carbolic powder, but, as we have failed to obtain samples of them, we are unable to speak of their merits.

Dr. Evelyn Pierrepont, 22 Old Burlington Street, W. South Central Gallery (1,735), exhibits some new and ingeniously contrived toothbrushes to be used in pairs, as shown in illustration. Dr. Pierrepont argues that hitherto little attention has been paid either by dentists or others to the shape of tooth-brushes, although people are told to take all possible care of their teeth, and he points out that the ordinary tooth-brushes are not at all adapted for cleansing the inner side of the teeth, which require as much care as the outer surface. The brushes may be described as concave and convex

and destroy all odour, but to neutralise ammonia, and to arrest decomposition; thus preserving its value for future employment. While preserving all the above-named properties, this fluid can be made entirely inodorous. A mixture consisting of a teaspoonful of disinfecting fluid to a quart of water will render tainted provisions pure, and used in dairies or larders will have the effect of preventing provisions from becoming tainted. It is also claimed that it is the most perfect water purifier possible, as the base of the permanganate salt being insoluble, forms a flocculent precipitate which clarifies the water and carries down all suspended matter.

as regards the bristle 'line,' the former being used for the interior and the latter for the exterior surface. The handles are also bent, and the brushes themselves are narrower than the ordinary ones. The bristles are of different lengths to suit the requirements of the teeth. The brushes are, of course, used separately, and are well adapted to carry out the idea of the inventor. They are made in several different sizes, and in three separate strengths of bristle, for hard or soft gums, and besides cleaning the surface, penetrate the interstices between each tooth. The advantages offered by these tooth-brushes will doubtless commend them to the public.

CHEMICALS, PIGMENTS, &C.

South Central Gallery.

Another preparation shown is a new Medicinal Salt, Hyposulphate of Soda. This salt is introduced as a useful substitute for sulphate of magnesia (Epsom salts), combining all its useful properties, with other advantages, such as being antiseptic and less drastic in its effects.

A new method of decomposing chloride of sodium and potassium in aqueous solution is also exhibited. This produces a hyposulphate of either alkali in crystalline form, and chloride manganese in solution. At a low red heat these latter salts can be converted into sulphate for the manufacture of carbonate of soda or potash. The means employed by Mr. Condy in this process are so simple, that sulphate of soda or potash for alkali or glass making may be manufactured without the aid of vitriol chambers or reverberatory furnaces, and consequently with a much less expensive plant; in fact this process is calculated to effect a complete revolution in the manufacture of these extensively used chemicals. Mr. Condy is quite prepared to sell his patent outright or to grant licences for the use of his process.

Knowing that any improvement in the manufacture of white lead, by which the evil effects of the old stack system is avoided would be read with interest by the subscribers to the SANITARY RECORD, the writer visited Mr. Condy's factory, and was shown the entire process. In saying that it is rapid, the inventor hardly does justice to the importance of his system, for when it is stated that he accomplishes in seven days what by the old stack system requires four or five months to produce, and without any of the danger to health inherent in the Dutch system, some idea may be formed of its commercial value. The inventor produces white lead of an unvarying uniform quality, a result which cannot be effected by the Dutch process, as change of weather and inability to control the temperature of the stacks greatly interfere with it, identical in composition with the very best white lead made by the stack system, viz. 2(PbO, CO) + PbO,HO, and this is effected without the hands coming in contact with the lead, until it is withdrawn from the drying kilns. The workmen then wear thick leather gloves on their hands and respirators over their mouths, so a fair idea may be formed of the valuable hygienic as well as commercial advantages offered by Mr. Condy's new process. Briefly explained, the process is as follows:-The pig lead is first melted and then granulated; it is then placed in vats, and, with the addition of acetic acid, and its own heat, becomes oxidised; it is afterwards pumped to another set of vats, where, by the addition of an alkaline carbonate it is precipitated, and assumes the form of a thick paste. In this state it is removed to filter presses, where the superabundant liquid is withdrawn, and is then removed in small earthern pans to the drying kiln, in which it remains about three or four days. Being then in the form of a dry cake, easily broken up, it is placed into casks and headed up, ready for transport to the grinders, when it is transformed into the semi-liquid state by means of linseed oil, and is ready for the painter to mix. It would be impossible to produce finer white lead than that made by Mr. Condy's system, and from specimens of covering of other leads shown the writer, he is inclined to think it is some 20 per cent. superior in covering power. Another advantage gained is that a valuable by-product is secured, viz., acetate of soda, which is used in the manufacture of acetic acid. When the merits of the Condy White

