kingdom of Italy, arose the LombardoVenetian kingdom, under the sovereignty of Austria.-In early times, the chief of an independent state was called king; at a later period, the pope and emperor, as spiritual and secular heads of Christendom, pretended to have the right to make kings, until Frederic III, elector of Brandenburg and duke of Prussia, declared himself king of Prussia. Like other subjects of common interest in European politics, the general acknowledgment of the royal title, in any particular instance, is dependent, to a considerable degree, on the will of the most powerful governments. The following monarchs have the titles enumerated below, in addition to those by which they are usually known. The emperor of Austria is titular king of Jerusalem, actual king of Hungary, Bohemia, the Lombardo-Venetian dominions, Dalmatia, Croatia, Sclavonia, Galicia and Lodomiria; the emperor of Russia has the title of king of Moscow, Kasan, Astracan, Poland, Siberia and the Taurian Chersonesus; the king of Portugal calls himself, also, king of Algarve; the king of Spain, king of Castile, Leon, Arragon, the Two Sicilies, Jerusalem, Navarre, Granada, Toledo, Valencia, Galicia, Majorca, Seville, Sardinia, Cordova, Corsica, Murcia, Jaen, Algarve, Algeziras, Gibraltar, the Canary Islands, the East and West Indies, of the Islands and Terra Firma beyond the sea; the former kings of France called themselves, also, kings of Navarre; at present, like Louis XVI in the time of the revolution, they have the title king of the French; the king of the Two Sicilies calls himself, also, king of Jerusalem; the king of Great Britain (i. e. England and Scotland) is also king of Ireland, and the Brunswick house are kings of Hanover; the king of Denmark calls himself, also, king of the Goths and Vandals, as does, also, the king of Sweden and Norway. Where we have used the phrase "is king," we mean that the countries from which the title is derived are actually existing, distinct states, under one head, as Bohemia and Hungary, which have nothing in common, except their monarch. The same is the case with Sweden and Norway. Many of the titles are empty, antiquated designations, retained from a childish love of pomp. Down to the union of England and Ireland, the kings of England bore the title of kings of France. For information respecting the prerogatives and limitations of the king of England, see Great Britain, division English Constitution.)

KING, William; a learned Irish prelate, who was a native of Antrim, but of Scottish extraction. His zealous opposition to the measures of the Roman Catholic party, in the reign of James II, ensured his preferment after the expulsion of that prince. After holding several inferior offices, he was made, in 1702, archbishop of Dublin. He died May 8, 1729, aged 79. He was distinguished for his wit as well as his learning. Having been disappointed in his expectations of being raised to the primacy of Ireland on the death of archbishop Lindsey, it being assigned as a reason for passing him over, that he was too far advanced in years, he received doctor Boulter, the new primate, at his first visit, without paying him the customary compliment of rising to salute him, apologizing for the apparent incivility by saying, "My lord, I am sure your grace will forgive me, because you know I am too old to rise." Archbishop King is principally known at present as the author of a treatise De Origine Mali, the object of which is to show that the presence of natural and moral evil in the world is not inconsistent with the power and goodness of the Supreme Being. This work provoked the animadversions of the celebrated Bayle, as it impugned his arguments on the Manichean system. Some remarks on it were likewise published by Leibnitz, whose objections, as well as those of other opponents, are considered in the additions to an English translation of the work, by Law, afterwards bishop of Carlisle.

KING, Rufus, a distinguished American orator, statesman and diplomatist, was born in 1755, at Scarborough, in the district of Maine, where his father was an opulent merchant. He was entered at Harvard college, Cambridge, in 1773; but, in 1775, his collegiate pursuits were interrupted by the commencement of the revolutionary war, the buildings appertaining to the institution having become the barracks of the American troops. The students were, in consequence, dispersed until the autumn of the same year, when they re-assembled at Concord, where they remained until the evacuation of Boston by the British forces, in 1776. In 1777, he received his degree, and immediately afterwards entered, as a student of law, into the office of the celebrated Theophilus Parsons, at Newburyport. Before he was admitted to the bar in 1778, he volunteered his services in the enterprise conducted by general Sullivan and count d'Estaign against the British in

