Note by the Editor-We cheerfully insert Mr Smith's two letters, and the account of his proceedings contained in them. Conscious as we are of having carried on this Journal for fifteen years, at an expense of time, trouble, and money, which would have exhausted the patience of most men, and of having been supported in our arduous undertaking purely and solely by the love of truth, we feel very much at ease under Mr Smith's reiterated insinuation of our being actuated by inferior and interested motives, in not having paid a reporter to communicate an account of his lectures in different parts of the country. We confess, indeed, that we are so callous to reproach on that score, as to doubt whether, but for the exertions and sacrifices we have made in diffusing the knowledge and hastening the progress of Phrenology, the public would now have been so well prepared to hail the appearance of Mr Smith as a lecturer, and to appreciate either his abilities, or the importance of the truths which he so zealously advocates. Confident in the omnipotence of truth, we laboured long and arduously in its diffusion with but little encouragement from any quarter; and now that the prospect is brightening, and that success begins to reward our exertions, we are ready to welcome not only Mr Smith but a thousand more fellow-labourers into the field. There is room and work enough for all, let their talents and activity be what they may.

Mr Smith blames us,-concurring, as he says, with Mr Hewett Watson,-for promoting our own peculiar views in the conduct of our Journal. We wish Mr Smith had quoted Mr Watson's words. Without the italics, which are ours, Mr Watson's words are: The Journal" has been much complained of as representing the feelings and ideas of its conductors, rather than those of the phrenological public." This passage, which merely means that there is much in the Journal which is a transcript of the faculties, affective and intellectual, of the writers in it, neither warrants Mr Smith's words that the complaint is "general," nor that the Journal is "altogether" confined to the kind of writing objected to. But least of all do Mr Watson's words give to the charge, even by implication, the immoral colour with which Mr Smith's words aggravate it, "promotion of the peculiar views of its conductors,"― "vehicle for promoting their individual ulterior interests," "paltry spirit of jealousy against other phrenologists," the whole of Mr Smith's censure in his first letter, which, by insinuation, he deepens in his second, imputing inferior or interested motives, of which Mr Watson never dreamed. We answered Mr Watson's objections in the merely philosophical character in which we understood them (for he attributes to our Journal "moral excellence") in this volume, p. 239; and we see, and have seen, no reply to that answer. We then regretted, and

still regret, that the objections were not better considered by Mr Watson. Injury, which our perseverance and sacrifices little merited, could not fail to be done by them; but, although sorry, we were not angry, and assuredly never thought of imputing any other motives to Mr Watson than the same zeal for truth, with which we trust we ourselves have ever been actuated.

In subjoining Mr Smith's account of Alexander Millar, who was executed at Stirling for murder, we must not be under. stood as adopting, while we faithfully convey his "peculiar views." From some of them,-that, for example, about the bilious temperament depending on the organ of Firmness, and that which assigns the love of change as the function of Destructiveness,we entirely dissent; but that Mr Smith may not again accuse us of preferring our own views and keeping his from our readers, we leave them unquestioned and unrefuted, to be judged of according to their inherent merits.

ARTICLE IV.

PHRENOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ALEXANDER MILLAR. By Mr SIDNEY SMITH.

In a biographical sketch of this unfortunate individual, recently published at Stirling, there occurs the following passage: "His body was conveyed to a cell in the court of the jail, where, by permission of the Magistrates, a cast of his head was taken; the operation being superintended by several respectable members of the Phrenological Societies both of Stirling and Glasgow. The assumed prevailing traits of the poor man's character we have not ascertained."

Having procured a cast of the head, I proceeded to supply the desideratum hinted at in the last sentence of this quotation. The development is under-noted :

Greatest circumference of head,
From Occipital Spine to Individuality,
From Concentrativeness to Comparison,
Ear to Individuality, on one side,

on other side,

Ear to Philoprogenitiveness, on one side,

Inches.

221

78

on other side,

5

Destructiveness to Destructiveness,

61

Secretiveness to Secretiveness,

Cautiousness to Cautiousness,

Ear to Benevolence,

Veneration,

Firmness, one side,
other side,

665

144

144

16

Higher ditto,

Perceptive Faculties,

Reflecting Faculties,

From Occipital Spine to Individuality, over top of head,

From Ear to Ear, over top of head,

I have had, as I anticipated, great difficulty in taking this development. My experience as a phrenologist, and my practice in the criminal courts, had led me to observe that, in the heads of most persons who had pursued a long career of defiance to the laws of their country, there was a great want of symmetry, and a number of inequalities of surface. Millar's head is much twisted. One ear is placed further back and lower down than the other. The organ of Cautiousness is nearly two inches further forward on one side than on the other. Several of the organs are depressed on the right side-others on the left.

The head is of considerable size, indicative of power of character in some direction. The average of size, it will be seen, is on the side of the propensities; and it was to be expected, therefore, that the character would take its complexion, to the greatest extent, from these. The sketch is somewhat meagre in details interesting to a phrenologist; but still there are some which are of great importance.

