d. Connection with Offense Charged [§ 1347] p 672 e. Crime Which Witness Could Not Commit Alone [§ 1348] p 672 (1) In General [§ 1349] p 672 (2) Acting under Coercion [§ 1350] p 672 (3) Feigned Complicity [§§ 1351-1353] p 672 (b) Detectives [§ 1352] p 673 (c) Informers [§ 1353] p 673 g. False Testimony in Aid of Purpose of Defendant [§ 1354] p 673 h. Moral Culpability [§ 1355] p 673 i. Knowledge of Intended Crime [§ 1356] p 673 j. Spectators [§ 1357] p 674 k. Conspirators [§ 1358] p 674 1. Accessaries [$$ 1359-1360] p 674 (1) Before the Fact [§ 1359] p 674 (2) After the Fact [§ 1360] p 675 m. Persons Indicted Jointly with Defendant [§ 1361] p 675 n. Persons Separately Indicted [§ 1362] p 675 0. Failure to Disclose Crime [§§ 1363-1364] p 675 (1) In General [§ 1363] p 675 (2) Compounding Felony [§ 1364] p 676 p. Approval of Crime [§ 1365] p 676 q. Several Crimes of Similar Nature [§ 1366] p 676 (2) Admissibility [§ 1368] p 677 (3) Weight and Sufficiency [§ 1369] p 677 s. Questions for Court and Jury [§ 1370] p 677 2. Accomplices in Particular Crimes [§§ 1371-1397] p 678 a. Abduction and Similar Crimes [§ 1371] p 678 b. Abortion [§§ 1372-1373] p 678 (1) The Victim [§ 1372] p 678 (2) Confidant of Victim [§ 1373] p 678 c. Adultery and Fornication [§ 1374] p 678 d. Arson [1375] p 679 e. Bigamy [§ 1376] p 679 f. Bribery [ 1377] p 679 g. Burglary [§ 1378] p 680 h. Compounding Felony [§ 1379] p 680 i. Conspiracy [§ 1380] p 680 j. Counterfeiting [§ 1381] p 680 k. Escape and Rescue [§ 1382] p 680 1. Forgery [ 1383] p 680 m. Gaming [ 1384] p 680 n. Homicide [§ 1385] p 681 o. Illegal Sales [§ 1386] p 681 p. Incest [§ 1387] p 681 q. Keeping House of Ill Fame [§ 1388] p 681 r. Larceny [§ 1389] p 682 s. Pandering [§ 1390] p 682 t. Perjury [§ 1391] p 682 u. Rape [§ 1392] p 683 v. Receiving Stolen Goods [§ 1393] p 683 w. Seduction [§ 1394] p 683 x. Sodomy [§ 1395] p 683 y. Violation of Election Law [§ 1396] p 683 z. Violation of Liquor Law [§ 1397] p 683 3. Competency of Accomplices and Codefendants as Witnesses [§§ 1398-1417] p 684 a. For Defense [§§ 1398–1409] p 684 (1) At Common Law [§§ 1398-1407] p 684 (a) In General [§ 1398] p 684 (b) Persons Separately Indicted [§ 1399] p 684 (e) Persons Jointly Indicted [§§ 1400-1406] p 684 aa. Joint Trial [§ 1400] p 684 bb. Separate Trials [ 1401-1403] p 685 (aa) Codefendant Whose Case Has Not Been Disposed of [1401] p 685 (bb) Codefendant Whose Case Has Been Disposed of aaa. By Acquittal [§ 1402] p 685 cc. Defendant as to Whom Nolle Prosequi Entered [§ 1404] p 686 ee. Persons Improperly Joined as Codefendants [§ 1406] p 686 (d) Wife of Codefendant [§ 1407] p 687 (2) Under Statutes [§§ 1408-1409] p 687 (a) Removal of Incompetency [§ 1408] p 687 (b) Imposition of Incompetency [§ 1409] p 688 b. For Prosecution [§§ 1410-1417] p 689 (1) In General [§ 1410] p 689 (2) Persons Separately Indicted [§ 1411] p 690 (3) Persons Jointly Indicted [§§ 1412-1416] p 691 (b) Separate Trials [§§ 1413-1415] p 691 aa. Codefendant Whose Case Has Not Been Disposed of [§ 1413] p 691 bb. Codefendant Whose Case Has Been Disposed of [§§ 1414–1415] p 692 (aa) By Acquittal [§ 1414] p 692 (bb) By Conviction [§ 1415] p 692 (c) Dismissal or Nolle Prosequi [§ 1416] p 693 (4) Influence of Hopes or Fears [§ 1417] p 693 4. Determination as to Reception of Accomplice's Testimony [§ 1418] p 693 5. Duty of Prosecution to Call Accomplice [§ 1419] p 694 6. Credibility and Effect of Testimony [§§ 1420-1461] p 694 a. In General [§ 1420] p 694 b. Promise or Hope of Immunity [§ 1421] p 694 c. Question for Jury [§ 1422] p 695 d. Corroboration of Accomplices [§§ 1423-1461] p 696 (1) Necessity [§§ 1423-1431] p 696 (a) At Common Law [§§ 1423-1425] p 696 aa. Rule Stated [§ 1423] p 696 bb. Practical Limitation of Rule [§ 1424] p 697 cc. Circumstances Requiring Corroboration [§ 1425] p 698 (b) Under Statutes [§§ 1426-1431] p 698 aa. In General [§ 1426] p 698 bb. Prosecutions for Misdemeanors [§ 1427] p 700 cc. Preliminary Examination [§ 1428] p 700 dd. Effect of State Statutes in Federal Courts [§ 1429] p 700 ee. Proof of Corpus Delicti [§ 1430] p 700 ff. Testimony for Defense [§ 1431] p 700 (2) Time for Corroboration [§ 1432] p 700 (3) Character and Sufficiency of Corroborative Evidence [§§ 1433-1458] p 700 (a) In General [§ 1433] p 701 (b) Tendency to Connect Accused with Crime [§§ 1434–1436] p 701 aa. In General [§ 1434] p 701 bb. Proof of Corpus Delicti [§ 1435] p 703 cc. Admissibility of Evidence of Material Fact Not Tending to Con nect Accused with Crime [ 1436] p 703 (c) Materiality [ 1437] p 704 (d) Scope of Corroboration [§ 1438] p 704 (e) Circumstantial Evidence [§ 1439] p 705 (f) Corroborative Effect of Particular Circumstances [§§ 1440-1450] p 706 bb. Suspicious Conduct of Defendant [§ 1441] p 706 ff. Proximity to Scene of Crime [§ 1445] p 707 (bb) Fruits of Crime [§ 1449] p 708 jj. Other Offenses [§ 1450] p 709 (g) Declarations of Accomplice [§ 1451] p 709 For later cases, developments and changes in the law see cumulative Annotations, same title, page and note number. (h) Evidence as to Character of Accomplice [§ 1452] p 710 (j) Testimony of Wife of Accomplice [§ 1454] p 710 (1) Corroboration as to One Codefendant [§ 1456] p 710 (n) Quantum of Proof [§ 1458] p 712 (4) Questions for Court and Jury [§ 1459-1461] p 713 (a) In General [§ 1459] p 713 (b) Direction of Verdict Where Evidence Uncorroborated [§ 1460] p 714 (e) Setting Aside Verdict by Reason of Lack of Corroboration [§ 1461] p 714 7. Impeachment of Accomplice [§ 1462] p 714 8. Support of Accomplice [§ 1463] p 714 R. Confessions [§§ 1464-1518] p 715 1. Definition and Nature [§§ 1464-1467] p 715 a. In General [§ 1464] p 715 b. Judicial and Extrajudicial Confessions [§ 1465] p 716 c. Inculpatory Acts or Statements [§ 1466] p 716 d. Exculpatory Statements [§ 1467] p 716 2. Voluntary Character and Admissibility in General [§§ 1468-1481] p 717 a. General Rule [§ 1468] p 717 b. After Proof of Facts Confessed [§ 1469] p 718 c. Motive of Confession [§ 1470] p 719 d. Confession Contained in Prayer [§ 1471] p 719 e. Absence of Counsel [§ 1472] p 719 f. Before or after Arrest [ 1473] p 719 g. Questioning [§ 1474] p 720 h. Appeal to Conscience or Religious Feelings [§ 1475] p 721 i. Exhortation to Tell Truth [§ 1476] p 721 j. Admissibility as Affected by Person to Whom Made [§ 1477] p 721 k. Confessions after Unsuccessful Threats or Promises [1478] p 722 1. Two