BAT BAT [ 81 ] Battila, manus impofuit, for this purpofe. On account of thefe times on foot, fometimes on horfeback. The auxiliary Battle. Battle caufes of juftification, battery is defined to be the un- forces compofed the two points of the battle, and colawful beating of another; for which the remedy is, vered the whole body of the Romans.-Other lefs ufual forms of battle among the Romans were the as for affault, by action of trepafs vi et armis: wherein cuneus, or wedge; globus, or round form; forfex, or the jury will give adequate damages. pair of fheers; turris, or an oblong square figure; ferra, or faw. The Greeks were inferior to the Romans in marfhalling their armies for battle, as they drew up their whole army in a front, and trusted the fuccefs of the day to a fingle force. They had three forms of battle for the horse, viz. the square, the wedge, and the rhombus or diamond form. The firft held beft for the defenfive; the latter for the offenfive; the wedge being preferred as bringing moft hands to fight. BATTISTA (Franco), a celebrated painter, born at Venice, was one of the difciples of Michael Angelo, whofe manner he followed fo clofely, that, in the correctnefs of his out-lines, he furpaffed moft of the mafters of his time. His paintings are pretty numerous, and difperfed all over Italy and other parts of Europe; but his colouring being very dry, they are not much more efteemed than the prints etched by his hand. He died in 1561. BATTLE, a general engagement between two armies, in a country fufficiently open for them to encounter in front and at the fame time (fee WAR). The word is alfo written battel, battell, and battail. It is formed from the French bataille, of the Latin verb batuere, to fence or exercife with arms: whence batualia and batalia, which properly denoted the action or exercife of those who learned to fence, and who were hence alfo denominated batuatores. The ancients never joined battle without much ceremony and preparation; as taking auguries, offering facrifice, haranguing the foldiers, giving the word or a teffera, &c. The fignals of battle were, founding the clafficum or general charge, and difplaying a peculiar flag called by Plutarch a purple robe. To which may be added, finging peans, raifing military fhouts, and the like. A Roman legion, ranged in order of battle, confifted of haftati, placed in the front; of principes, who were all old experienced foldiers, placed behind the former; and of triarii, heavy armed with large bucklers, behind the principes. The baftati were ranked close; the ranks of the principes were much opener, fo that they could receive the haftati; and thofe of the triarii opener ftill, infomuch that they could receive both the principes and the haftati within them, with out any diforder, and ftill facing the enemy. When therefore the haftati found themselves unable to ftand the enemy's charge, they retired gently within the principes, where joining with them, they renewed the combat. If thefe found themfelves too weak to fuftain the enemy, both retired among the triarii, where rallying, they formed a new corps, and charged with more If these failed, the battle was loft; vigour than ever. the Romans had no farther refource. The moderns are unacquainted with this method of inferting or embattling one company into another; without which the former cannot be well fuccoured or defended, and their places taken by others; which was a thing the Romans practifed with great exactness. For the velites, and in later times the archers and flingers, were not drawn up in this regular manner, but either difpofed of before the front of the haftati, or fcattered up Thefe and down among the void spaces of the haftati, or fometimes placed in two bodies in the wings. always began the combat, fkirmifhing in flying parties with the foremost troops of the enemy. If they were repulfed, which was usually the cafe, they fell back to the flanks of the army, or retired again in the rear, When they retired, the haftati advanced to the charge. As to the cavalry, it was pofted at the two corners of the army, like the wings on a body; and fought fomeVOL. III. Part I. The Greeks notified the places of their battles and victories by adding the word Nix; whence Nicomedia, Nicopolis, Theffalonica, &c. The ancient Britons did the like, by adding the word Mais; whence Maiffeveth, Malmaisbury, &c. The English by the word Field.