I have long publicly expounded the doctrine that the Temperaments depend upon, or are indicated by, the peculiar development of certain organs. I found that the bilious, or, more properly the muscular temperament, depended on the organ of Firmness; and when it was casually mentioned to me that a person had been apprehended for murder, after a pursuit in which he had manifested the most extraordinary gymnastic powers, I immediately told the gentlemen who had informed me of the circumstance, that his organ of Firmness would be

VOL. X.-NO. LIII.

X X

predominant. Accordingly, this turns out to be the case, and measures from one ear 63, and from the other no less than 7 inches. In the whole of the Phrenological Society's collection, there is not one cast that nearly approaches such a size. >>Born and bred in the lowest ranks of life, Millar possessed, from the enormous development of Firmness, a frame of the highest order of muscularity-capable of extraordinary endurance-great elasticity-and intrepid strength. The love of change, which I have taught to be the ultimate function of the organ of Destructiveness, is very largely developed, and, along with very large Combativeness, produced that roving, unsettled, marauding life, for which he was so distinguished. These organs are those which give the love of hunting, and naturally made the poacher. But perhaps it may be more useful to commence at the first organs, proceeding upwards, and comparing them with the character as far as given in the sketch.

Amativeness, 19.-Although little is said on this subject in the sketch, I should expect that Millar was very prone to indulgence in this propensity. The persons in the neighbourhood where he lived will be best able to tell. He must have possessed a very amorous temperament, and was, we presume, rather a favourite with the other sex. His Secretiveness, Love of Approbation, and large Adhesiveness, would give him an intuitive tact at making himself agreeable to them. In combination with his large Adhesiveness, it seems to have produced that extreme attachment to the woman with whom he lived, which is manifested in the following words of his letter to her: "I sent word to them from Edinburgh Jail to take home you and little Jony, and if she had but one taty to give you half of it as long as she lives.""There is one thing I hope you grant to me and will dy in peace with all men and that is never to mary no man but live single all your life and send me word about it my dear saly." "I hope we will meet in hea ven in the last day.". The biographer adds, "The interview with his wife, to whom he uniformly and throughout professed a sincere attachment," &c. was a pitiable scene.

the

Philoprogenitiveness, 16.-Letter:-"Be gid to little Jony poor man, my heart was like to brek when i sa his bar feet poor man. "Do not let any one keep Jony for they will hurt him." From the trial it would appear that the children of his acquaintances were on familiar terms with him-the sure indi cation of fair activity of this organ. It would also produce great fondness for his dogs, and any other animals he might rear, when circumstances did not rouse his Destructiveness.

Concentrativeness, 15.He appears to have had average attachment to his native place, so as to return to it and remain under circumstances of danger and peril. Sometimes it appears

to have induced him to attend to his business of a cooper, but, being counteracted by the love of change, and of exercise and excitement in the unlawful occupation of poaching, was of course seldom manifested.

Adhesiveness, 19-He must have been exceedingly fond of company, and manifested an extreme affection and attachment for individuals. He possessed the instinct of affection in very high endowment. For relations or friends, he, therefore, would sacrifice much, and would be considered very kind-hearted. In this respect, his actions arising from this faculty might be mistaken for those of that enlarged spirit of philanthropy which proceeds from Benevolence. But the difference is easily distinguishable. Adhesiveness, combined with his large Love of Approbation, would produce many acts of kindness to those to whom he was attached. But he would not be kind to men in general, nor to strangers, except in cases where he was likely to be praised for it.

Combativeness, 19; Destructiveness, 20; Secretiveness, 20; Acquisitiveness, 17; Firmness, 21; Benevolence, 15; Conscientiousness, 12; Cautiousness, 15; Wonder, 13; Ideality, 13. -The evident combination of a thief, a vindictive ruffian, and a murderer. The majority of the jury may rest perfectly satisfied in the correctness of their verdict. The large size of Nos. 5 (Combativeness), 6 (Destructiveness), and 15 (Firmness), with inferior No. 12 (Cautiousness), produce the coolness, courage, fool-hardiness, and cruel vindictiveness and rage of his disposition. "About eleven years of age, the master and me fell out, and, in the rage of passion, I gruppit his chair and laid it on the fire and burnt it." "When I was set till't (counting) the very second day I burnt my books and broke my sclate." "And after leaving school, Sandy, it is said you were guilty of poaching?" "I canna deny that. Poaching! I was four months in this very jail for poaching." "The bull was mad, and had run about the fields for a hale fortnight, and naebody wad venture to gang near't. I gaed up till't wi' a rung, and hit it a slap owre the nose. It very nearly catched me tho', but I happened to jink it, and I sprung on its back, and it ran through the fields wi' me till it was fairly tired." "Prisoner snapped his fingers at witness (George Inglis), and said, 'You br, I'll bayonet you yet." "Prisoner then took the hook and put it round Jarvie's neck, and said he would thraw his head off with it if he spoke. He also took up a stone and said he would knock his brains out; and, on going away, said, D-n you, Jarvie, I will do for you yet."" "The head was much cut and mangled. There were six or seven cuts on the head, and the skull was completely smashed in on the upper part and the brains coming out." His two arms were also broken. When