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number of English firms who follow' the Sanitary Institute wherever they go, and the majority of these houses are present. But the Exhibition is interesting as introducing us to a variety of native-made productions in the shape of clothing, &c. Taking the initiative from the great show at South Kensington, the Dublin newspapers have dubbed the display the Health' Exhibition, and with the desire that evidently exists amongst the Dublin authorities for the improvement of the hygienic features of their city, the members of the fourth' estate are justified in thus changing the usual appellation. That the authorities are taking great interest in the visit of the Sanitary Institute is beyond doubt, and it is to be hoped that circumstances will induce this useful body to cross the Irish Channel again in future years. The Exhibition was formally opened by the Lord Mayor of Dublin on Sept. 30. One new departure' on the part of the executive of the Institute is worthy of note, and which, it is stated, is intended to be carried out on future occasions. This is the fact of the principal portion of the awards being made known on the opening day. For a week previous to the opening the gentlemen who were selected as judges were actively engaged in prosecuting their duties, and the announcement of the prizes at this early stage of the proceedings will be gratifying to the successful exhibitors, as well as a guide to the public and intending purchasers. Mr. Box, the Curator of the Institute must have found h's 'ask this year a heavier one than usual, seeing that he had been engaged at the Healtheries' until within a very short time of the opening, yet everything in his department was as forward as could be desired. Subjoined will be found a description of the principal exhibits. The exhibition will remain open until the 18th inst.

Messrs. Maguire & Son, of 6, 7, & 8, South Frederick Street, and 10 Dawson Street, Dublin, contribute a display which, for completeness, variety, and strict adherence to sanitary principles and true economy, is not approached by any other exhibit or combination of exhibits in the building; nor is it excelled, if equalled, by any single exhibit at the Health Exhibition at South Kensington. But for Mr. R. W. Maguire, the head of the firm, by whose indefatigable energy this collection has assumed such proportions, the Exhibition would certainly not have been so satisfactory as it is, for as a member of the Local Committee he has rendered yeoman's service. In his own exhibit the arrangement of the drains, for various sized houses and buildings, fitted complete with the most approved ventilators, traps, inspection chambers, &c., is worthy of careful attention. Messrs. Maguire have taken out a patent for jointing drain-pipes as shown

ing, a sort of cradle is provided in which the joint rests. This has the effect: Ist. Of holding the pipe and socket concentric, so that a much more perfect and durable cement joint can be made than by any other system, the joint being equally spaced all round, without the use of wood wedges, so often used by drain layers, which wedges rot away in time, leaving a hole under the socket for leakage of sewage. 2nd. It enables the joint to be got at all round, as it holds the pipes steady and even, instead of lying loosely on the ground. 3rd. It enables a second and independent cement-joint to be made on the lower half of the socket where the sewage runs by pouring in liquid cement round the first joint after it has properly set fast, making a perfectly sound, staunch joint, independent of the workman's care and open to the inspection of all concerned. About this portion of the stand and in connection with the above are fitted lavatories, water-closets, &c., complete with cisterns and flushing tanks. They include a variety of designs and qualities to suit the humblest as well as the most expensive requirements, and though differing from one another in some points, are all nevertheless of ap proved principle. Maguire's Patent Flushing Tank, for the periodical cleansing of drains, calls for especial remark. It is well known that the small amount of water used in closets is not sufficient, or the outlet-pipe from a bath not large enough, to effect a thorough flush of the drains, and it is to obviate these defects that the tank as sketched below is introduced. A glance will at once make clear the action. The rain water or bath water, or both, accumulate in tank until the water overflows into balance cistern and weighs it down, opening the large full-tore valve at bottom of tank and discharging the contents with great force through the drains. The water in balance-tank flows back by means of the syphon into the large tank and closes valve for storage again. It being automatic, no attention or care is required, no waste of water occurs, and no expense incurred beyond first cost of apparatus, and yet the house-drains will be kept perfectly clean and thoroughly flushed every day throughout the year, with water that would otherwise dribble away in small quantities. From these, the fundamental appurtenances of every healthy dwelling, the visitor comes to the kitchen. This compartment is fitted up with a close fire self-setting cooking range, of dimensions suitable for a large family, and the cooking utensils, which are mostly copper, and the other accessories, are of a first class character. The arrangement is very good, the space made the most of, and many hints may be taken from it. Then come divisions arranged respectively as bath-room and drawing and dining-rooms.