Rhode Island, and acted in the capacity of aid-de-camp to the former. In 1780, he began the practice of his profession, and soon after was elected representative of the town of Newburyport, in the legislature or General Court, as it is called, of Massachusetts, where his success paved the way to a seat in the old congress in 1784. His most celebrated effort in the legislature was made in that year, on the occasion of the recommendation by congress to the several states to grant to the general government a five per cent. impost, a compliance with which he advocated with great power and zeal. He was re-elected a member of congress in 1785 and 1786. In the latter year, he was sent by congress, with Mr. Monroe, to the legislature of Pennsylvania, to remonstrate against one of its proceedings. A day was appointed for them to address the legislature, on which Mr. King rose first to speak; but, before he could open his lips, he lost the command of his faculties, and, in his confusion, barely retained presence of mind enough to request Mr. Monroe to take his place. Meanwhile, he recovered his selfpossession, and on rising again, after complimenting his audience by attributing his misfortune to the effect produced upon him by so august an assemblage, proceeded to deliver an elegant and masterly speech. In 1787, when the general convention met at Philadelphia for the purpose of forming a constitution for the country, Mr. King was sent to it by the legislature of Massachusetts, and, when the convention of that state was called, in order to discuss the system of government proposed, was likewise chosen a member of it by the inhabitants of Newburyport. In both assemblies, he was in favor of the present constitution. In 1788, he removed to New York city. In 1789, he was elected a member of the New York legislature, and, during its extra session, in the summer of that year, general Schuyler and himself were chosen the first senators from the state, under the constitution of the U. States. In 1794, the British treaty was made public, and, a public meeting of the citizens of New York having been called respecting it, Mr. King and general Hamilton attended to explain and defend it; but the people were in such a ferment, that they were not allow ed to speak. They therefore retired, and immediately commenced the publication of a series of essays upon the subject, under the signature of Camillus, the first ten of which, relating to the permanent articles of the treaty, were written by

general Hamilton, and the remainder, relative to the commercial and maritime articles, by Mr. King. The most celebrated speech made by Mr. King, in the senate of the U. States, was in this year, concerning a petition which had been presented by some of the citizens of Pennsylvania against the right of Albert Gallatin to take a seat in the senate, to which he had been chosen by that state, on the ground of want of legal qualification, in consequence of not having been a citizen of the U. States for the requisite number of years. Mr. King spoke in support of the petition, and in answer to a speech of Aaron Burr in favor of Mr Gallatin. Mr. Gallatin was excluded. In the spring of 1796, Mr. King was appointed, by president Washington, minister plenipotentiary to the court of St. James, having previously declined the offer of the department of state. The functions of that post he continued to discharge until 1803, when he returned home. In 1813, he was a third time sent to the senate by the legislature of New York, at a period when the nation was involved in hostilities with Great Britain. His speech on the burning of Washington by the enemy, was one of his most eloquent displays, and teemed with sentiments which had echoes from all parties. In 1816, whilst engaged with his senatorial duties at Washington, he was proposed as a candidate for the chief magistracy of the state of New York, by a convention of delegates from several of its counties. The nomination was made without his knowledge, and it was with great reluctance that he acceded to it, at the earnest solicitation of his friends. He was not, however, elected. In 1820, he was reelected to the senate of the U. States, where he continued until the expiration of the term, in March, 1825. Several of the laws which he proposed and carried, in that interval, were of great consequence. In the famous Missouri question, he took the lead. On his withdrawal from the senate, he accepted from president Adams, the appointment of minister plenipotentiary at the court of London. During the voyage to England, his health was sensibly impaired. He remained abroad a twelvemonth, but his illness impeded the performance of his official duties, and proved fatal soon after his return home. He died like a Christian philosopher, April 29, 1827, in the 73d year of his age. The name of Mr. King is conspicuous in the annals of the American Union, in connexion, not merely with the history of

parties, but with that of the formation and establishment of the federal republican system. Politicians of every denomination bore testimony to the value of his public services, and the eminence of his talents and virtues.

