trorse and adnate, usually subapical rather than strictly terminal, and its two cells incline to open lengthwise. The ten proper stamens are just as in the normal flower, except that they are erect or at length recurved, and the anthers wholly free, there being no pouches to receive them. The pistil is wholly normal, and there is nothing apparent to prevent the ovules from being fertilized and maturing seed. — A. GRAY.

OCCURRENCE OF RARE PLANTS IN ILLINOIS. - There are in " Gray's Manual" some species noted as rare which grow in the vicinity of Peoria: Silene nivea DC., Napra dioica L., Polygala incarnata L., Cacalia suareolens L., Asclepias Meadii A. Gr., Pogonia pendula Ldl., Liparis Læselii Rich., Aplectrum hyemale Nutt., Panicum autumnale Bosc., Zannichellia palustris L., in great abundance; and in St. Clair county, Eleocharis quadrangulata R. Br.

There are a number of species which could, from the habitats given in "Gray's Manual," be taken as not growing in Illinois, though they do; they are Arenaria lateriflora L., Flærkea proserpinacoides Willd., Agrimonia parviflora Ait., Archangelica atropurpurea Hoffm., Lonicera flavo Sims, Aster æstivus Ait., Solidago neglecta T. Gr., Gnaphalium purpureum L. (only one found), Troximon cuspidatum Ph. (noted as reaching to North Illinois), Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Spr., Lysimachia thyrsiflora L., Utricularia intermedia Hayne, Phlox reptans Michx.(?), Fraxinus sambucifolia Lam., Aristolochia serpentaria L., Dirca palustris L., Carya tomentosa Nutt., Salix myrtilloides L., Orchis spectabilis L., Trillium nivale Ridd., Triglochin maritimum L., Potamogeton pectinatum L., Allium tricoccum Ait., Carex arida Schw. Torr, C. filiformis L., C. lanuginosa Michx., C. longirostris Torr., Equisetum variegatum Schleich., Asplenium angustifolium Michx., occur around Peoria.

I have seen Arabis lyrata L., on the limestone rocks near Galena, and Collinsia verna Nutt., in Fulton county. In Southern Illinois I have collected Vitis indivisa Willd., V. bipinnata T. Gr., Heuchera villosa Michx., Fedia radiata Michx., Celtis Mississippiensis (near Cairo) Quercus phellos L., Cyperus virens Michx., Paspalum Walterianum Schult., P. læve Michx., Camptosorus rhizophyllus Link (at Falling Spring, opposite St. Louis). F. BRENDEL.

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ZOOLOGY.

EARLY ARRIVAL OF GEESE. - A flock of forty gecse (Anser Canadensis) were observed passing over Glace Bay, Cape Breton, steering north on the 23d of February. This is at least a fortnight earlier than I have ever known them to appear in Nova Scotia.-J. MATTHEW JONES, Halifur, N. S.

HYBRID FOWLS. In answer to a query in the NATURALIST for March, as to the hybridation of Pintados, I might state that an instance of the kind alluded to came under my notice in the year 1845, where the cross was the more singular one of a male turkey and a female Guinea hen.

There were upwards of twenty eggs laid by the hen, and incubation had progressed until within about two days of hatching, when a marauding opossum found the nest and destroyed all but two of the eggs. These were hatched, and grew to maturity, evincing a singular combination of the form and habits of their incongruous parentage.

The birds were forwarded to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, where their skins were mounted, and I believe are still to be seen. I forwarded an account to the Academy at the time, and they were made the subject of a report by the late Dr. Morton. I have not the Proceedings of the Academy by me, but I believe the account will be found in the volume for 1846.

The Guineas are very strong in their attachments, and the old gobbler had to do the agreeable to his wife and children all summer whether he would or no. - WILLIAM KITE.

We have at the Central Park a pair of hybrid fowls, which I consider as a cross between the common and Guinea fowl. They are large boned; have the cackel but not the horny casque and wattles of the Guinea fowl. Instead of the feathers being speckled they are marked with fine wavy lines. Tegetmeier says the hybrids between these fowls are rare but when produced are perfectly sterile, being incapable of reproduction between themselves or with either of the species from which they were derived. WILLIAM A. CONKLIN.

In answer to a query in the NATURALIST of March, I would say that there was a fowl in St. Augustine of this state, that was a cross between the dung-hill fowl and Guinea hen. I have heard of two other instances, but have no positive proof, except in this one instance.-C. H. NAUMAN.