-The Romans had their particular days, called præliares dies, wherein alone it was lawful to join battle; and others wherein it was unlawful, called dies atri. The Athenians, by the ancient laws of their country, were not to draw out their forces for battle till after the feventh day of the month: And Lucian relates of the Lacedemonians, that by the laws of Lycurgus, they were not to fight before full moon. Among the Ger mans, it was reputed an impiety to fight in the wane of the moon; and Cæfar tells us, that Ariovistus was beaten by him, becaufe, contrary to the laws of his country, he had fought when the moon was in her wane. The German foldiers were intimidated with the apprehenfion, and afforded Cæfar an eafy victory; acie commiffa, impeditos religione heftes vicit. It is well known that Jerufalem was taken by Pompey in an attack on the fabbath-day, when by the Jewish fuperftitious no The Romans did not carry their fuperstitions, they were not allowed to fight, or even to defend themselves. tion fo far: their atri dies were only obferved in respect of attacking; no day was too holy for them to defend themfelves in. Among the ancients, we find frequent inftances of battles in the night; it was by the moon dilight that Pompey beat Mithridates, and Scipio Afdru bal and Syphax. The first pitched battle, of which we have any ftinct account, is that between Crafus and Cyrus, defcribed by Xenophon, concerning which we have a differtation exprefsly by M. Freret, wherein feveral points of the ancient tactics are well explained. In the modern war, we find few pitched or fet battles t the chief view of the great commanders of late days is rather to harass or Itarve the enemy by frequent alarms, cutting off his provifions, carrying off his baggage, feizing his pofts, &c. than to join iffue with him, and put the whole on the event of one day; a battle gea whole war. Hence it is a rule, never to venture a nerally deciding the fate of a campaign, fometimes of general battle, unless either you fight to advantage, or be forced to it. Joining or giving battle fhould always be by defign: a general fhould never fuffer himself to be forced to fight. All the measures, movements, encampments, he makes, are to lead to the execution of his great defign, which is to fight to advantage, till by vourable fome mistake of the enemy, he at length find the fa L Battle-axe. vourable opportunity. It is in this that a fuperior # genius will at length prevail over an inferior: in the Bavaria. courfe of a campaign, he will take a number of advantages over him, which together are equivalent to a bat tle, the event of which is ever doubtful. BATTLE-Axe, an ancient military weapon. Axes were a principal part of the offenfive armour of the Celta. At the fiege of the Roman Capitol by the Gauls under Brennus, we find one of the moft diftinguifhed of their warriors armed with a battle-axe. And Ammiannus Marcellinus, many centuries afterwards, defcribing a body of Gauls, furnishes them all with battle-axes and fwords. Some of thefe weapons have been found in the fepulchres of the Britons, on the downs of Wiltshire, and in the north of Scotland. Within thefe four or five centuries the Irish went conftantly armed with an axe. At the battle of Bannockburn, king Robert Bruce clave an English champion down to the chine at one blow with a battle-axe. The axe of Lochaber hath remained a formidable implement of deftruction in the hands of our Highlanders, even nearly to the prefent period; and it is till used by the city-guard of Edinburgh in quelling mobs, &c. BATTLEMENTS, in architecture, are indentures or notches in the top of a wall or other building, in the form of embraffures, for the fake of looking through them. BATTOLOGY, in grammar, a fuperfluous repetition of fome words or things. BATTON, in merchandise, a name given to certain pieces of wood or deal for flooring or other purposes. BATTORY, a name given by the Hans Towns to their magazines or factories abroad. The chief of thefe battories are thofe at Archangel, Novogrod, Berghmen, Lifbon, Venice, and Antwerp. BATUA, BUTUA, Buthee, or Buthocce (anc. geog.), a town of Dalmatia fituated on the Adriatic; now Budoa; which fee. BATTUS, an order of penitents at Avignon and in Provence, whofe piety carries them to exercife fevere difcipline upon themfelves both in public and private. BATZ, a copper coin mixed with fome filver, and current at different rates, according to the alloy, in Nuremberg, Bafil, Fribourg, Lucerne, and other cities of Germany and Switzerland. BAVARIA, a duchy and formerly electorate of Germany. This duchy was once a kingdom, which extended from the mountains of Franconia to the frontiers of Hungary and the