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in annexed cut. In this joint it is claimed that by simple | The former contains one of the combination douche, spray, means everything that can be desired is secured in a drain at but slight increase of cost. As will be seen from the draw

shower, and plunge baths, and the fittings usually seen in such an apartment of a well-found establishment.

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and egress of vitiated air, and sanitary washable wallhangings and non-arsenical wall-papers. They are also fitted complete with furniture and ornaments.

Messrs. Maguire & Son are also manufacturers of Dr. Scott's Self-regulating Hot-air Disinfecting Chambers, which they are showing in another portion of the building. This apparatus is pretty well known, having been awarded the Diploma of Merit at the Medical and Sanitary Exhibition of 1881, since when it has been taken up by the War Department, and by many hospitals and municipal authorities in the United Kingdom and abroad. It is very economical to use, burning but a minimum of fuel, which may be either coal or gas. It is constructed of patented improved composite non-conducting material, with non-conducting door, and contains shelves, galvanised iron safety-carrying case, with wicker linings for clothing, inspection valves, and patent automatic safetyvalve to regulate heat to any temperature at will. An apparatus for producing steam for moist heat can also be had with it if desired.

Messrs. Doulton & Co. figure as prominently here as they do at the Healtheries, and though their exhibit is of course on a smaller scale, it is quite as representative, being arranged with the utmost completeness, and at the same time allowing everything to be seen and examined with the greatest facility. All Messrs. Doulton's latest improvements, as shown at South Kensington, and including those recently illustrated and described in detail in the pages of the EXHIBITION SUPPLEMENT' of the SANITARY RECORD are exhibited at Dublin; the water-closets, urinals, water-waste preventers, flushing tanks, ventilating syphon traps and similar apparatus being in action. Having so lately commented on the valuable points in these appliances, it is merely necessary to note that all the various articles present their usual merits, and if sanitary reform in Dublin and other parts of Ireland is not speedily brought about it will not be through any fault of Messrs. Doulton & Co. in not showing the simplest and most effective sanitary appliances and means for hygienic conditions.

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it is not inclosed in woodwork, nor does it require any wood fittings beyond a movable hinged seat supported on brackets. This arrangement prevents accumulations of dust or offensive matter, and by simply raising the seat transforms it into a slop closet or urinal. The flushingpipe from cistern is easy of access for inspection, and all other joints and connections being in sight, any leakage or other defect can be easily detected. The outside of the basin and trap is of an ornate and pleasing character. Mr. Twyford is a large manufacturer of lavatory-basins and other sanitary ware, and the collection he has sent of the former stands is pre-eminent for excellence of design and finish. Some are shown fitted in handsome cabinet work with connections for hot and cold water complete, while others are ready for fixing or fitting in frames to suit the purchaser's fancy.

Mr. T. G. Messenger, Park Road, Loughborough, exhibits a Syphon Water-Waste Preventer, constructed on rather different principles to the majority of these appa

ratus. The distinctive feature is that the flow ceases when the handle is released. No valves are used for the discharge of water, and it is claimed that the result is exactly the same as a cistern constructed on the alternating principle. Earth-closets are well represented by two good makers, each possessing peculiar points of their own. Mr. R. R. Heap, of Greenheys, Manchester, occupies one stand; the British Sanitary Company, Bothwell Street, Glasgow, another. Our first illustration (fig. 1) is a sectional view of the principle that may be said to be common to all, and

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consists of an earth reservoir for storage, a tank that corresponds to the basin of an old w.c., and the seat, which is so arranged that by sitting upon it it is depressed, but on rising, and in connection with two levers on which it rests, a charge of earth is distributed over the excreta. Mr. Heap manufactures a variety of different forms and qualities, but this, which is known as the seat-action, is the most simple and effective; for, being entirely automatic, no one can use the closet without the distribution of earth taking place.

