chicago, and is the centre of a farming district of great fertility. It has several extensive manufactories of agricultural implements, besides carriages and waggons, and also contains the machine-shops and car-works of the railroad company. It is the seat of two colleges, Knox College (Congregational), founded in 1841, and Lombard University (Universalist), founded in 1852, to both of which female students are admitted. Population in 1860, 4953; and in 1870, 10,158, of whom 3136 were foreigners.

GALIANI, FERDINANDO (1728-1787), one of the most celebrated, if not one of the soundest, political economists of Italy, was born at Chieti on the 2d of December 1728. For his early education and opportunities of advancement in life he was less indebted to his parents than to his uncle, Monsignor Celestino Galiani. By his care, and at his expense, Galiani received the best education which Naples and Rome could then furnish, becoming qualified for an ecclesiastical career at a time when a clever abbé might hope to fill with profit and reputation important offices in the state as well as in the church. Galiani gave early promise of distinction as an economist, and even more as a wit.

At

the
age of twenty-two he had produced two works by which
his name became widely known far beyond the bounds of his
own Naples. His taste for economic studies had been
developed in the society of such men as Genovesi and
Intieri, and prompted the composition of his Trattato della
Moneta, in which many aspects of the question of exchange
are set forth, always with a special reference to the state of
confusion then presented by the whole monetary system of
Galiani's fame as a humorist
the Neapolitan Government.

dated from the appearance of the Raccolta in Morte del Boia,
a work as popular in Italian literary circles during the last
century as the Rejected Addresses and Bon Gaultier Ballads
have been in our own. In this volume Galiani parodied
with exquisite felicity, in a series of discourses on the death
of the public hangman, the style of the most pompous and
pedantic Neapolitan writers of the day. Galiani's political
knowledge and social qualities now pointed him out to the
discriminating eye of Charles III., and his liberal minister
Tanucci, as one eminently fitted to serve the Government as
a diplomatist in France. He was therefore attached in the
character of secretary to the Neapolitan embassy at Paris.
Thither he repaired in 1759, at a time when a change in
the relations between the courts of Paris and Vienna was
about to exercise an influence on the course of the Seven
Years' War, when the different Bourbon courts were engaged
in a common action against the Jesuits, and when economic
science held a foremost place in the speculations of the most
eminent French writers. Galiani is chiefly remembered by
posterity by the part which he took in these economic dis-
cussions. His Dialogues sur les blés, though published after
his return to Naples, produced on its appearance a great

impression, and has again and again furnished to future | about 23 inches, and at Lemberg about 28, Rather more controversialists arguments more specious than solid against the liberty of exporting corn. The criticism of Voltaire,

guished as Goralians (from gor, a mountain), and those of | Of the numerous affluents of the Miño, the most important
the lower regions as Mazures and Cracoviaks. The
Ruthenian highlanders bear the name of Huzulians.

