This shire-mote was both a legislative body and a court of justice. It not only made laws for the shire, but it tried civil and criminal causes. After the Norman Conquest some changes occurred. The shire now began to be called by the French name "county,' because of its analogy to the small pieces of territory on the Continent that were governed by "counts." 1 The shire-mote became known as the county The county court, but cases coming before it were tried court. by the king's justices in eyre, or circuit judges, who went about from county to county to preside over the judicial work. The office of ealdorman became extinct. The sheriff was no longer elected by the people for life, but appointed by the king for the term of one year. This kept him strictly responsible to the king. It was the sheriff's duty to see that the county's share of the national taxes was duly collected and paid over to the national treasury. The sheriff also summoned juries and enforced the judgments of the courts, and if he met with resistance in so doing he was authorized to call out a force of men, known as the posse comitatus (i. e. "power of the county"), and overcome all opposition. Another county officer was the coroner, or crowner,2 SO called because originally (in Alfred's time) he was appointed by the king, and was especially the crown officer in the county. Since the time of Edward I., however, coroners have been elected by the people. Originally coroners held small courts of inquiry upon cases of wreckage, destructive fires, or sudden death, but in course of time their jurisdiction became confined to the last-named class of cases.

The coroner.

If

1 Originally comites, or "companions" of the king. 2 This form of the word, sometimes supposed to be a vulgarism, is as correct as the other. See Skeat, Etym. Dict., s. v.

66

a death occurred under circumstances in any way mysterious or likely to awaken suspicion, it was the business of the coroner, assisted by not less than twelve jurors (i. e. sworn men "), to hold an inquest for the purpose of ascertaining the cause of death. The coroner could compel the attendance of witnesses and order a medical examination of the body, and if there were sufficient evidence to charge any person with murder or manslaughter, the coroner could have such person arrested and committed for trial.

Justices of the peace.

Another important county officer was the justice of the peace. Originally six were appointed by the crown in each county, but in later times any number might be appointed. The office was created by a series of statutes in the reign of Edward III., in order to put a stop to the brigandage which still flourished in England; it was a common practice for robbers to seize persons and hold them for ransom.1 By the last of these statutes, in 1362, the justices of the peace in each county were to hold a court four times in the year. The powers of this court, which came to be known as the Quarter Sessions, were from time to time increased by act of parliament, until it quite The Quarter supplanted the old county court. In modern Sessions. times the Quarter Sessions has become an administrative body quite as much as a court. The justices, who receive no salary, hold office for life, or during good behaviour. They appoint the chief constable of the county, who appoints the police. They also take part in the supervision of highways and bridges, asylums and prisons. Since the reign of Henry VIII., the English county has had an officer

The lordlieutenant.

known as the lord-lieutenant, who was once leader of the county militia, but whose func

1 Longman's Life and Times of Edward III., vol. i. p.

301.

tions to-day are those of keeper of the records and principal justice of the peace.

of Massa

counties.

During the past five hundred years the English county has gradually sunk from a self-governing community into an administrative district; and in recent times its boundaries have been so crossed and criscrossed with those of other administrative areas, such as those of school-boards, sanitary boards, etc., that very little of the old county is left in recognizable shape. Most of this change has been effected since the Tudor period. The first English settlers in America were familiar with the county as a district for the administration of justice, and they brought Beginnings with them coroners, sheriffs, and quarter chusetts sessions. In 1635 the General Court of Massachusetts appointed four towns - Boston, Cambridge, Salem, and Ipswich — as places where courts should be held quarterly. In 1643 the colony, which then included as much of New Hampshire as was settled, was divided into four "shires," - Suffolk, Essex, Middlesex, and Norfolk, the latter lying then to the northward and including the New Hampshire towns. The militia was then organized, perhaps without consciousness of the analogy, after a very old English fashion; the militia of each town formed a company, and the companies of the shire formed a regiment. The county was organized from the beginning as a judicial district, with its court-house, jail, and sheriff. After 1697 the court, held by the justices of the peace, Iwas called the Court of General Sessions. It could try criminal causes not involving the penalty of death or banishment, and civil causes in which the value at stake was less than forty shillings. It also had control over highways going from town to town; and it apportioned the county taxes among the several towns.

The justices and sheriff were appointed by the gov ernor, as in England by the king.

QUESTIONS ON THE TEXT.

1. Why do we have counties in the United States? Contrast the popular reason with the historic.

2. What relation did the tribe hold to the clan among our ancestors?

3. In time what did the clans and the tribes severally become? 4. Show how old county names in England throw light on the county development.

5. Trace the growth of the English nation in accordance with the following outline :

a. Each tribe and its leader.

b. A powerful tribe and its leader.

c. The relation of a little kingdom to the shire.

d. The final union under one king.

e. The relative ages of the shire and the nation.

6. Give an account (1) of the shire-mote, (2) of the two kinds of representation in it, (3) of its presiding officers, and (4) of its two kinds of duties.

7. Let the pupil make written analyses or outlines of the following topics, to be used by him in presenting the topics orally, or to be passed in to the teacher :

a. What changes took place in the government of the shire after the Norman Conquest?

b. Trace the development of the coroner's office.

c. Give an account of the justices of the peace and the courts held by them.

d. Show what applications the English settlers in Massachusetts made of their knowledge of the English county.

§ 2. The Modern County in Massachusetts. The modern county system of Massachusetts may now be very briefly described. The county, like the town, is a corporation; it can hold property and sue or be sued. It builds the court-house and jail, and keeps them in repair. The town in which these buildings are placed is called, as in England, the shire town.

In each county there are three commissioners,

elected by the people. Their term of service is three years, and one goes out each year. These commissioners represent the county in law-suits, as the selectmen represent the town. They "apportion the County comcounty taxes among the towns; "lay out, alter, and discontinue highways within the county;' "have charge of houses of correction;" and erect and keep in repair the county buildings.1

missioners.

The revenues of the county are derived partly from taxation and partly from the payment of fines and costs in the courts. These revenues are re- County ceived and disbursed by the county treasurer, treasurer. who is elected by the people for a term of three years. The Superior Court of the state holds at least two sessions annually in each county, and tries civil and criminal causes. There is also in each county a pro

bate court with jurisdiction over all matters Courts. relating to wills, administration of estates,

and appointment of guardians; it also acts as a court of insolvency. The custody of wills and documents relating to the business of this court is in the hands of an officer known as the register of probate, who is elected by the people for a term of five years.

Shire town

To preserve the records of all land-titles and transfers of land within the county, all deeds and mortgages are registered in an office in the shire town, usually within or attached to the court- and courthouse. The register of deeds is an officer elected by the people for a term of three years. In counties where there is much business there may be more than one.

house.

Justices of the peace are appointed by the governor for a term of seven years, and the appoint- Justices of ment may be renewed. Their functions have the peace.

1 Martin's Civil Government, p. 197.