Our next engraving (fig. 2) shows a very simple form, and only requires the tank to make it complete. It is made of ordinary deal, and can be supplied at a very low price. A portion of the apparatus, only to be seen with Mr. Heap's earth-closets, and recently patented by him, is called a 'separator,' and is calculated to obviate an objection hitherto urged, and in other respects to prove a benefit. This consists of an enamelled trough, fixed in the front part with a grating at bottom, and the urine, instead of passing into the collector,' or tank, as it has hitherto done, is by this arrangement diverted, and is carried by means of a pipe into another channel, where it may be collected for after distribution. With this addition the earth-closet becomes one of the most complete media possible for the disposal of human excreta, reducing inconvenience to the narrowest limits.

The other illustration appended shows the working of The British Sanitary Company's Patent Self-acting Earth

from others consists in its being fitted with a perforated shovel or scoop D, which by the seat action is brought quickly forward and spreads the earth more uniformly over the excreta than is effected by the ordinary process. It is made in all qualities, specimens of each being shown. Both the above firms have again been awarded the starred certificate of the Institute.

The Hygienic and Sanitary Engineering Company, Charing Cross and Brighton, are showing Bostel's Excelsior Closets in action, notably their No. 3, which contains recent improvements on the original design. These consist of an arrangement whereby a larger quantity of water remains in the basin or receiver, and the flush of water is delivered at the bottom of the basin and not as hitherto on the top, so that the contents are washed away more quickly and more effectually.

Messrs. J. & M. Craig, Kilmarnock, N.B., and the Bourtreehill Company, Dreghorn, Ayrshire, both contribute good assortments of sanitary stoneware, the former consisting chiefly of drain-pipes, traps, &c., and the latter of glazed sinks, washing up troughs, &c.

Antiseptics and Disinfectants are well represented, the most important exhibits being those of Messrs. Jeyes' Sanitary Compounds Company, Cannon Street, E.C; Mr. Eugène Rimmel; Messrs. Mackey, Mackey, & Co., Fleet, Street, E. C.; Messrs. F. C. Calvert & Co., Manchester; and Mr. J. Wheeler, Ilfracombe. Messrs. Jeyes have sent a very complete and well-arranged collection of their valuable and varied preparations, and have again received the award of the Institute. Mr. J. Wheeler has also received an award for his Pixene, one of the most rational disinfectants that have yet been introduced, and one that is coming extensively into use. His Pixene Soap is also very useful, and, though a thorough antiseptic, may be used without the least detriment to the most tender skin.

Mr. E. Rimmel's Transparent Coal Tar Soap possesses similar qualities, combining the purifying properties of tar with the emollient action of a perfect skin soap. His Aromatic Ozoniser, or Natural Air Purifier, as well as avariety of favourite Toilet Waters, are also exhibited.

Messrs. Burroughs, Wellcome, & Co., Holborn Viaduct, E.C., make a very compact and well-assorted display in the sections devoted to Hospital and Sick-room Appliances, Foods, and Dietetics; their stand being replete with samples of the varied pre-eminent preparations with which their name is so well associated, as well as many recent improvements very interesting to the profession. 'Extractum Pancreatis' is one of their latest introductions, and possessing, as it does, very powerful properties for peptonising milk and other foods for the sick, is well worthy of consideration. The jurors have now awarded to it the prize medal of the Institute.