HYBRID RABBIT. On the 13th of October a rabbit was shot in the woods in this vicinity, which the most superficial observers readily decide to be a hybrid between our common wild rabbit and the English domesticated species. Both are common here; the former in a wild state, the latter in coops and pens, from which they often escape to the adjacent woods. In this individual the characters of the two are so equally blended as to leave no doubt as to its parentage. It is well mounted in my cabinet. J. P. KIRKLAND.

TURKEY BUZZARD. Can a Turkey Buzzard be deceived by his sense of smell? I have noticed several instances in which skunks have been eaten by buzzards within a few hours after they were killed; and in all cases the creature had given out a great amount of his odor; those which were odorless being allowed to lie as long as other animals. Did the buzzards mistake the skunk's scent for putrefaction? -J. L. B., Colora, Md. DOUBLE HEADED SNAKES. Within the last ten years I have had in my possession two specimens of doubled headed Snakes. One was accidentally lost, the other is before me, preserved in alcohol. The latter lived some weeks after it was captured and would sustain itself on flies which it seized with one of its mouths; the other seemed always to be passive

and of no use. Both specimens were the young of our Water Snake, Regina leberis of B. and G. — W. KIRKLAND.

REPRODUCTIONS OF LIMBS. - M. Phileppeaux has proved for fish what he had already demonstrated in the case of newts, viz.: that when the limb is removed below the scapula or ilium it is reproduced. But when the scapula or ilium is removed no reproduction takes place. — Monthly Microscopical Journal.

DOES THE PRAIRIE DOG REQUIRE ANY WATER?-The following may throw some light on the question. October 26th, 1869, I received two prairie dogs from Cheyenne. The dogs were kept in my laboratory under my own eye, and I am sure have drank no water from that time to the present, nearly six months. March 11th and April 3d I placed a dish of water before them. Each time they merely smelt of it, and turned away without drinking a drop. They were fed on nuts, corn, apples, cabbage leaves, celery tops, etc. During the months of December, January and February, they were taking their winter nap, and of course ate nothing. B. C. JILLSON, M. D., Pittsburgh, Pa.

AN ALBINO TURKEY BUZZARD (Cathartes aura Illig) was shot near here about a month since, and a white black duck (Anas obscura Gm.), was seen a few days ago. CHARLES H. NAUMAN, Smyrna, Fla.

ALBINO SNOW BIRD. - November 16th last, I shot an albino snow bird, Nipleæa hyemalis. The bird was with a flock of its species, and attracted. my attention by its singular whiteness. It is a male, and possessed no peculiarity that I have discovered except its plumage, which was chiefly snow-white. - WILLIAM P. ALCOTT, North Greenwich, Conn.

ALBINO RATS. - Colonies of albino rats are becoming quite common in the city of Cleaveland and its suburbs. I have a live specimen caged, which if freed from its odor, would form an interesting pet. Its fur and hair are pure white, and its eyes pink colored. No squirrel could be more active and playful. Much of its time is spent in washing its face and smoothing down its coat of hair and fur.

THE LITTLE STRIPED SKUNK IN CENTRAL IOWA. - An animal of this beautiful species was killed in this town (Grinnell, Iowa), February 12th, and brought to me to be stuffed for the College cabinet. It has been considered a Texas and California species, but I am informed by Professor Baird that it has been found as far north as Neosho Falls, Kansas; also that he regards the markings as distinctive of the species. My specimen is not much larger than a Western Fox Squirrel. It has all the characters of Mephitis bicolor Gray, as described in Baird's "General Report."-H. W. PARKER, Grinnell, Iowa.

THE RUBY CROWNED KINGLET. - In regard to the query of Mr. Allen about the ruby crowned kinglet, I would say that I obtained ten or twelve specimens in May and June on the Yukon River, Alaska, all of which had the red crown, and proved on examination to be males. I never saw a

female of this species in that region, and noted the fact as remarkable at the time.

I notice among the notes in regard to the Massachusetts ducks, the statement that the mallard pintail and black duck do not dive for their food. My own observations do not entirely confirm this theory. The black duck is most common on the lagoons in the low ground of the Yukon marshes, and, with others, feeds principally on the roots of the Equisetæ, which in the spring are under water from six inches to two feet, until the river falls and leaves them dry, or nearly so. I cannot say that I have seen them dive often, but I have certainly done so on one or two occasions. This species was not found on the sea-coasts of that region.