Adriatic Gulph. It compre hended the countries of Tirol, Carinthia, Carniola, Stiria, Auftria, and other ftates, which are now fallen to different princes. At prefent it is bounded on the eaft by Bohemia and Auftria, on the west by Suabia, on the north by Franconia, and on the fouth by Tirol. But the Duke of Bavaria is not abfolute mafler of all this country; for within its bounds are fituated many free cities, among which is Ratifbon, and several lordfhips both ecclefiaftical and fecular. It is divided into Upper and Lower Bavaria; and thefe two provinces confift of 12 counties, which formerly fufficed to make à duchy, according to the laws of Franconia. The country is watered by five navigable rivers, befides feveral fmaller ones, and 16 lakes.-It contains 35 cities, of which Munich is the capital; 94 towns; 720 caftles; 4700 villages; eight great abbeys; and 75 cloifters or monafteries, befides thofe of the mendicants.-It is Bavaria. divided into four great bailliages called governments. Thefe are Munich, Landshut, Straubing, and Burkhaufen. The principal cities are Ingolstadt, Donawert, Landberg, Freiberg, Straubingen, Wilfhaufen, Waflerberg, Eling, Rain, &c. of Befides these two provinces, the Duke of Tavaria poffeffes the upper palatinate of Weftphalia, which has been united to Bavaria, and comprehends feveral counties, cities, towns, and villages. On the other fide of this province is Chamb, the chief city of the county the fame name, belonging likewife to the Duke of Bavaria. He alfo poffeffes the landgraviate of Leitchtenberg, which fell to him by the death of Maximilian Adam, in confequence of family pacts made between the house of Bavaria and that of Leitchtenberg for their mutual fucceffion. In 1567, the county of Kaag fell to the Duke of Bavaria by the death of Ladilaus the last count of that name. There are likewife family pacts of mutual fucceffion established betwixt the house of Bavaria and the Palatine of the Rhine.-The inhabitants of this country are ftrong and laborious, exercifing themfelves in shooting with rifled muskets at a mark, in order to render themselves more expert in war. The houfe of Bavaria is univerfally allowed to be one of the most ancient in Germany. The counts of Scheyren, whofe castle at prefent is a cloifter, gave them the name. At that place are shown the tombs of more than 26 lords of Scheyren. The Emperor Otho I. eftablished as counts-palatine of Bavaria and landgraves of Scheyren, Arnolph, and Herman, fons of Arnolph. brother to the Duke of Berchtold of Carinthia, marquis of the county upon the Ens. After the death of Berchtold, the fame emperor, inftead of giving Ba varia to his fon, gave it to Duke Henry his brother, who had married Judith fifter to Arnolph and Herman. This Duke Henry of Bavaria had by his marriage Henry Hezillon, who was fucceeded by his fon Henry, afterwards chofen emperor by the name of Henry II. This emperor having no children by Saint Cunegond his wife, Bavaria paffed again to the family of Franconia, and afterwards to that of Suabia under Henry IV. who poffeffed it till the year 1071, when this lalt emperor gave that county to Count Wolf, or Guclf, of Ravenfburg in Suabia. To this Guelph, who died in the island of Cyprus, fucceeded Guelph IL and to him his brother Duke Henry IX. who was fucceeded by his fon Henry the Proud. This laft had married the only daughter of the emperor Lotharius, and after the death of his father-in-law became alfo Duke of Saxony; but refufing to deliver up the imperial ornaments of his fa ther-in-law to the emperor Conrad III. Duke of Sua. bia, or to acknowledge him for emperor, he was put to the ban of the empire, and loft his ftates. After the death of Henry, Conrad made his brother Leopold Marquis of Auftria and Duke of Bavaria; who, dying. without iffue, was fucceeded by his brother Henry XI. whom the emperor Frederic I. made Duke of Austria,. joining together the two counties above and below the Ens, and declaring them free and independent of the government of Bavaria. The fame emperor gave Ba varia thus difmembered, with Saxony, to Henry the Lion, fon of Henry the Proud. But Henry the Lion afterwards lofing the favour of this emperor, was put to the ban of the empire; and loft all his poffeffions Baudus. BAU [ Bavay except Brunswick and Lunenburg, which ftill remain to his defcendants. In 1180, the duchy of Bavaria was given by the emperor to Otho the Landgrave of Wittelfbach, count-palatine of the houfe of Bavaria. In the time of this Oho, the caftle of Scheyren was changed into a monastery, in which the Duke was buried. From him are defcended the two great families that remain to this day in Germany; viz. the countspalatine of the Rhine, and till lately electors of Bavaria. The elector of Bavaria is now extinct, and funk in the elector palatine; fo that there are now only eight initead of nine electoral princes in Germany. BAVAY, a small town of the province of Hainault in French Flanders; which has been often ruined by the wars of the Low Countries. E. Long. 3. 