Mr. H. B. Condy, Battersea, S. W., at 1,445, has a case containing some valuable chemicals, including a new Permanganate Disinfectant, and a white lead made by a new and rapid process, harmless to the workmen. Condy's Fluid, of which the exhibitor was the inventor, has, in many respects, been surpassed by the new disinfectant, which comprises some valuable improvements. It combines the principles of a disinfectant, a deodoriser, an antiseptic, a neutraliser of ammonia, and a precipitating agent, and has the further characteristic odour of ozone, qualities that have not previously been united in any one compound. In the manufacture of this disinfectant an aluminous salt is first produced, out of which potash alum is crystallised, the mother liquor consisting of an aluminous salt in which permanganic acid replaces its equivalent of sulphuric acid. It also contains a certain quantity of sulphate of alumina, to which it partly owes its power of increasing the oxidising effect of the permanganic acid and of neutralising ammonia, as well as its antiseptic quality. When placed in contact with decomposing organic matter, the sulphate of alumina plays the part that would be taken by sulphuric acid; and again by adding more sulphate of alumina a greater amount of ozone is obtained. One part of this disinfectant to 400 parts of water furnishes a strong disinfecting fluid, and besides acting in this capacity is a good antiseptic, and neutraliser of ammoniacal gas. Its effect, therefore, on decaying matter is not only to thoroughly disinfect

Lead are better known to the public it will doubtless take that position in the commercial world to which it is fairly entitled.

At

Messrs. J. B. Freeman & Co., Grove Works, Battersea, S.W., exhibit (1,448, South Central Gallery), examples of their patent non-poisonous White Lead, which is worthy the careful attention of all sanitarians. This white lead, though innocuous, must not be confounded with the zinc whites, of which so much has of late years been advanced; for while possessing all the qualities of the best white lead made by the old system as to density, ability to withstand weather, covering power, &c., it is as free from danger to health to the workers who make or use it as the zinc whites, and a house may be painted with it without the removal of the occupants, and without any smells or ill effects resulting from its use. the same time it may fairly claim advantages not possessed by the orthodox white lead. As in the case of the preceding white lead described, the writer has visited Messrs. Freeman's works and made himself thoroughly acquainted with the details. Messrs. Freeman have been manufacturers of white lead for generations, and have been fully alive to the injuries to health incidental to the old stack process, and the beautiful, new, innocuous pigment they have succeeded in producing has been the result of many years' exhaustive experiments, and great expense. This lead also differs from the ordinary kind in being a 'sulphate' and not a 'carbonate' of lead. But it may be said that a sulphate is not a pigment in the sense white lead is generally understood to be. This is correct; but, as will be presently shown, an addition made to it, which embraces the patent the firm have taken out for their commodity, secures the desired end. The mode of manufacture is ingenious and rapid, the result being attained within a week as against about four months by the stack system. After the pig lead is melted it is poured through a machine which quickly forms it into small flakes, or feathers 'to use a trade term-on to an inclined plane, up which it is carried and thrown off. This machine is the invention of the firm, the object being, when the operation of making white lead is commenced, to secure the largest amount of surface to be acted upon by the acid. The lead is then collected and placed in vats, which are specially constructed to produce rapid oxidation of the metal. An acidulated liquor of acetic acid and water is then introduced to the mass; and, without going into too many minutiæ, for every 5 tons of lead so treated sufficient is carried down in the form of a liquid each time it is drawn off to produce 900 lbs. of sulphate of lead. Sulphuric acid is then introduced into the liquor, when the lead is deposited in a beautiful white precipitate. This is now taken out and washed with water, and then deposited in large vats or backs. When these vats are nearly full they are emptied of the sulphate of lead, which is the real nature of their contents, and which is of the consistency of a thick paste. It is then dried in the usual way. value of this invention has now to be imparted to it. It has already been pointed out that sulphate of lead is not a pigment for a painter, so it has to be turned into one. To this pure precipitated sulphate of lead a certain proportion of oxide of zinc is added, and then submitted to the most important part of the process, whereby a complete change is effected in its properties, and a body and density much in excess of the old white lead is imparted to it; the compound before treatment weighing only 112 lbs. per cubic foot, and after treatment over 200 lbs. per cubic foot. This marvellously transformed compound, for it has as yet not been clearly shown by chemists how the increased density is obtained, is the nonpoisonous white lead which the writer is describing. The greatest density of the best white leads made by the old system is about 184. It will thus be seen that Messrs. Freeman's lead is heavier than the ordinary kinds, and, furthermore, it only takes about 7 lbs of oil per cwt. to mix it, as against 8 or 8 lbs. required for the others. Its