Galicia (or Halicz) took its rise along with the neighbouring principality of Lodomeria (or Vladimir) in the course of the 12th century-the seat of the ruling dynasty being Halicz or Halitch, a town in the present district of Stanislawow at the confluence of the Lukey with the Dniester. Disputes between the Galician and Lodomerian houses led to the interference of the king of Hungary, Bela III., who in 1190 assumed the title of Rex Galatiæ, and appointed his son Andreas lieutenant of the kingdom. Polish assistance, however, enabled Vladimir the former possessor to expel Andreas, and in 1198 Roman, prince of Lodomeria, made himself master of Galicia also. On his death in 1205 the struggle between Poland and Hungary for supremacy in the country was resumed; but in 1215 it was arranged that Daniel, son of Roman, should be invested with Lodomeria, and Koloman, son of the Hungarian king, with Galicia. Koloman, however, was expelled by Mstislaff of Novgorod; and in his turn Andreas, Mstislaff's nominee, was expelled by Daniel of Lodomeria, a powerful prince, who by a flexible policy succeeded in maintaining his position. Though in 1235 he had recognized the overlordship of Hungary, yet, when he found himself hard pressed by the Mongolian general Batu, he called in the assistance of Innocent IV. and accepted the crown of Galicia from the hands of a papal legate; and again, when Innocent disappointed his expectation, he returned to his former connexion with the Greek Church. On the extinction of his line in 1340 Casimir III. of Poland incorporated Galicia and Lemberg; on Casimir's death in 1377 Louis the Great of Hungary, in accordance with previous treaties, became king of Poland, Galicia, and Lodomeria; and in 1382, by the marriage of Louis's daughter with Ladislaus II., Galicia, which he had regarded as part of his Hungarian rather than of his Polish possessions, became definitively assigned to Poland. On the first partition of Poland, in 1772, the kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria came to Austria, and to this was added the district of New or West Galicia in 1795; but at the peace of Vienna in 1809 West Galicia and Cracow were surrendered to the grand-duchy of Warsaw, and in 1810 part of East Galicia, including Tarnopol, was made over to Russia. This latter portion was recovered by Austria at the peace of Paris, and the former came back on the suppression of the independence of Cracow in 1846. Within the short period since 1860 great advances have been made in many ways in the development of the natural resources of the country and in the education of the people; and the general prosperity of the kingdom is evidenced by the rapid growth of several of its larger towns.

See Lin de Lilienbach, "Description du bassin de la Galicie et de la Podolic." in Mémoires de la société géologique de France, tome 1., mém. iv., 1833-34; Schmedes, Geogr.-statist. Uebersicht Galiziens, Lemberg, 1869; Lipp, Verkehrsund Handelsverhältnisse Galiziens, Prague, 1870; Zehlicke, "Die polit. und socialen Zustände Galiziens," in Unsere Zeit, 1870; "Die Ruthener in Galizien," in Die Globus, 1870; Pilat, Statist. Mittheil. über die Verhältnisse Galiziens, Lemberg, 1874; Ortsrepertorium des Königreichs Galizien und Lodomerien (official), Vienna, 1874; Zelicke, " Die deutschen Kolonien in Galizien," in Im Neuen Reich, 1876; Kelb in Jahrbericht der K. Geol. Reichs-Anstalt, 1876; "Culturfortschritte in Galizien," in Das Ausland, 1876. Remarkable sketches of Galician life have been given by Sacher-Masoch, whose works are well known in France and Germany. A rich literature on the subject exists in Polish.

are-on the left the Sil, which rises among the lofty moun-
tains between Leon and Asturias, and on the right the Tea,
which rises on the eastern flank of Monte Fano. Among
other rivers having a westerly direction may be mentioned
the Tambre, the Ulla, and the Lerez or Ler, which fall into
the Atlantic by estuaries or rias called respectively Ria
Muros y Noya, Ria Arosa, and Ria Pontevedra. The rivers
of the northern versant, such as the Eume, the Juvia, and
the Mero, are, like those of the Asturias, for the most part
short, rapid, and subject to violent floods. The coast-line
of Galicia, extending to about 240 miles, is everywhere bold
and deeply indented, presenting a large number of secure
harbours, in this respect forming a marked contrast to the
The Eo, which bounds Galicia on
neighbouring province.