KING AT ARMS, in heraldry; an officer formerly of great authority, whose business is to direct the heralds, preside at their chapters, and have the jurisdiction of armory. The origin of the title is doubtful. There are three kings at arms in England-Garter, Clarencieux, and Norroy; the first is called principal king at arms, the two others provincial kings. Clarencieux is said to be derived from Clarence, brother of Henry V, first king at arms for the south of England. Norroy (Norman French, northern king) is king at arms for the north of England. There are also Lion king at arms for Scotland, and Ulster king at arms for Ireland.

KING-CRAB (limulus polyphemus). This well known inhabitant of the northern coasts of the U. States is distinguished from its kindred species by having seven spines on the upper part of the thorax and three on the upper part of the abdomen: the superior surface of the tail is also provided with numerous spines. The female, including the tail, is about two feet in length, the male somewhat less. It should be noticed that the spines on the thorax and abdomen, although very acute and prominent when the animal is young, become more obtuse as it advances in age, so that, when full grown, they are obsolete, their situation being designated by a tubercle somewhat browner than the surrounding shell. They occur in great profusion in Delaware bay, in the inlets of the New Jersey coast, &c. These crustaceous animals never swim, but change their situations by crawling slowly along on the bottom. The feet are completely hidden by the shell. If, when cast on shore by the waves, they should unfortunately be thrown on their back, they cannot recover their proper position. Hogs are very fond of them, and it is said that these animals appear to know of the inability of the king-crab to escape if it be turned on its back, and take advantage of the circumstance by reversing as many as they can before they proceed to satisfy their appetite. When irritated, they elevate their tail, but are incapable of using it as a weapon of defence, They are never eaten by man, though the eggs are said to form an article of food in China. These are deposited by the female in a hole of considerable width, but little depth,

which she forms between high and low water mark. The eyes of this animal, according to the observations of Mr. André, consist of a great number of very small cones.

KINGFISHER (alcedo, Lin.). This genus of birds is distinguished by having an elongated, robust, straight, tetragonal, acute bill, with its margins finely crenate-fimbriate; feet robust; wings rather short; body thick and compact; head large and elongated; plumage thick and glossy. They occur in all parts of the world, especially in warm climates, there being but one species in Europe and one in the U. States. The kingfisher frequents the banks of rivers, and is almost always found alone, perched on a branch of a tree projecting over the water, where it remains motionless for hours, watching till some fish comes under its station, when it dives perpendicularly downwards into the water, and brings up its prey with its feet, carries it to land, where it beats it to death, and swallows it entire, afterwards casting up the scales, and other indigestible parts, in the form of balls. There is, perhaps, no animal respecting which the imagination of mankind has invented more fables than respecting this bird. The ancients supposed that it built its nest upon the ocean

Incubat halcyone pendentibus æquore nidis. Ovid. But, as this floating cradle would be likely to be destroyed by storms, they endowed the bird with powers to lull the raging of the waves during the period of incubation: hence those tranquil days near the solstice were termed halcyon days; and, that the voyager might want no accomplishment, they attributed it to the charm of song.* But these were not all the wonderful attributes of the kingfisher. Whatever branch it perched on became withered; the body, when dried, preserved clothes from the moth; and, still more extraordinary, it preserved, where it was kept, the peace of families, and was not only a safeguard against thunder, but also augmented hidden treasures. But it is not to the fanciful genius of the ancients alone, that this bird is indebted for wonderful attributes. According to Gmelin, the feathers of the kingfisher are employed by the Tartars and Ostiaks for many superstitious practices. The former pluck them, cast them into the water, and carefully preserve such as float, pretending that if with one of these feathers they * Cum sonat halcyones cantu, nidosque natantes Immota gestat, sopitis fluctibus, unda. Sil. Ital.