45. N. Lat. 50. 25. BAUCIS, in fabulous hiftory, an old woman who lived with Philemon her husband in a cottage in Phrygia. Jupiter and Mercury, travelling over that country, were well received by them, after having been refufed entertainment by every body elfe. To punish the people for their inhumanity, thefe gods laid the country wafte with water; but took Baucis and Philemon with them to the top of a mountain, where they faw the deluge, and their own little hut above the waters, turned into a temple. Having a wifh granted them, they defired to officiate in this temple as prieft and prieftefs, and alfo that they might die both together; which was granted them. BAUCONICA (anc. geog.), a town of the Vangiones in Gallia Belgica; nine miles from Mogontiacum, and eleven from Borbitomagum; and therefore fuppofed to be Oppenheim, a town in the palatinate of the Rhine, and fituated on that river. BAUDELOT (Charles Cæfar), a learned advocate in the parliament of Paris, diftinguifhed himself by his fkill in ancient monuments, and was received into the Academy of Bellés Letters in 1705. He wrote a Treatife on the Advantages of Travelling; many Letters and Differtations on Medals, &c.; and died in 1722, aged 74. BAUDIER (Michael), a gentleman of Languedoc, BAUDIUS (Dominic), profeffor of hiftory in the Bauhinia. BAU 83 ] there. Achilles de Harlai, firft prefident of the par- Baudobriga liament of Paris, got him to be admitted advocate of the parliament of Paris in the year 1592. In 1602, he went to England with Chriftopher de Harlai, the prefident's fon, who was fent ambaffador to the court of London by Henry the Great. This fame year Baudius having been named profeffor of eloquence at Leyden, went and fettled in that university. He read lectures on hiftory after the death of Morula, and was permitted alfo to do the fame on the civil law. In 1611, the States conferred upon him the office of hiftoriographer in conjunction with Meurfius; and in confequence Baudius thereof he wrote The Hiftory of the Truce. is an elegant profe writer, as appears from his Letters, many of which were published after his death. He was alfo an excellent Latin poet. The first edition of his poems was printed in the year 1587: they confift of verses of all the different meafures. He published feparately a book of iambics in 1591, dedicated to Cardinal Bourbon. Some of his poems he dedicated to the King of England; others to the Prince of Wales, in the edition of 1607, and went over to England to prefent them. He died at Leyden in 1613. BAUDOBRIGA (anc. geog.), a town of the Tre- BAUDRAND (Michael Anthony), a celebrated BAUHIN (Cafpar, or Gafpar), younger brother to BAUGE, a drugget manufactured in Burgundy, BAUGE, a fmall town of Anjou in France, feated on BAUHINIA, MOUNTAIN EBONY: A genus of the Species Bauhinia, Bavins. Species. 1. The aculeata, with a prickly ftalk, is very common in Jamaica and other American fugar iflands, where it rifes to the height of 16 or 18 feet, with a crooked ftem, and divides into many irregular branches armed with ftrong short spines, garnished with compound winged leaves, each having two or three pair of lobes ending with an odd one, which are oblique, blunt, and indented at the top. The ftalks are terminated by feveral long fpikes of yellow flowers, which are fucceeded by bordered pods about three inches long, containing two or three fwelling feeds. Thefe pods are glutinous, and have a ftrong balfamic fcent, as have alfo the leaves when bruifed. It is called in America the favin-tree, from its strong odour fomewhat refembling the common favin. 2. The tomentofa, with heart-fhaped leaves, is a native of Campeachy; and rifes to the height of 12 or 14 feet, with a fmooth ftem dividing into many branches, garnished with heart-shaped leaves, having two fmooth-pointed lobes. The extremity of every branch is terminated by a long fpike of yellow flowers, fo that when thefe trees are in flower they make a fine appearance. 