The great

colour is whiter than that of any other lead, and it has the further advantage of retaining it under the most adverse atmospheric conditions. Materials coated partly with this white lead, and partly with the ordinary kinds, that had been exposed to the action of sulphuretted hydrogen, were shown to the writer, in which Messrs. Freeman's lead had not changed in colour, while the other half had become a deep brown, almost amounting to a black. The reports of Dr. H. C. Bartlett, F.C.S., &c., Mr. A. H. Church, M.A., F.C.S., Professor of Chemistry to the Royal Academy of Arts, Sir Chas. A. Cameron, M.D., President Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland, Vice-President Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain, the late G. W. Wigner, Esq., F.I.C., F.C.S., &c., more than prove the facts here advanced, while the number of testimonials in possession of the firm from painters and decorators in various parts of the kingdom are unanimous in pronouncing this non-poisonous white lead as the best they have ever used. The value of the invention to the manufacturer, as enabling him to carry on his business with a mere minimum of capital as compared with what is required by the old Dutch process, has not been adverted to, but it is nevertheless very great. Thus in every point of view a greater advantage is secured, a smaller amount of capital is required for the working, a larger proportion of lead of a superior quality is produced, and, what is of far greater importance, danger to health is avoided; a benefit not to be overlooked by sanitarians. Messrs Freeman also exhibit a case of non-poisonous colours of almost every variety of shade.

The Patent Liquid Fireproof Cyanite Paint Company, of Chelsea, and 82 Bishopsgate Street, Within, E.C. (1,440, Stand 266, South Central Gallery), exhibit their patented material bearing the above title. It would probably be more correctly described as a priming than a paint, notwithstanding that it is a preservative to wood, as well as a powerful agent in arresting the progress of fire. It is applied with a brush in the ordinary manner, one coat being necessary in all cases, and sometimes two coats are advisable. One gallon will cover about 500 square feet for the first coat, but the second will take only about half as much. It penetrates and so incorporates itself with the wood a certain depth of the surface, and consequently cannot be scraped off unless the material is taken with it. In this condition it has somewhat the appearance of a wood stain, and for certain purposes these coatings are sufficient; but it can be painted and varnished without any detriment to the cyanite. Anxious to witness its effect under fire, the writer was accorded the privilege of attending a demonstration a few days since in the open air, when it was subjected to severe tests. A flight of wooden stairs were fitted up, to which two coats of the cyanite had been applied. These were well soused with benzoline, back and front, and surrounded with shavings similarly treated, and set light to. As may be supposed, the whole structure was soon enveloped in strong flames, that gave off intense heat. yet, strange to say, they burnt themselves completely out in a very few minutes, leaving only a slightly charred surface that did not penetrate the wood more than one-eighth of an inch; and with that exception the stairs were as sound as before. Two large packing-cases, standing upright and open in the front, were also operated upon. To more effectually show the difference, one of these had not been coated with the solution; and, it is almost needless to say, was entirely burnt in a short space of time. Owing to the flames being concentrated in the interior of the other case, they remained in force a longer time than in the case of the flight of stairs; but they, too, became extinct, though owing to the intense heat generated, and to a strong breeze, they now and again showed signs of vitality. Sufficient, however, was demonstrated to show that the fire could easily have been extinguished when at its height with ease had the usual appliances been used, and this is of course the great advantage to be obtained

by the use of the cyanite. The report of Captain Shaw, the superintendent of the London Fire Brigade, who has paid considerable attention to the invention, is appended: The wooden stairs cyanited resisted strong flames well, and practically were not weakened. I have no doubt that cyanite would be most useful in preventing the spread of fire, and I should be glad to see it more used. I consider that wooden stairs cyanited are in case of fire much safer than stone.' So fully impressed are the principal fire insurance offices of the value of cyanite that their rates of insurance are materially reduced for all buildings treated with it in the case of theatres from 21S. and upwards per cent. to 10s. 6d. and upwards, which is a most practical acknowledgment of its worth. We learn that Sir William Harcourt's new Hampshire Mansion has been completely cyanited by the company, he having witnessed tests similar to the above.