the east, has a deep estuary, the Rivadeo, which offers a
safe and commodious anchorage in 3 fathoms water at ebb-
tide. Further to the west is Vivero Bay, 1 mile wide and
3 in length, affording good anchorage throughout, with from
6 to 8 fathoms of water. The Ria del Varquero y Vares
is of a similar character; while the harbour of Ferrol (see
FERROL) ranks among the best in Europe. On the opposite
side of Betanzos Bay (the péyas Ayunv or Portus Magnus of
the ancients) is the great port of Coruña (see CORUNNA).
The principal port on the western coast of Galicia is that
formed by the deep and sheltered bay of Vigo, which is
navigable for vessels of 500 tons to a distance of 16 miles
from the ocean; but there are also good roadsteads at
Corcubion under Cape Finisterre, at Marin, and at Carril.
The climate of the Galician coast is mild and equable, but
the interior, owing to the great elevation (the town of
Lugo is upwards of 1900 feet above the sea level), has
a wide range of temperature. The rainfall is exceptionally
large, and snow lies on some of the loftier elevations for a
considerable portion of the year. The soil is on the whole
A considerable
fertile, and the produce very varied.
quantity of timber is grown on the high lands, and the rich
valley pastures support large herds of cattle, while the
abundance of oak and chestnut favours the rearing of
swine. In the lowland districts good crops of maize, wheat,
barley, oats, and rye, as well as of turnips and potatoes, are
obtained. The fruit also is of excellent quality and in great
variety, although the culture of the vine is limited to some
of the warmer valleys in the southern districts.
dehesas or moorlands abound in game, and fish are plentiful
in all the streams. The mineral resources of the province,
which are considerable, were known to some extent to the
ancients. Strabo speaks of its gold and tin, and Pliny
mentions the gemma Gallaica.
Mines of lead, tin, copper,
and iron pyrites continue to be wrought, though under
considerable disadvantages, and chiefly by foreign capitalists.
Galicia is also remarkable for the number of its sulphur and
other warm springs, the most important of which are those
at Lugo and those from which Orense is said to take its
name (Aquæ urentes).

GALICIA (Gallæcia or Callæcia, Kadλaixía, Kadaikia), an ancient kingdom, countship, or province in the N.W. angle of Spain, now divided into the provinces of Coruña, Lugo, Orense, and Pontevedra, lies between 41° 51′ and 43° 47′ N. lat., 6° 50′ and 9° 16′ W. long., and is bounded on the N. and W. by the Bay of Biscay and the Atlantic, on the S. by the Portuguese provinces of Entre Douro e Minho and Traz os Montes, and on the E. by Leon and the Asturias. The greatest length is about 125 miles, greatest breadth 115 miles; area, 11,222 square miles; population (1867), 1,937,792. Galicia is traversed from E. to W. by a continuation of the great Pyrenean and Cantabrian chain; and its surface is further broken by two spurs from that system, which, running in a south-westerly direction, enclose the basin of the Miño. The average elevation of the province is considerable, and the maximum height (6593 feet) is reached in the Peña Trevinca on the east border of Orense. The principal river is the Miño (Portuguese, Minho; Latin Minius; so named, it is said, from the minium or vermilion found in its bed), which, rising near Mondoñedo, within 20 miles of the northern coast, after a course of 170 miles in a south and south-west direction, enters the Atlantic near the port of La Guardia. It is navigable by small vessels on the lower part of its course.

The

Ethnologically the Galicians (Gallegos) are allied to the Portuguese, whom they resemble in dialect, in appearance, and in habits more than the other inhabitants of the peninsula. The men are well known all over Spain, and also in Portugal, as hardy, honest, and industrious, but for the most part somewhat unskilled, labourers; indeed the word Gallego has come to be almost a synonym in Madrid for a "hewer of wood and drawer of water.' Agriculture engages the greater part of the resident population, both male and female; other industries are little developed, and the fisheries are not extensive. There are a few linen and cotton factories in the larger towns. The principal exports are live cattle, preserved meats, eggs, bones, mineral ore, fish oil, salt fish (especially sardines), chestnuts and other nuts, grain (especially maize), and potatoes. The first-men