3. The acuminata, with oval leaves, is a native of both the Indies; and rifes with several pretty ftrong, upright, fmooth ftems, fending out many flender branches, garnifhed with oval leaves deeply divided into two lobes. The flowers come out at the extremities of the branches, three or four in a loose bunch; fome of the petals are red, or ftriped with white, but others are plain upon the fame branch; the ftamina and ftyle are white, and ftand out beyond the petals. These flowers are fucceeded by long pods of a dark brown colour, each containing five or fix roundish compreffed feeds. The wood of this tree is very hard, and veined with black; whence its name of mountain ebony. 3. The variegata, with heart-shaped leaves, and lobes joining together; this is likewife a native of both the Indies. It rifes with a strong ftem upwards of 20 feet high, dividing into many ftrong branches, garnished with heart-shaped leaves having obtufe lobes which clofe together. The flowers are large, and grow in loose panicles at the extremity of the branches. They are of a purplish red colour marked with white, and have a yellow bottom. The flowers have a very agreeable fcent, and are fucceeded by compressed pods about fix inches long, and three quarters of an inch broad, containing three or four compreffed feeds in each. 5. The divaricata, with oval leaves whofe lobes fpread different ways. This grows naturally in great plenty on the north fide of the ifland of Jamaica. It is a low fhrub, feldom rifing more than five or fix feet high, but divides into feveral branches garnished with oval leaves dividing into two lobes that spread out from each other. The flowers grow in loofe panicles at the end of the branches, have a white colour, and a very agreeable scent. The flowers appear the greateft part of the fummer, fo the plant is one of the greatest beauties of the hot-house. The flowers are fucceeded by taper pods about four inches long, each containing four or five roundish compreffed feeds of a dark colour. Befides thefe, five other species of bauhinia are enumerated, but the above are the most remarkable. All the fpecies of this plant are propagated by feeds, which must be fown on hot-beds, and the plants reared in a bark stove. BAVINS, in war, brush faggots, made with the brush at length. See FASCINES; and FIRE-SHIP, Baum note D. BAUM, in botany. See MELISSA. BAUME (St), a mountain of Provence in France, between Marfeilles and Toulon. Here Mary Magdalen is faid to have died, on which account it is much frequented. BAUME-les-Nones, a town of Franche Comte, with a rich nunnery, feated on the river Doux, in E. Long. 6. 20. N. Lat. 47. 12. Five miles from this town is a remarkable cavern, whose entrance is 20 paces wide; and after defcending 300 paces, the gate of a grotto is feen, twice as large as that of a city. The grotto is 35 paces deep, 60 wide, and is covered with a kind of a vaulted roof, from which water continually drops. There is also a small brook, faid to be frozen in fummer, but not in winter; and at the bottom are ftones that exactly refemble candied citron-peel. When the peafants perceive a mift rifing out of this cave, they affirm that it will certainly rain the next day. BAUMEN, or BAUMAN, a cave of Lower Saxony in Germany, about a mile from Wermigerode, and 18 from Goflar. The entrance is through a rock; and so narrow, that not above one perfon can pass at a time. There are feveral paths in it, which the peasants have turned up, in searching for the bones of animals which they fell for unicorn's horns. Some think this cave, reaches as far as Goflar; but be this as it will, the skeletons of men have been found in it, who are fuppofed to have been loft in the turnings and windings. BAUR (William), an eminent Flemish painter, was born at Strafburg, and was the difciple of Brendel. He was fome time at Rome, where his ftudies were wholly employed about architecture and landscapes, which prevented his studying the antique. He painted fmall figures in diftemper on vellum. He etched with great fpirit. His largeft works are in the historical way. He has given us many of the fieges, and battles, which wasted Flanders in the 16th century. They may be exact, and probably they are: but they are rather plans than pictures; and have little to recommend them but historic truth, and the freedom of the execution. His beft prints are fome characters he has given us of different nations, in which the peculiarities of each are very well preferved. His Ovid is a poor. performance. He died at Vienna in 1640. BAUSK or BAUтKO, a fmall but important town in the duchy of Courland, on the frontiers of Poland, with a strong caftle built on a rock. It was taken by the Swedes in 1625, and by the Ruffians in 1705, after a bloody battle between them and the Swedes. It is feated on the river Mufa, in E. Long. 24. 