touch a woman, or even her clothes, she must fall in love with them. The Ostiaks preserve the skin about their persons as an amulet against every ill. But it is not these barbarous nations only that entertain extravagant notions in regard to this bird. It is believed by some persons, that if the body of a kingfisher be suspended by a thread, by some magnetic influence, its breast always turns to the north. The species inhabiting the U. States (A. alcyon) is distinguished by being of a bluish slate color, with a ferruginous band on the breast, and a spot before and behind the eyes, a large collar round the neck, and the vent white: the head has an elevated crest. It inhabits the whole continent, from Hudson's bay on the north to the equator, and perhaps even still farther south, migrating in cold and temperate regions. (See Wils. Am. Orn., vol. iii, p. 59.)

KING'S ADVOCATE. (See Advocate of the Crown.)

KING'S BENCH. (See Courts of Justice, division Courts of England.)

KING'S COLLEGE (London). This new institution received the royal charter August 14, 1829, and was brought forward under the patronage of the government and the church. The course of education in King's college is divided into a higher and a lower department. The latter division consists of a school for the reception of day scholars, and is distinct from the higher, and intended to afford an education preparatory to it. The studies pursued are the classics, elements of mathematics, English literature and composition, and some modern languages, if desired. In the former are comprehended religion and morals, classical literature, mathematics, philosophy, logic, political economy, history, English literature and composition, foreign languages, and subjects connected with particular professions. No person, not a member of the established church, can hold any office of government or instruction in the college, except the professorships of Oriental literature and modern languages. The building forms the eastern wing of Somerset house, comprising a chapel, hall, library, lecture rooms, residences for the professors, &c. (See Universities, and London University.)-King's college is also the name of one of the colleges at the university of Cambridge, England. (See Cambridge.)

KING'S THEATRE, or ITALIAN OPERAHOUSE, is a fashionable place of amusement in the British metropolis, Haymarket.

The performances consist of Italian operas and ballets, and the performers are the most celebrated from the Italian and French stages. The interior is very magnificent, and is nearly as large as the celebrated theatre of La Scala, at Milan. The stage, within the walls, is 60 feet long and 80 broad, and the space across from the boxes on each side, 46 feet. Each box is enclosed by curtains, according to the fashion of the Neapolitan theatres, and is furnished with six chairs. There are five tiers of boxes, all of which are private property, or are let out for the season to persons of rank and fashion. The boxes will accommodate about 900 persons, the pit 800, and the gallery 800. The opera usually opens for the season in January, and continues its performance, on Tuesdays and Saturdays, till August.

KINGSTON; a seaport on the south coast of Jamaica, constituted a city in 1802, situated on a bay or inlet of the sea, in which there is safe anchorage. It was founded in 1693, after the destruction of Port Royal by an earthquake in the preceding year. It has been of late greatly extended, and has many handsome houses. It has two churches, one Episcopal, the other Presbyterian. There is, besides, a theatre, a free-school, established in 1729, a poor-house, and a public hospital. Population-whites, 10,000; people of color, 2500; free negroes, 2500; slaves, 17,000; total, 33,000. 10 miles east of Spanish Town. Lon. 76° 33′ W.; lat. 18° N.

KINGSTON, Elizabeth, duchess of, was born in 1720, and was the daughter of colonel Chudleigh, governor of Chelsea college, who, dying while she was young, left her almost unprovided for. She resided with her mother, who, through the interest of Pulteney, afterwards earl of Bath, procured her the post of maid of honor to the princess of Wales, the mother of George III. Her wit and beauty procured her many admirers, and, in spite of the levity of her manners, a serious offer of marriage from the duke of Hamilton. But while that nobleman was on the continent, Mrs. Hanmer, the aunt of miss Chudleigh, with whom she was on a visit, persuaded her niece to marry privately captain Hervey, a naval officer, afterwards earl of Bristol. She soon conceived a violent dislike of her husband, heightened by the discovery that she had been deceived into an opinion that the duke of Hamilton had forgotten her. Her marriage, which took place August 4, 1744, was kept a secret; and her refusal of ad