tioned item is the most considerable; the exports to | to Hiram (1 Kings ix. 11; 2 Chr. viii. 2); and here, notEngland from Coruña alone having mounted in 1875 to withstanding the conquests made successively by Joshua, 17,000 head, at an average value of £15. The chief im- several of the judges, David, and Solomon, the population ports are coal, iron, tobacco, and manufactured goods. seems to have retained a prevailingly ethnic character; Apart from the few carreteras reales or royal roads, which for even in Isaiah's time "the land of Zebulun and are, as elsewhere in the Peninsula, unexceptionable, the the land of Naphtali" is called "Galilee of the Genmeans of internal communication in Galicia are decidedly tiles" (Isa. ix. 1). After the deportation by Tiglath Pileser defective. The only railways are those betwixt Lugo and (2 Kings xv. 29), in which it is to be presumed that chiefly Coruña (61 miles), and betwixt Santiago and Carril (242 Israelites were carried away, this ethnic character would miles). Another line, from Vigo to Orense, has been in most probably be intensified and extended rather than course of construction for some time, and it is also proposed diminished either in area or in amount; and already in the to connect Lugo with Astorga. Galicia has 10 cities and time of the Maccabees, accordingly, we find the word appar115 towns. The capital is Santiago, which is also an arch-ently used in a considerably wider sense than in earlier bishopric, with a population of 29,000. Lugo, Tuy, Mon- times (1 Macc. v. 14, 15, x. 30; cf. Tob. i. 2). The later doñedo, Orense, are also episcopal sees. The largest city is extension of the designation cannot be more particularly Coruña, the seat of the audiencia (population about 40,000). traced, but we know with considerable exactness what the The others are Ferrol, Vigo, Betanzos, and Pontevedra. limits were at the time of the Talmudists. The southern Gallacia, the country of the Callaici or Gallaici, seems to have boundary was defined by the towns of Bethshean (Beisân), been very imperfectly known to the earlier geographers. Accord Ginea (Jenîn), Caphar Utheni (Kefr Adần), and by the ing to Eratosthenes the entire population of the peninsula were at ridge of Carmel; on the east the Jordan formed the limit; one time called Galata. The region properly called by their name, while on the west and north the line ran from Carmel to bounded on the S. by the Douro and on the E. by the Navia, was first entered by the Roman legions under Decius Junius Brutus in Accho (Akka), and thence ascended eastwards by a great 137-6 B.C. (Livy, lv., lvi., Epit.); but the final subjugation cannot valley just south of Achzib (ez Zîb) extending 8 miles, past be placed earlier than the time of Augustus. Under the Antonines, Kabartha (el Kâbry), Gathin (J'athûn), and Beth Zanita possibly even under Hadrian, Gallaecia and Asturia were erected into a separate Provincia Cæsaris, having been regarded previously (Zueinîta), to Gelila (Jelil), where it turned north near as merely a portion of Lusitania. On the partition of Spain, which M'alia, probably the Melloth which Josephus notices as on followed the successful invasions of the Suevians, Alans, and Van- his boundary (B. J., iii. 3, 1). From Melloth it ran 12 dals, Gallæcia fell to the lot of the first-named (411 A.D.). After an miles north to Kania and Aiya (probably Kânah and 'Aiya), independent subsistence of nearly 200 years, the Suevian kingdom and then appears to have run east along a high ridge by was annexed to the Visigothic dominions under Leovigild in 590. In 718 it was occupied by the Moors, who in turn were driven out Berii and Tirii (Beriâs and Tîreh), and thence, after a of it about the year 734 by Alphonso I. of Asturias and his brother course of 5 miles, it trended north-east by Tifni (Tibnîn), Froela. During the 9th and 10th centuries it was the subject of Sifneta (Safed el Battîkh), Ailshitha ('Atshîth), and Aulam dispute between more than one count of Galicia and the suzerain, (Almôn), arriving thus at the deep gorge of the Leontes. and its coasts were repeatedly ravaged by the Norsemen. When Ferdinand I. divided his kingdom among his sons in 1063, Galicia Turning east it passed Migdol Kherub (el Khurbeh) and the was the portion allotted to Garcia, the youngest of the three. Ten "hollow of Ayun" (Merj 'Ayûn), past Takra (unknown) years afterwards it was forcibly reannexed by Garcia's brother to Tortalga ("the snowy mountain," or Hermon), and to Alphonso, and thenceforward it remained an integral part of the Kisrîn and the bounds of litir--that is, to Cæsarea Philippi kingdom of Castile or of Leon. The honorary title of count of Galicia has frequently been borne by younger sons of the Spanish (now Bânias), and thus to beyond Jordan. The boundary sovereign. In the patriotic struggles of 1808 the junta of Galicia between Upper and Lower Galilee was natural, being marked took an important part. For administrative purposes the ancient on the east by the town of Caphar Hananya (Kefr 'Anân), province has since 1833 been divided into four, namely, Coruña, situated at the foot of the high ridge which formed the Lugo, Orense, and Pontevedra. actual line; Bersobe, on the same boundary (Josephus, B. J., iii. 3, 1), is not as yet known.