Confessions [§§ 1479-1480] p 722 (1) In General [§ 1479] p 722 (2) Effect of Prior Involuntary Confession [§ 1480] p 722 m. Proof of Entire Statement or Conversation [§ 1481] p 723 3. Caution or Warning [§§ 1482-1486] p 723 a. Necessity for [§ 1482] p 723 b. Sufficiency [§§ 1483-1485] p 724 (1) Time of Giving [§ 1483] p 724 (3) By Whom Given [§ 1485] p 725 c. Effect [§ 1486] p 725 4. Promises and Similar Inducements [§§ 1487-1492] p 725 a. In General [§ 1487] p 725 b. Character and Sufficiency in General [§ 1488] p 726 c. Promise of Immunity from, or Mitigation of, Punishment [§ 1489] p 726 d. Promise of Collateral Benefit [§ 1490] p 726 e. Inducements by Persons in Authority [§ 1491] p 727 f. Inducements by Persons Not in Authority [§ 1492] p 727 5. Threats and Fear [§§ 1493–1496] p 728 a. In General [§ 1493] p 728 b. Character and Sufficiency in General [§ 1494] p 728 c. Violence and Exhibition of Weapons [§§ 1495-1496] p 728 (1) In General [§ 1495] p 728 (2) Fear and Threats of Mob Violence [§ 1496] p 728 6. Deception or Promise of Secrecy [§ 1497] p 729 7. Mental Incapacity [§§ 1498-1499] p 729 a. In General [§ 1498] p 729 b. Intoxication [§ 1499] p 729 8. Confessions by Children [§ 1500] p 730 9. Judicial Confessions [§§ 1501-1505] p 730 a. At Inquest [§ 1501] p 730 b. At Preliminary Examination [§ 1502] p 730 c. Before Grand Jury [§ 1503] p 730 d. At Former Trial [§ 1504] p 731 e. At Examination or Trial of Another [§ 1505] p 731 10. Involuntary Confessions Disclosing Other Incriminating Evidence [§ 1506] p 731 11. Confessions under Oath [§ 1507] p 731 12. Written Confessions [§ 1508] p 732 13. Preliminary Evidence as to Voluntary Character [§§ 1509-1512] p 732 b. Admissibility [§§ 1510-1511] p 733 (1) In General [§ 1510] p 733 (2) On Behalf of Accused [§ 1511] p. 734 e. Weight and Sufficiency [§ 1512] p 734 14. Determination of Voluntary Character [§ 1513] p 735 16. Weight and Effect [§ 1515-1518] p 737 a. Conclusiveness [§§ 1515-1517] p_737 (2) On State [§ 1516] p 737 b. Credibility and Weight [§ 1518] p 738 S. Documentary Evidence [§§ 1519-1530] p 738 1. Public Records and Documents and Copies Thereof [§§ 1519-1523] p 738 b. Official Records and Documents [§ 1520] p 739 c. Judicial Records and Proceedings [§ 1521] p 740 d. Statutes and Ordinances [§ 1522] p 741 e. Proclamations and Pardons [§ 1523] p 741 2. Private Writings and Publications [§§ 1524-1530] p 741 b. Letters [ 1525] p 742 e. Telegrams [§ 1526] p 743 d. Books, Records, and Entries [§ 1527] p 743 e. Photographs [§ 1528] p 744 f. Maps, Diagrams, Etc. [§ 1529] p 745 g. Other Matters [§ 1530] p 745 T. Parol or Extrinsic Evidence Affecting Writings [§ 1531] p 746 U. Opinion Evidence [§§ 1532-1556] p 747 1. In General [§ 1532] p 747 2. Of Particular Matters [§§ 1533-1551] p 749 a. Age [§ 1533] p 749 b. Cause of Difficulty [§ 1534] p 750 c. Habits and Condition of Animals [§ 1535] p 750 d. Handwriting and Typewriting [§ 1536] p 750 e. Identity in General [§ 1537] p 750 f. Intoxicating Qualities of Liquors [§ 1538] p 751 g. Intoxication [§ 1539] p 751 h. Mental Condition or Capacity [§§ 1540-1541] p 751 (1) Lay Witnesses [§ 1540] p 751 (2) Medical and Expert Witnesses [§ 1541] p 752 