The pintail is very common on both coast and river, and I have seen them dive apparently for food, hundreds of times. Indeed, they are extremely expert at it, and are only excelled by the true sea ducks, such as the old squaw. The same is true of the mallard, which is more common on the deeper lagoons and on the coasts, than on the shallows by the river, according to my observations. It is, however, not impossible that their habits may vary somewhat in different localities. - W. H. DALL.

THE MARSH HARRIER. About all our meadows and wherever mice are numerous this beautiful species is very abundant. During the past and present month we have seen, we believe, at least a hundred of them, all females. Where are the pale blue gray male birds? We have yet to see the first specimen this year. We have never seen a dozen in as many years. Is this absence of male harriers as noticeable elsewhere? Have others called attention to it? This species, Circus Hudsonius, nidificates in this state, yet even in the neighborhoods of the nests, we have been unable to find the male bird. We have noticed this hawk lately engaged in tearing open the ridges formed by the burrowing of the mole (Scalops aquaticus), and once saw the bird overtake and kill the beast, but it would or did not devour it. Will any hawk eat so offensively smelling an animal as this Scalops is? - CHARLES C. ABBOTT, M.D.

NIGHT HERONS. During the past four months a yard within city limits. in Trenton, N. J., bordering on the river, and having considerable left it of undisturbed nature, has presented a feature of interest, in the daily presence of a male, female and three young night herons (Nyctiardea Gardeni). This bird is common with us during the summer, but not about the usual thoroug.fares, or even by-ways of the people. They breed in unfrequented swampy localities exclusively, when with us. Stragglers are occasionally met with about springs in mid-winter, but never before, as in this case, in town. The little colony mentioned remain during the day in the large pines in the yard, seldom moving about until sundown, when they visit the little pond, and spring brook in the grounds, which, in consequence of the mild winter, have remained comparatively warm, and the vegetation about them green. In this pond the

frogs have been as active and abundant as during the summer, which fact we suppose has been the principal cause of the continued presence of the herons. On these frogs and the many gold-fish, these birds have subsisted daily since early in November. Occasionally they have visited the river shore, but not from the river have they apparently secured any important quantity of food. These five birds are probably a family raised in the neighborhood, and must have remained together during the early autumn, which is an unusual proceeding. It will be of interest to watch their farther movements to see if, during the coming summer, they will be as indifferent to the proximity of man, and if next winter they will also remain in a yard in town. - DR. CHARLES C. ABBOTT.

SONG OF THE SONG-SPARROW.-Throughout the winter, and at this time (April 11th), we are having with us a great abundance of sparrows, especially the one above mentioned (Melospiza melodia). While their numbers have been generally noticed and commented upon, there has been one other feature connected with them, that to an ornithologist is interesting and equally noticeable, i.e. a marked change of notes or song. In fact, this change induced me to think, at first, that the new notes were those of another bird; but a careful examination has shown the birds of the new and old song, to be one and the same. We have seen as well as heard the same bird warble first the old time song and follow immediately with the new notes. Giving, as the best illustration of their old song, Pres-pres-pres-Pres-by-teee-rian; we can best show the variation by describing the new as Fee-o, Fee-o, twit-ta, twit-ta, twit-ta, fee! Hearing these notes, at first, in the one locality (Trenton, N. J.), we thought possibly they might have been uttered by but one individual; but since, we have shown this not to be the case, by finding the same variations of song, in various and widely separated localities. Is such a change of notes a common occurrence, in a species having so uniform a song as this species is known or supposed to have? - CHARLES C. ABBOTT, M. D.

GEOLOGY.

GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS. - Professor C. F. Hartt of Cornell University, with his associate, Professor A. N. Prentiss, and nine assistants, sailed June 23 for Brazil, to study the geology of north-eastern Brazil and the right bank of the Amazon. Another aim of the expedition is to explore the coast from Para down to Pernambuco, and investigate the coral reefs of this part of the coast.

About the same date Professor O. C. Marsh, of Yale College led an expedition, composed of students and recent graduates, to the Rocky Mountains, where he will spend several months and collect the vertebrate fossils of Nebraska, Dakota, and Wyoming. The party will then go to California, and visit some of the principal geological localities on the Pacific coast, after which they will return through Colorado and Kansas, reaching New Haven probably in November.