Messrs. Griffiths, Berdoe, & Co. (Sanitary Paint Co., Limited), 34 Leadenhall Street, E. C., and Liverpool (1,442) show their non poisonous colours, and Knight's patent white, a non-poisonous substitute for white lead; and Mr. Thos. Griffiths, 1 Queen Victoria Street, E.C. (1,443) exhibits a similar preparation.

GAS AND OIL LAMPS, &C.

East Annexe.

Messrs. Wm. Sugg & Co., Limited, Vincent Works, Westminster, S. W. (1,479), at an attractive stand, combining the scientific and the useful, exhibit the different gas-burners with which their names have become associated-street-lanterns, sun-burners, gas-governors, &c. The scientific apparatus comprise an illuminating power meter, improved cubic foot measure and meter, Filling valves, Harcourt's Patent Aerothometer, Joslin's Patent Indicator, an improved Canadian pattern, Letheby Photometer, and a jet photometer of ten-candle test. All these are meritorious inventions, and will be appreciated by gas engineers. But the most unique feature connected with lighting is the Cromartie' Gas lamp and Gaselier, which is bound to become a favourite with all who use gas as a lighting medium. The burner is the ordinary fish-tail inverted. It is surrounded with concentric tubes, one of which supplies air to keep up combustion, the other carrying off the products, and this can easily be arranged to pass by means of an extended tube between the ceiling and the flooring boards above, and so into the outer atmosphere. Each of the jets is covered with a small inverted dome-shade, not unlike that of an incandescent electric light globe, and the flame curving inwards to the tube has a very pretty effect. The quantity of gas consumed by each of the burners is by measurement only two feet per hour, and gives considerable illuminating power. The prettiness of the effect is increased by covering the lights with different coloured shades, and the invention can be easily applied to brackets or any form of gas-lighting.

Stand 1,480 is occupied by The Manufacturing Com. pany, 43 Farringdon Road, who exhibit Bromhead's Automatic Dry Gas Regulator, intended to regulate the consumption of gas after it leaves the meter. The word 'Dry' is used to distinguish it from those in which mercury or liquid substances are used, the material employed being a leather diaphragm, which rises and falls with the valve regulating the supply.

Mr. J. S. Fairfax, 3 St. Paul's Road, Camden Square, N.W. (1,492), shows a chromatic stereoscope on stand, to which a mineral-oil lamp is attached for night use. By this nvention charming effects of light and colour are obtained. Stand 1,493 is occupied by Kynoch & Co., Limited, 199 Piccadilly, who show a collection of mineral-oil lamps in various designs, the novelty being in the burner, which is called a circular wick duplex.' It is, in reality, a circular burner with two flat wicks, each operated upon independently, as in the ordinary duplex, the advantages being easy manipulation as compared with a circular wick in one piece, as there is no fear of the half-circular wicks not rising evenly.

The Albo-Carbon Light Company, 132 Horseferry Road, S. W., make a handsome display at 1,495 of their special mode of burning gas by introducing a variety of designs of the containers' for the albo-carbon, suitable for all descriptions of lights, from the office to the drawing-room.

Mr. Wm. Tice, Thornilee, Sutton, occupies 1,501 with a collection of his dry gas regulators, and a street gas lamp regulator. He also shows a simple mode of warming railway carriages.

Browne & Co., 186 Piccadilly (1,503), contribute a commendable collection of mineral-oil lamps, their burner known as the 'Mitrailleuse' being a prominent feature.

Mr. Kinnear (1,505), 91 Finsbury Pavement, E.C., shows a self-lighting gas-burner and tap, to which a governor is attached, by the use of which it is claimed that 25 per cent. of gas is saved, and immunity from explosions secured. The gas is really never entirely turned off in this tap, a minute blue flame unseen at the burner being always alight, which is extinguished when the gas is fully turned on, but is brought into use again when the principal flame is extinguished.

