Cautiousness sees nothing more to fear; or, in other words, is conscious of safety, and is satisfied. I know no faculties to which the consciousness of concealment and of safety can be referred if not to Secretiveness and Cautiousness aided by information from the intellect that their desires are fulfilled. It is the same with Imitation. In every voluntary effort to imitate we are conscious of imitation, just as in every voluntary effort to conceal we are conscious of concealment. It is no objection to this truth to say, that we often imitate without being conscious of it. We do so, but only when the mind is intent upon a different object, just as we are not conscious of a clock striking when we are immersed in reflection. The moment we attend to the operation of any faculty, we are conscious of its action; and, except by means of the faculty itself, we can have no such consciousness. Even in the case of Pope, it seems to me, notwithstanding Mr Hodgson's objections, that his very fear of having his letters read at the post-office implied a wish for, and a consciousness of concealing on his own part. He did not feel a security of concealment it is true, because his other faculties were not satisfied that his measures were sufficient to effect it; but he felt conscious in his own mind that he was concealing, and that is all that I ever contended for.

The expression quoted by Mr Hodgson from Mr. Combe's System, of Secretiveness" prompting to crime," is obviously an accidental inaccuracy, and therefore need not detain us.

In concluding these hasty remarks, I may add, that it gives me much pleasure to observe a mind like Mr Hodgson's devoting itself to the diffusion and improvement of the phrenological philosophy. Much may yet be expected from his talents and zeal in the good cause.

A. C.

ARTICLE IX.

THE PHRENOLOGICAL LIBRARY. Edited by NAHUM CAPEN. Boston, U. S.: Marsh, Capen, and Lyon. 12mo. Vols. I. to VI. Translation of Gall on the Functions of the Brain.

We have received the first six volumes of "The Phrenological Library," containing a translation of Dr Gall's large work "Sur les Fonctions du Cerveau," by Dr Winslow Lewis junior, of Boston. “The Phrenological Library" is to embrace "works on Human and Comparative Anatomy, the Physiology of the Brain, Mental Philosophy, Natural Theology, Ethics, Political Economy, Education, Criminal Legislation, and such works as have for their object the improvement and happiness of man,

The volumes will be printed and bound in a uniform style, and no pains or expense will be spared to render the series both useful and interesting." The second work in the series is Mr Combe's "Constitution of Man considered in Relation to External Objects;" the third, Mr Simpson's "Necessity of Popular Education as a National Object;" the fourth, Dr Macnish's "Philosophy of Sleep ;" and the fifth, Sir G. S. Mackenzie's "Essay on some Subjects connected with Taste." The volumes are extremely neat, and the typography and paper excellent. We rejoice that the English reader may now have access to the work of the founder of Phrenology. A rapid sketch of its contents will not here be out of place.

In the first volume, entitled, "On the Origin of the Moral and Intellectual Faculties of Man, and the Conditions of their Manifestation," Dr Gall demonstrates the innateness of the mental powers, and refutes at great length the notions of Helvetius, and other philosophers, by whom those faculties are represented as called into existence by impressions received through the senses, by education, by climate and food, by wants, attention, social life, pleasure and pain, passions, and desire of glory. After exposing, in a masterly style, the absurdities which have been palmed upon the world on these subjects under the name of philosophy, he proceeds to the question, "What are the conditions required for the manifestation of the moral and intellectual faculties ?"-in reply to which he demonstrates, by a crowd of irresistible facts and arguments, that this manifestation depends on corporeal or material conditions, without the existence of which no faculty can be displayed in the present life. He then considers and repels the popular accusation, that this doctrine leads to materialism, fatalism, and the destruction of moral liberty; and, in the concluding part of the volume, he shews the application of Phrenology to man regarded as an object of education and punishment-discussing in particular the retribution which ought to be exacted from criminals who, from natural weakness of intellect or morality, from strength of passion, or from disease of the brain, and consequent derangement of mind, are little, or not at all, endowed with the power of self-control.

The sub-title of the second volume is, "On the Organs of the Moral and Intellectual Faculties, and the Plurality of the Cerebral Organs." This volume opens with a desultory introduction, comprising a historical sketch of the proceedings of former inquirers into the structure and functions of the brain. The question is then put-" Whether is the soul confined to one part of the body, or diffused over its whole extent?" Before considering this problem, Dr Gall gives an account of the leading hypotheses

"I call organ," he says, "the material condition which renders possible the manifestation of a faculty."-Tome i. p. 232.