In cooking apparatus the Wilson Engineering Company, of 227 High Holborn, figure the most prominently. They have in previous years received the starred certificates of the Sanitary Institute; and the fact of their again upon this occasion being awarded the same, testifies to the value of the appliances. The illustration represents one of the ranges in connection with which the company have

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Closet, which has been described on previous occasions in the SANITARY RECORD. Its chief feature of difference

introduced a further improvement, that, though not relating to its cooking capabilities, is well worthy of With the above sketch before them it is scarcely

note.

necessary to remind readers that the Wilson ranges belong to the class known as self-setting, and that the arrangement of the flues is such that all the heat is utilised before the products of combustion pass into the chimney. Nevertheless, a considerable amount of heat does find its way into the chimney, and it is not expected that any stove could be constructed to prevent this. The patentee therefore fixes a wrought iron tube in the chimney, one end of which is bent and passed through the wall and lets in the outside fresh air, which, from the heat in the chimney, is soon warmed and conveyed through proper apertures to warm the apartments or passages in other parts of the building.

Messrs. Musgrave & Co., Belfast, and New Bond Street, W., contribute an assortment of their famous Slow Combustion Stoves. A sketch of one is subjoined, but, having in No. 13 of the 'EXHIBITION SUPPLEMENT' detailed their valuable qualities, it will suffice now to mention that the latest improvement the firm have made is known as the new Double Chamber

rently attracting as much attention and exciting as much interest in the sister isle as they do in other parts of the United Kingdom.

The articles made by Messrs. Buchan, Kite, and Ellison may be said to deal directly with the subject of ventilation; in contradistinction to those of Messrs. Adams and Leggott, which deal with it more indirectly, though no less efficiently. The former consist of inlets for fresh air to be inserted in the walls of rooms or public buildings, and cowls for fixing on the roof to carry off the vitiated air, while the latter are designed to render the opening of heavy sashes or fanlights a matter of simplicity and ease, and at the same time prevent the possibility of these or our ordinary room windows being interfered with by thieves or others from the outside. They therefore provide a means of keeping up a constant supply of fresh air to apartments, warehouses, &., with perfect safety, when not occupied.

It will be remembered that the inlet ventilators of Mr. Ellison are constructed on the conical principle, the

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Slow Combustion Stove, with patent dust preventer, and that the main features of it are great heating power, economy, cleanliness, and safety. The arrangement is most ingenious and complete, and provides for a constant circulation of warmed fresh air in the apartment.

Of the appliances appertaining to ventilation those contributed by Mr. W. P. Buchan, Glasgow; Messrs. Kite & Co., Chalton Street, N. W., Mr. R. Adams, Borough, S.E.. London; Mr. J. Ellison, Leeds; Messrs. W. & R. Leggott, Bradford, Yorkshire; and Wenham's Patent Gas Lamp Company, 12 Rathbone Place, W., London, are the most noteworthy.

The first four mentioned are so well known to the readers of this journal, and to the public generally, being known as standard articles, that to detail their respective merits is quite unnecessary. It will therefore suffice to mention the fact of their being here, and appa

aperture being smallest at the outside end, and gradually increasing in diameter inwards; the result is that, however strong the wind may be, it will enter the apartment imperceptibly, and without draught. This principle has lately been adapted to tubular ventilators, and are known as Ellison's Patent Expanding Ventilating Tubes, their practical value being very much increased by the low price at which they are offered. This consideration of price in reference to a really efficient apparatus has also brought Stevens' Patent Cowls, also made by Mr. Ellison, prominently forward. Mr. Stevens is able to supply a 10-inch cone ventilator with 4-inch Eshaft for 13s., and a 24-inch cone with 12-inch shaft and square base for 27. 18s. 6d.

The 'Wenham' Patent Lamp provides light and ventilation at the same time. It burns gas on the regenerative principle, giving a powerful and shadowless light for a minimum consumption of gas. A perforated ceiling plate

communicating with a shaft carries off the vitiated air from he room. An illustration and further details of this invention will be given in another issue.