vantageous proposals of marriage which she subsequently received, offended her mother, and subjected her to reproaches, which induced her to go abroad. She went in company with a major in the army, with whom she proceeded to Berlin, where they parted. She is said to have been well received by the king of Prussia, and also at the court of Dresden; and, on her return to England (as miss Chudleigh), she resumed her situation as maid of honor. Desirous of breaking off her union with captain Hervey, she adopted the infamous expedient of tearing the leaf out of the parish register, in which her marriage was entered; but, repenting of this step in consequence of her husband's succeeding to the peerage, she contrived to have the leaf replaced. Not long after, the duke of Kingston made her a matrimonial offer, on which she endeavored to procure a divorce from lord Bristol. He at first opposed her scheme; but at length he assented to it, and she obtained the wished-for separation. March 8, 1769, she was openly married to Evelyn Pierrepont, duke of Kingston, on whose death, in 1773, she found herself left mistress of a splendid fortune under the condition of her not again becoming a wife. But she did not enjoy her riches undisturbed. The heirs of the duke commenced a suit against her for bigamy, as having been divorced by an incompetent tribunal. She was tried before the house of lords, and was found guilty; but, on her pleading the privilege of peerage, the usual punishment of burning in the hand was remitted, and she was discharged on paying the fees of office. Her property had been so secured that it was not affected by this process. The remainder of her life was spent abroad, and she died at her seat near Fontainebleau, in France, Aug. 28, 1788.

KINSBERGEN, John Henry van, a Dutch admiral, born May 1, 1735, at Doesborg in Guelderland, died 1820, 84 years old. From his 9th year, he served in the army, and from the age of 14 in the navy, in which he made his way with uncommon rapidity, from the rank of a cadet to that of a vice-admiral. With the permission of the Dutch government, he entered the Russian service in 1767, at the commencement of the war against the Turks. Kinsbergen enjoyed the unlimited confidence of Catharine II, of which he proved himself worthy, by his brilliant success in an engagement on the Black sea, when, with five ships of 40 guns, and some smaller men of war, he captured the

whole Turkish fleet of 13 ships of the line. In this battle, several celebrated naval movements were first attempted by him, which have since been generally adopted. His memorial to Catharine, On the Free Navigation of the Black Sea, recommended his political talents to the notice of the empress, who loaded him with marks of esteem. Kinsbergen returned to his country in 1776, and was employed to negotiate a treaty with the emperor of Morocco, in which he was successful. On the famous day of the Dogger-bank (August 5, 1781), so honorable to the Dutch marine, Kinsbergen commanded, under admiral Zoutman, seven ships of the line, and had the principal merit of the victory over the English admiral Parker. After the peace of Paris of 1783, the empress of Russia and the king of Denmark endeavored to induce Kinsbergen to enter their respective marines; but he refused every offer. During the war of the French revolution, he was of great assistance to his country, particularly in the campaigns of 1793 and 1794. After the unsuccessful campaign of 1795, and the change of administration, Kinsbergen remained in retirement, declining the most brilliant offers. Even Schimmelpenninck, his personal friend, could not tempt him from his retreat, where he occupied himself in study, agricultural pursuits, and the education of the lower classes. King Louis Napoleon appointed him first chamberlain, count of Doggerbank, counsellor of state, and gave him the grand cross of the order of the union. But he could not induce him to leave his country-seat in Guelderland, in the neighborhood of Appeldoorn, nor to accept any of the salaries which were connected with these appointments. After the union of Holland with France, in 1810, Napoleon also endeavored to gain him over, and appointed him senator. Kinsbergen could not refuse the dignity, but he declined the income connected with it. Master of a large fortune, he applied it to benevolent and useful institutions. Few men have left a name equally deserving esteem. He was a member of many orders, and a member and correspondent of the principal learned societies. As a writer on navigation and tactics, he is an authority. His maps, including those of the Crimea, are excellent.

KIOSK; a summer-house, with a tentshaped roof, open on all sides, and isolated. It is supported by pillars (commonly placed in a square), round the foot of which is a balustrade." It is built of wood, straw, or