44. N. Lat. 56. 30. It BAUTRY, or BAWTRY, a town in the weft riding of Yorkshire, on the road from London to York. has long been noted for millstones and grindstones brought hither by the river Idle, on which it is feated. W. Long. 1. o. N. Lat. 53. 27. BAUTZEN, or BUDISSEN, a confiderable town of Germany, and capital of Upper Lufatia, fubject to the elector of Saxony, with a strong citadel. The Proteftants as well as Papifts have here the free exercife of their religion. E. Long. 14. 42. N. Lat. 51. 10 BAUX, a town of Provence in France, with the Baux. Baxter. 43. 42. Bawd title of a marquifate, feated on a rock, at the top of The Romans had their male as well as female BAWDY-Houfe, a houfe of ill fame, to which lewd perfons of both fexes refort, and there have criminal converfation. The keeping a bawdy-houfe is a common nuisance, not only on account that it endangers the public peace by drawing together debauched and idle perfons, and promoting quarrels, but likewife for its tendency to corrupt the manners of the people. And therefore perfons convicted of keeping bawdy-houfes, are punishable by fine and imprisonment; alfo liable to ftand in the pillory, and to fuch other punishment as the court at their discretion fhall inflict. Perfons reforting to a bawdy-houfe are likewife punithable, and they may be bound to their good behaviour. It was always held infamous to keep a bawdy-houfe; yet fome of our hiftorians mention bawdy-houfes publicly allowed here in former times till the reign of Henry VIII. and affign the number to be 18 thus allowed on the bank-fide in Southwark. See STEWS and BRO THEL. Bawdy-houses are licensed in Holland, and pay a confiderable tax to the ftate. BAWLING, among fportfmen, is spoke of the dogs when they are too bufy before they find the fcent good. BAXTER (Richard), an eminent divine among the nonconformifts, was born at Rowton in Shropfhire, November 12. 1615; and diftinguished himfelf by his exemplary life, his pacific and moderate principles, and his numerous writings. He was remarkable for his piety even when he was very young. Upon the opening of the long parliament, he was chofen vicar of Kidderminster. In the heat of the civil wars he withdrew from that town to Coventry, and preached to the garrifon and inhabitants. Cromwell was made protector, he would by no means When Oliver comply with his meafures, though he preached once before him. He came to London juft before the de- pofing of Richard Cromwell, and preached before the parliament the day before they voted the return of king Charles II. who upon his reftoration appointed BAX him one of his chaplains in ordinary. He affifted at Baxter. ] the conference in the Savoy, as one of the commiffioners up a reformed liturgy. He was offered the bishoprick for itating the fundamentals in religion, and then drew of Hereford; which he refufed; affecting no higher preferment than the liberty of continuing minifter of Kidderminster; which he could not obtain, for he thrice after the restoration. Whereupon he returned was not permitted to preach there above twice or till the act of uniformity took place. In 1662, Mr to London, and preached occafionally about the city, Baxter was married to Margaret Charleton, daughter who was esteemed one of the best juftices of the peace to Francis Charleton, Efq; of the county of Salop, in that county. entered thoroughly into her husband's views concernShe was a woman of great piety, and ing religion. During the plague in 1665 he retired. into Buckinghamshire; but afterward returned to Acpired; and then his audience was fo large that he ton, where he ftaid till the act against conventicles exwanted room. Upon this he was committed to prifon but procuring an habeas corpus, he was discharged. After the indulgence in 1672, he returned to in five miles of a corporation. In 1684 he was seized London; and in 1682 he was seized for coming withagain; and in the reign of king James II. was comthe lord chief juftice Jefferies for his Paraphrase on the mitted prifoner to the king's bench, and tried before New Teftament, which was called a fcandalous and fediticus book against the government. He continued in prifon two years; from whence he was at laft difcharged, and had his fine remitted by the king. He Chrift-Church. died December the 8th 1691; and was buried in He tall and flender, and ftooped much: his countenance Lays, |