Messrs. J. L. Bacon & Co., 34 Upper Gloucester Place, exhibit their system of Heating and Ventilating, one of the salient features of which is the peculiar make of pipe used for the hot water coils. It was originally introduced by this firm, and our illustration is a full-sized sketch of it with a joint. In this apparatus the ordinary boiler is replaced by a series of tubes bent in tiers one over the other and disposed in the interior of a furnace, the temperature of which tubes steadily increases throughout their length; a considerable economy of fuel can be secured by careful disposition of the tubes and construction of the furnace; for it is manifest that the temperature of the escaping smoke need only be slightly in excess of that of the return pipes or about 190° F.; whereas in the ordinary boiler where perfectly free circulation is possible,

phenomena of ebullition are avoided, and the heating sur faces can, by regulating the valve accordingly, be raised to very high temperatures without the formation of steam. The system is therefore peculiarly applicable for drying closets and stoves for manufacturing purposes where great heat is required, and where the ordinary system of hot-air flues is inexpedient, both on account of danger from fire and damage from noxious vapours. But since laws of hygiene forbid the employment of overheated metal surfaces for the ordinary purposes of heating, the apparatus is in such cases constructed so that the surfaces cannot exceed a mean temperature of 237° F., with the result, that while in every way obedient to those laws, the greatest possible effect is obtained from the tubes, and one considerably in excess of that obtained from other systems of circulating apparatus.

Messrs. Bacon have special systems of ventilation which are applicable to buildings of various kinds, and they are

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and the temperature of the water is practically the same throughout, the heat of the flow pipe governs that of the chimney. The result of this is economy of fuel and rapidity of heating. Amongst the other advantages possessed by this system the following are also worth noting:

Ease of Application. -In consequence of the superior quality and small diameter of the tubes, and the facility with which they can be bent, the apparatus is equally applicable to old or new constructions, for it can be introduced without disturbance to existing arrangements, and does not necessarily entail the construction of trenches or channels for connection mains, an inconvenience in other systems often debarring their employment. The expenses, therefore, accessory to its introduction are very trifling, and as the circulation does not depend on the tubes being laid at a slope, the apparatus is not unsightly. Simplicity of Management.-The action of the apparatus being that of the simple circulation of liquid, induced by lighting the furnace fire, all the difficulties arising from condensation, air stoppage, and the consequent necessity for attention to valves and air-cocks, are avoided. The management is, indeed, so simple that it can be left to the care of any ordinary house servant. Durability. The whole apparatus, when erected, is tested by hydraulic means to a pressure of 130 atmospheres, and since the valve is regulated to blow off at six atmospheres, it is manifest that leaks are of rare occurrence. Further, in consequence of the unusual character of the material employed, viz., wrought iron, breakage is impossible, even in the event of the greatest violence. Hence, the cost of maintenance, often such a heavy item, and so difficult to estimate in the case of other systems, such as steam, castiron hot-water pipe, or hot-air apparatus, is in the case of this system practically nil: instances have been known where apparatuses have been in use over fifteen years without entailing the least expense for repair. Heating Capacity. The apparatus working under a valve, the

prepared to make schemes suitable for any building either old or new. In large buildings a fan worked by a gas engine is generally used to extract the vitiated air, the fresh air being warmed before entering the rooms by passing over the hot pipes. This system has been largely adopted on the continent with great success.

Mes rs. Chorlton & Dugdale, of Manchester, make a first-rate display with every variety of their 'Excelsior' Spring Mattress, Adjustable Invalid Couches and Chairs. The eng aving indicates one of their newest introductions

of the latter articles. A brass rod on the right hand side of the sitter with an endless screw at its lower end working on a cogged wheel of gun metal, enables him to alter the position of the back, without rising from his seat, to any inclination he desires. It also forms a most luxurious reading or smoking chair.

Messrs. Billington Brothers also show their 'Liverpool' Spring Mattress as illustrated in the accompanying sketch. The special features of the appliances manufactured by this firm have been pointed out on other occasions in the

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