i. Nature and Use of Weapons and Instruments of Crime [§ 1542] p 753 6. Weight [ 1556] p 756 V. Former Evidence [§§ 1557-1558] p 757 1. Admissibility [§ 1557] p 757 2. Mode of Proof [§ 1558] p 759 W. Weight and Sufficiency [§§ 1559-1999] p 759 1. In General [§ 1559] p 759 2. Inferences from Evidence [§ 1560] p 760 3. Testimony of Single Witness [§ 1561] p 760 4. Admissions of Counsel [§ 1562] p 760 5. Credibility of Witnesses [§§ 1563-1564] p 760 a. In General [§ 1563] p 760 For later cases, developments and changes in the law see cumulative Annotations, same title, page and note number. b. Strength as Compared with Direct Evidence [§ 1567] p 763 c. Consistency with Guilt and Inconsistency with Innocence [§ 1568] p 763 e. Degree of Proof [§§ 1570-1571] p 766 (1) Of Guilt [§ 1570] p 766 (2) Of Circumstantial Facts [§ 1571] p 766 8. Evidence as to Particular Matters [§§ 1572-1589] p 767 a. Place of Commission of Offense; Venue [§§ 1572-1576] p 767 (2) Circumstantial Evidence [§ 1573] p 768 (3) Degree of Proof [ 1574] p 769 (4) Acts in Public Places [§ 1575] p 770 (5) Acts in Private Places [§ 1576] p 770 b. Time of Commission of Offense; Limitations [§ 1577] p 770 c. Corpus Delicti [§§ 1578-1581]_p_771 (1) Definition [§ 1578] p 771 (2) Proof Generally [§ 1579] p 771 (3) Circumstantial Evidence [§ 1580] p 772 (4) Degree of Proof [§ 1581] p 773 d. Elements of Offense [§§ 1582-1583] p 773 (2) Intent [§ 1583] p 773 e. Identity [ 1584] p 774 f. Defenses [§§ 1585-1588] p 775 (2) Insanity [§§ 1586-1587] p 775 (a) In General [§ 1586] p 775 (b) Degree of Proof [§ 1587] p 775 (3) Alibi [§ 1588] p 777 g. Grade or Degree of Offense [§ 1589] p 778 9. Degree of Proof; Reasonable Doubt [§§ 1590-1998] p 778 a. General Rule [§ 1590] p 778 b. Nature of Offense [§ 1591] p 780 c. Doubt in Mind of One Juror [§ 1592] p 780 d. Particular Facts [§ 1593–1998] p 780 10. Conclusiveness on Prosecution of Evidence Introduced by It [§ 1999] p 781 XV. TRIAL AND PROCEEDINGS PRELIMINARY THERETO [§§ 2000-2614] p 781 B. Preliminary Proceedings [§§ 2001-2048] p 781 1. Notice of Trial [§ 2001] p 781 2. Dockets, Lists, and Calendars [§ 2002]p 781 3. Furnishing List of Grand Jurors [§ 2003] p 782 4. Consolidating or Trying Indictments Together [§ 2004] p 782 5. Order of Separate Trials [§ 2005] p 783 6. Separate Trial of Codefendants [$ 2006-2014] p 784 a. In General [§ 2006] p 784 b. Right to Be Tried Together and Who May Ask for Separate Trial [§ 2007] p 785 c. Grounds for Severance [§§ 2008-2010] p 786 (1) In General [§ 2008] p 786 (2) To Admit Evidence [2009] p 787 d. Grade or Degree of Offense [§ 2011] p 788 e. Principal and Accessary [§ 2012] p 788 f. Application and Affidavit for Severance [§ 2013] p 788 g. Waiver of Right [§ 2014] p 789 7. Separate Trial of Issue of Insanity [§§ 2015-2019] p 789 a. In General [§ 2015] p 789 b. Manner of Raising Issue [§ 2016] p 791 c. Proceedings on Separate Trial [§ 2017] p 791 d. Proceedings after Special Verdict [2018] p 792 e. Insanity at Time of Offense [§ 2019] p 792 8. Service of Copy of Indictment or Information [§§ 2020-2025] p 792 a, Necessity of Service [§ 2020] p 792 b. Demand for Service [§ 2021] p 793 e. Time of Service [§ 2022] p 793 |