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THE PRISON-WORLD OF EUROPE.
From Original and Authentic Documents.
BY
HEPWORTH DIXON.
WITH AN INTRODUCTORY ESSAY
BY RICHARD W. DICKINSON, D.D.
"HE LIVED An Apostle, aND DIED A MARTYR."
BENTHAM (trans.)
SLIGHTLY ABRIDGED.
NEW YORK:
ROBERT CARTER & BROTHERS, No. 285 BROADWAY.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
THE PRISON WORLD BEFORE THE DAYS OF HOWARD.
Prison Science at the Dawn of the eighteenth Century-Inter-
esting Discovery-Dr. Bray-His Labors and Writings-
Vast Abuses in Prisons-Suggestions for Reform-Parlia-
mentary Commission of Inquiry-Startling Disclosures of
the Metropolitan Gaols-The Marshalsea-Master Debtors
and common Debtors-Case of Thomas Bliss-Torture em-
ployed for Sport-The Dead and the Living: a disgusting
Cruelty-The Fleet-The Wardenship Private Property-
Treatment of Prisoners-Connivance at Escapes-Defiance
of the Law-Sponging-Houses-Case of Mr. Castell-Power
of Money-Sufferings of Captain Mackpheadris-Avarice
and Malice—Case of Captain David Sinclair
CHAPTER II.
YOUTH-EDUCATION-SUFFERING.
Uncertainty as to the Place and Date of Howard's Birth-His
Parentage--Childhood Common-place-Early Education-
Rev. Mr. Worsley-Sent to School in London-John Eames,
the F.R.S.-Howard's Schoolfellow, Price-Nature and
Intention of Howard's Education-Bound Apprentice to a
Grocer-Independence of Labor versus Independence of
Property--Life in the Warehouse, its Results in the Forma-
tion of Character-Death of the elder Howard-His Will-
Howard's first Journey into France and Italy-Dilettantism
-His Love of Art-His Return to England-Sickness-His
first Marriage-Death of his Wife-Leaves for Lisbon-Is
captured by a French Privateer-Dungeons of Brest-Hor-
rible Sufferings-His Release-His Philanthropic Efforts in
favor of other Captives crowned with Success
PAGE
31
58
CHAPTER III.
HOME LIFE AT CARDINGTON.
Howard settles at Cardington-His Way of Life there-Philos-
ophy of Labor-Henrietta Leeds-Howard's second Mar-
riage-Curious Domestic Treaty-Lack of Sincerity in the
World-Howard's Intellectual and Moral building up-
Puritanism and the Classics-Howard's scientific Studies-
Made F.R.S.-Contributions to the Society's Transactions
-Hebrew Ideas in his Character-Building and Planting-
Strange Heresies regarding Property-Removal to Witcombe
-Tactics of a Military Neighbor-Hostilities overcome-
Return to Cardington-Alterations-Model Cottages and
Schools-The Education of the Poor-Rapid Improvement
of the Village-The Whitbread Family-Sudden Death of
Mrs. Howard-Her Husband's Affection
88
CHAPTER IV.
DISCIPLINE OF A WOUNDED SPIRIT.
Howard's Child-His Notions of the Paternal Office-His
Affection impugned-Testimony of Dr. Aikin-Origin of the
Slander-His Boy sent to School-Local Trips-His Health
breaking up-Advised to go to Italy-The Pilgrimage-
Route, and Reflections by the Way-Extracts from his
private Memoranda and Letters-Reaches Turin, and Rea-
sons for Returning-France, Geneva, and Holland-Letter
from Abbeville-Relapse-Ordered back to the South-
Howard's deepening Piety-Rationale of Religious Fervor
-Reflections at Lyons-Route thence to Rome-A Letter
-Naples-Makes a solemn Covenant to devote himself to
the Service of God and Mankind-Returns to Rome-Re-
flection there-Heidelberg-Character of Howard's Piety-
Final Results of this peculiar Pilgrimage-Return to Eng-
land
, 120
CHAPTER V.
THE CRUSADE COMMENCED.
Howard appointed Sheriff of Bedford-Disabilities of Dissent-
ers-He determines to brave the Pains and Penalties-No-
tions of a Sheriff's Function-Howard's Reading of the Part
-Commences the Inspection of Prisons-Bedford Gaol and
old John Bunyan-The abominable Fee System-How it
operated-Howard proposes to abolish it-Search of a
Precedent-Prisons of Cambridge, Leicester, Nottingham,
Gloucester, &c.-Tour through the Southern Counties-
Christmas at Cardington-Dreadful State of York Castle-
"Sick and in Prison"-An Episcopal Gaol-London-
Prisons of Exeter-The Rolle Trust, and how it was ad-
ministered-Blue Jackets in Distress--Gaol at Launceston
-Public Attention excited-Mr. Popham's Motion-How-
ard examined, and thanked by the House of Commons . 144
CHAPTER VI.
THE PRISON-WORLD OF ENGLAND.
Prisons of the Metropolis-The Marshalsea-Horrible State
of the High Gaol of Durham--Newcastle-upon-Tyne--
Morpeth-Chester--Criminality in Wales-Repose, and more
Work-Bridewell of Clerkenwell-Tothill Fields--Condition
of the Fleet-Obscure Prisons at Whitechapel, Tower Ham-
lets, &c.-Borough Compter-Nell Gwynn's Charity--How-
ard at Cardington-Two New Laws passed, abolishing
certain Fees, and providing for the better Regulation of
Prisons-New Inquiries--How originated-Deplorable In-
cident-A model Dungeon-Howard returns Home-Parties
in Bedford-The Corporation versus Woburn Abbey-Jun-
ius, Horne Tooke, and the Duke of Bedford-Electioneering
-Howard and Whitbread stand for the Borough-The
Election and the Scrutiny-More Prison Inspections-The
Committee on Elections-Howard's Defeat, and its Results 165