GALILEE (Taλaía, ), the most northerly of the three provinces into which Palestine was at the Roman period divided, was bounded on the E. by the Jordan, on the S. by Samaria, on the W. by the Mediterranean, on the N.W. by Phoenicia, and on the N. by the Leontes, the extreme length being about 60 miles, the extreme breadth 30, and the area 1000 square miles. The Galilee thus defined, however, though doubtless the Galilee of Herod's tetrarchy and of later centuries, was hardly that of ordinary parlance at the beginning of the Christian era. Josephus himself, while substantially giving these boundaries (B. J., iii. 3, 1, and elsewhere), yet incidentally in one place speaks of Upper Galilee as constituting the whole of Galilee proper (Ant. xx. 6, 1), and elsewhere in giving Xaloth (Iksâl) and Dabaratta (Debûrieh) as boundary towns, seems to exclude from Galilee the plain of Esdraelon, In the early period of the history of Israel, the word or n, meaning a circle, was hardly a proper name at all, but was applied to several districts with considerable generality. Thus in Josh. xiii. 2 and Joel iv. 4 reference is made to the "borders" or "coasts" (Geliloth) of the Philistines. In Josh. xxii. 10, 11, however, the "Geliloth" of Jordan means the plain of Jordan referred to in Ezekiel xlvii. 8 as "the eastern Gelilah" (compare Josh. xviii. 7); while in Josh. xx. 7, xxi. 32, hag-Galil denotes the north portion of the territory of Naphtali westward of Merom, where Kadesh, one of the six cities of refuge, lay. Here were situated the twenty "worthless" cities which Solomon gave

Lower Galilee.-The whole of Galilee presents country more or less disturbed by volcanic action. In the lower division the hills are all tilted up towards the east, and broad streams of lava have flowed over the plateau above the sea of Galilee. In this district the highest hills are only about 1800 feet above the sea. The ridge of Nazareth rises north of the great plain of Esdraelon, and north of this again is the fertile basin of the Buttauf, separated from the seacoast plains by low hills. East of the Buttauf extends the basaltic plateau called el Ahma ("the inaccessible"), rising 1700 feet above the sea of Galilee. North of the Buttauf is a confused hill country, the spurs falling towards a broad valley which lies at the foot of the mountains of Upper Galilee. This broad valley, running westwards to the coast, is the old boundary of Zebulun-the valley of Jiphthah-el (Josh. xix. 14). The great plain of Esdraelon is of triangular form, bounded by Gilboa on the east and by the ridge which runs to Carmel on the west. It is 14 miles long from Jenîn to the Nazareth hills, and has a mean measurement of 9 miles east and west. It rises 200 feet above the sea, the hills on both sides being some 1500 feet higher. The whole drainage is collected by the Kishon, which runs through a narrow gorge at the north-west corner of the plain, descending beside the ridge of Carmel to the sea. The broad valley of Jezreel on the east, descending towards the Jordan valley, forms the gate by which Palestine is entered from beyond Jordan. Mount Tabor stands isolated