which have figured in ancient and modern times with respect to the seat of the soul and the reciprocal action between it and the body; and here he finds another opportunity of exposing many gross aberrations of the human understanding. His next proceeding is to exhibit the arguments which appear to prove that the brain is exclusively the organ or material condition of sensation and of the mental act involved in voluntary motion; together with various considerations tending, on the other hand, to shew that there are likewise other parts of the nervous system, of themselves capable of producing those phenomena: but, after viewing both sides of the question, he declares himself unable to decide between them. Leaving, therefore, to future observers the task of finally determining whether or not sensation and voluntary motion are possible without the assistance of the brain, he comes to the grand question, "May the brain be considered as the exclusive organ of the intellectual and affective faculties?"-and the evidence adduced in favour of an affirmative reply is absolutely overwhelming. He then considers the various objections which have been urged against this doctrine, and successfully rebuts them all. The next section of the volume is "On the means of discovering, with the aid of the brain, an index of the affective and intellectual powers." Various modes of discovering such an index had been suggested by previous physiologists. Some had imagined the intelligence of men and animals to be in proportion to the absolute size of the brain; others, that it depends on the cerebral volume in relation to that of the entire body: some had looked for an indication in the development of the brain as compared with that of the nerves, the spinal marrow, or the face; by others it had been sought for in the proportion of different parts of the encephalon to each other; and lastly, the facial angle of Camper, and occipital line of Daubenton, had been widely discussed. But all these modes of procedure were founded on gratuitous assumptions, ran counter to experience, and hardly deserved, what Dr Gall has nevertheless given them, a lengthened and anxious refutation. "The interpretation of the different forms of head" is the next topic; in discussing which, Dr Gall shews that very small heads are uniformly accompanied by feeble minds, and that in men of commanding genius and originality, and whose minds, as a whole, are preeminently vigorous, the brain is always large. It is proved by experience, however, that very opposite dispositions and the greatest diversity of talent may exist in two individuals whose heads are of equal size; whence it plainly follows, that charac teristic tendencies bear no relation to the absolute volume of the brain as a whole. But the difficulty here met with at once disappears, if we attend to the variety of forms which heads asIt is found that character-in other words, the relative

sume

energy of the mental faculties-varies with the shape of the brain; and this circumstance leads directly to the conclusion, that different parts of the cerebral mass are connected with different faculties-in short, to the fundamental principle of Phrenology, that the brain is a congeries of organs, each performing its appropriate function. Of the doctrine of the plurality of cerebral organs, Dr Gall accordingly proceeds to treat. After shewing that the idea is far from being new, though no demon-. stration of it had previously been given, he brings his heavy artillery to bear upon it, in the shape of a multitude of anatomical, physiological, and pathological proofs, whereby the principle is, in our estimation, set altogether beyond the reach of

controversy.

The third volume treats of the "Influence of the Brain on the Form of the Skull; and the Difficulties and Means of determining the Mental Faculties, and discovering the Situation of their Organs." Dr Gall examines, in this volume, the circumstances in which it is possible to infer the development of the brain, either in whole or in part, from the external appearance. of the skull, and consequently to judge, by inspecting the head, of the moral and intellectual tendencies of individuals. On this subject he goes into numerous details, to which we cannot here advert. The next section, entitled "Preliminary Discourse to the Organology," is devoted to the difficulties and means of determining the fundamental faculties, and the functions of the different parts of the brain. After shewing the insufficiency of anatomy, pathology, comparative anatomy, and mutilation of the brains of living animals, to determine the organs and their functions, the author gives a very interesting exposition of the means adopted for this purpose by himself, and the obstacles which he found in his path. The remainder of the third volume, and the whole of the fourth and fifth, are occupied with a detailed exposition of the mental faculties-" Organologie, ou Exposition des Instincts, des Penchans, des Sentiments, et des Talens; ou des Facultés Intellectuelles Fondamentales de l'Homme et des Animaux, et du Siége de leurs Organes." In treating of each faculty, Dr Gall gives a sketch of the history of the discovery of its organ, its natural history in man and the lower animals, the phenomena of its derangement, and the appearances indicative of the size of the organ.

The sixth and concluding volume is somewhat desultory in its character; it is entitled, "Critical Review of some Anatomical and Physiological Works, and Exposition of a new Philosophy of the Moral and Intellectual Faculties." Dr Gall here discusses a variety of statements and experiments of Tiedemann, Coster, Flourens, Serres, and Antommarchi, relative to the anatomy and physiology of the brain. But the exposition of the

"new philosophy" is the most interesting part of the volume. He points out the distinction between fundamental powers and their general attributes, or modes of action common to different faculties; shows that perception, memory, judgment, and imagination are merely forms in which the primitive faculties act, and by no means faculties themselves; and enters into a discussion concerning the motives of human actions, the origin of the arts and sciences, and the perfectibility of our race.

Every part of this work abounds with striking and original ideas, and with facts of the highest value to the student of human nature. Although the views of Dr Gall have been in various respects improved on and rectified by Dr Spurzheim, Mr Combe, and other recent phrenological writers, the treatise we have now given an account of will long be resorted to as the production of the founder of Phrenology, and as a rich mine of information with respect to the moral and intellectual nature of man. We are not without hope that the present notice of its principal contents will somewhat widen the circle of its readers in the United Kingdom.

ARTICLE X.

REMARKS ON THE FUNCTION OF THE ORGAN OF LOCALITY. By WILLIAM HANCOCK Junior.

TO THE EDITOR OF THE PHRENOLOGICAL JOURNAL.

SIR,-The publication of Mr Edmondson's excellent paper on Weight and Constructiveness has set me thinking upon a difficulty with regard to the assumed functions of Locality, which has hitherto been a stumblingblock to me, and may possibly be so to other phrenologists. If you think I have now lighted upon any thing likely to remove it, you will perhaps be kind enough to give it publicity through the pages of the Journal. The difficulty to which I allude is, a conviction I have long had of the distinct nature of two operations, both ascribed to the organ of Locality, namely, those of recollecting places, and of finding one's way from place to place. I have frequently observed that these two faculties exist in very different strength in the same individual: if both were actually dependent upon one organ, this could never be the case. The capacity of the Indian to thread his way through the mazes of an untrodden forest, and, without seeing the sun or a star for days together, never to lose his track, or deviate from his direction-the instinct by which a carrier-pigeon, a dog, or a cat, returns from a distant place, whither it may have been carried in a bag, without the possibi