Fig. 121.

a

etrate the solid wood an equal distance. It is supposed that three years are required to mature the insect. Various expedients have been tried to arrest their course, but without effect. A stream, thrown into the tops of trees from the hydrant, is often used with good success to dislodge other insects; but the borerbeetles, when thus disturbed, take wing and

d

branches of some of the trees have been washed over with

Fig. 122.

b

Monohammus titillator, larva and pupa.

various preparations without benefit. Boring the trunk near the ground, and putting in sulphur and other drugs, and plugging, have been tried with as little effect.

The city of Philadelphia has suffered grievously from this borer.

Dr. Swift remarks, in 1844, that "the trees in Washington and Independence Squares were first observed to have been attacked about seven years ago. Within two years it has been found necessary to cut down forty-seven European lindens in the former square alone, where there now remain only a few American lindens, and these a good deal eaten." In New England this beetle should be

looked for during the first half of June.

The Poplar tree is infested by another species of Saperda (S. calcarata of Say). This is a much larger beetle than

those above mentioned, being an inch or a little more in length. It is gray, irregularly striped with ochre, and the wing-covers end in a sharp point. The grub (Fig. 119a; b, top view of the head; c, under side) is about two inches long and whitish yellow. It has, with that of the Broad-necked Prionus (P. laticollis of Drury, Fig. 120 and pupa), as Harris states, "almost entirely destroyed the Lombardy poplar in this vicinity (Boston). It bores in the trunks, and the

Fig. 123.

a

beetle flies by night in August and September. We also figure the larva of another borer (Fig. 121c; a, top view of the head; b, under side; e, dorsal view of an abdominal segment; d, end of the body, showing its peculiar form), the Saperda inornata of Say, the beetle of which is black, with ash gray hairs, and without spines on the elytra. It is much smaller than any of the foregoing species, being nine-twentieths of an inch in length. Its habits are not known. We also figure, from the manuscript work of Abbot, the larva and pupa (Fig. 122, a, pupa; b, larva) of Monohammus titillator of Fabricius, but he does not state on what tree it feeds. We copy also a figure of the larva and pupa of Chion cinctus (Fig. 123, a, pupa; b, larva), from the same work. The author gives no account of its habits.

Chion cinctus, larva and pupa.

SPRINGTIME ON THE YUKON.

BY W. H. DALL.

HAVING joined the readers of the NATURALIST in a winter day's journey on the Ulukuk portage not long since, we may, if so inclined, try our fortune again together, in the

more pleasant springtime, and gather what facts we may of interest and value during another day, spent on the great river of the northwest, and its shores.

The spring, after the middle of March, comes on with eager steps in the Yukon Territory. The days lengthen so rapidly that the change is almost perceptible from one day to another. The great snow blanket, from six to eight feet thick, which covers the whole country, sinks and hardens from day to day. A tremulous mist, quivering like the hot air above a heated iron, hovers over the brilliant surface of the snow crust, and to this is due the painful inflammation of the eyes (conjunctivitis) which is only too familiar to the northern voyageur under the name of "snow blind." To avoid it, we don a pair of dark green glass goggles, or the wooden goggles of the Eskimo, which admit the light only through a narrow slit in the blackened wood, warding off the reflected light; yet even through these the surface of a hill or river appears most dazzling, so intense is the snow glare. Early in April the long hot days and short nights are felt and their results indicated, by the water which covers and softens the ice sheets on lakes and rivers. Shirt sleeves are the rule, and open casements let in the unaccustomed sunlight without stint, while the dark parchment windows of winter are laid aside.

On the tenth of April, though the whole country was white with the half melted snow sheet, flies, to all appearance the familiar blue bottle and housefly, clustered in myriads on the sunny side of the wall of the Nuláto trading post. The same day I found the velvety crimson catkin of the alder (how many of our readers have ever seen it?) side by side with the silvery one of the river willow, and searching among the poplars for new arrivals, brought down a white-winged crossbill, the first of the season. A day or two later, the turfed roof of my log dwelling was alive with small steel green beetles, redolent with a musky odor, and by carefully scanning the few spears of dry grass and green

tufts of moss which appeared above the surface of the snow, I found several other smaller species sunning themselves, unconscious of the presence of an enemy. The short-tailed field mice (Arvicola xanthognathus and A. Gapperi) were waking up to a sense of the situation and enjoying themselves on the river bank wherever a projecting root or stone offered a shelter from the keen eyes of the numerous hawks which ever and anon sailed overhead. Another reason for coming abroad was, that the melting snow was making their underground establishments very damp and uncomfortable.

The Canada jay, known all over the northern country by the less euphonious name of "whiskey jack,” had already laid and almost hatched its eggs. The goshawk and the duckhawk (Astur atricapillus and Falco anatum) had put their nests in order, and some of them had one egg as an earnest of what was coming. The ptarmigan (Lagopus albus) began to show rich dark brown feathers on the head and neck and on the edges of the wings. Owls (Syrnium cinereum, Nyctea nivea, Nyctale Tengmalmi, etc.), were abundant and attending to pressing domestic affairs.

Toward the end of April I climbed a tall, dead stump, once a noble birch (Betula incana?), and found, in the cavity at the upper end, six smooth white eggs. While transferring them to my knapsack the head of the family came home, and careless of personal risk or even death, dashed wildly about my head, knocking off a loose cloth cap which I wore, and screaming with sorrow and anger. The female owl, for it was a hawk owl's nest (Surnia ulula), soon joined him; and they flew to the top of a neighboring spruce, uttering cries of indignation to each other. Reaching the ground I soon quieted them, bringing both down with a single shot, and thus devoted the whole family to the interests of science.

On the third of May, Kurilla, my indefatigable Indian hunter, killed a white-cheeked brant (Bernicla leucopareia) and two ducks, a mallard and a golden eye (Bucephala

Americana), receiving therefor the usual perquisite of a pound of tobacco for the first goose of the season. From this time forward, wild fowl might be expected in abundance. On the twelfth of May the ice came down with a rush in the small rivers; and that on the Yukon grew every day more unsafe. No salmon were to be expected for some weeks, but large numbers of "blanket fish" (a species of Thymallus) were to be seen ascending the small rivers. They would not take the hook, though the greatest inducements were offered, nor will any other fish found in the Yukon, as far as I know.

The ice on the Yukon breaks up about the twentieth of May. The earliest season known for many years brought open water on the sixteenth, and the latest on the twentyfifth of the month.

On the twentieth of May I saw a fine specimen of the Camberwell beauty (Vanessa antiopa) and after that other butterflies were not uncommon, though they are more plenty toward the middle of June.

Waiting until the ice and logs are well out of the river and the freshet has somewhat subsided, let us take a small skin canoe and spend a day on the river. The sun is bright and warm; the weather clear and delightful; every living thing is pulsating with the energetic life of the Arctic spring. A gun, ammunition, axe, teakettle, and a few other indispensable articles constitute our equipment.

Shoving off from the muddy shore of the Nuláto riverbank, the blood springs, and the nerves tingle with the smart strokes of the paddle, which send us shooting over the turbid waters; laden as they are with sticks, refuse, and small cakes of ice, the remnants of the freshet, which last has carried the heavier logs and larger fragments seaward some days ago.

Hugging the bank to avoid the swifter current, the feathery willows and glistening tender leaves of the poplar (P. balsamifera) overshadow us, and small curculionid