Mr. W. Daniell Linslade, Leighton Buzzard (1,507) exhibits what he terms an improved oil-lamp and chandelier, which in the case of a pendant light consists in laying the wicks (flat ones) along the arms springing from the pendant from the oil reservoir. By this means the trouble of trimming is much reduced, as the wicks will last a long time. The oil reservoir being above the wicks, a free flow is always secured.

Mr. George Bower, St. Neot's, Hunts (1,517), exhibits the Bower duplex regenerative gas lamp, of which an illustration in elevation is appended. This light is the outcome of patents taken out by Grimston, Thorp, and Mr. Bower himself, all of whom have worked in a somewhat similar direction, each patent being now practically merged in the Bower' lamp, of which Mr. George Bower is now the owner. As gas lights under one or other of the original patents may have been seen by some of our readers), it may be pointed out that the idea is to burn the gas at a very high temperature, viz., to heat intensely just as much air as is necessary for the complete combustion of

ried off to the outer atmosphere, but if allowed to discharge themselves into the room are far less deleterious than those produced from burning gas in the ordinary manner, as they consist only of carbonic acid gas and water; the same compound that is given off by wax or sperm. Blackened ceilings and injury to pictures or decorations are by this means reduced to a mere minimum. The candle power of this lamp in the smallest size from 16-candle gas equals 6-candle power per cubic foot in the small size, and 8-candle power per cubic foot in the larger size, or a light equal to 200 candles for less than one penny per hour, and this without the aid of reflectors of any kind. This latter fact must be borne in mind, for it has been too much the custom to measure the power of a light by the aid given it by reflectors, which, if they increase it in one direction must, of necessity, detract from it in another. The Bower gas-light can be applied to all descriptions of lighting.

tion represents the open fire, but the recent alterations have not as yet been shown in a drawing. One of these is a movable bottom fire-grating, which, by means of a ratcheted lever moved from the front, enables the fuel to be lifted towards the hot plate and adjusted to any height. This effects great economy in fuel, dispenses entirely with the poker, and ensures a good hot plate at all times for boiling or frying, which is done to perfection. The idea is not introduced as a new one, but Mr. Constantine carries out the arrangement in a more simple manner than heretofore practised, and one not likely to become disarranged or out of order. Another excellent improvement is the arrangement for the introduction of heated fresh air, which is admitted underneath and carried up a chamber at the sides of the fire box and discharged through a series of holes towards the top amidst the burning fuel, thus materially improving combustion, and tending to reduce the quantity of smoke. Mr. Constantine

FOOD AND STIMULANTS.

East Annexe.

Messrs. George Mason & Co., Limited, 417 King's Road, Chelsea (1,562), have an attractive stand of their various meat extracts, including their carefully prepared Beef-tea Jelly, an admirable food for the invalid when first recovering from illness, and Concentrated Beef-tea, a powerful solidified extract of the best parts of the finest Scotch ox beef, but immediately made soluble by the addition of hot water. There are also essences of veal, mutton, and chicken, and invalid turtle soup. Another speciality is the Meat Lozenges made by the firm, which are superior in flavour to similar preparations of the kind generally.

Mr. J. Edmunds, Stonefield, Liverpool Road (No. 1,609), is present with a collection of his curry powders, and different kinds of chutneys, &c. Mr. Edmunds does not exhibit anything that has not already been announced on other occasions, excepting a new-shaped bottle for chutney, having an overlapping cover of glass lined with cork, which presents a secure seal from atmospheric air, when in use, and without the necessity of using an inner cork to the bottle. It is taper in shape, with a wide mouth, and free from any obstructions that would prevent free access to the contents.

HEATING AND COOKING APPARATUS.
Eastern Arcade.

Mr. T. J. Constantine, 61 Fleet Street, E. C., at 1,536 exhibits his popular Treasure' Cooking Range with still further improvements. Attention has so often been called to this excellent kitchener, that on the present occasion the recent improvements only need be mentioned. They are carried out in connection with the latest prior improvement of the open fire for cooking in front. The illustra

also exhibits his improved cooking pots and saucepans, which have marked advantages over the old Warren cooking utensils. These utensils, however, have been fully described on previous occasions: all who study economy in cooking, or desire the best results, should avail themselves of them.

Those persons who are interested in the efforts of the Smoke Abatement Institution to minimise smoke from coal fires should make themselves acquainted with the kitchen range shown by Mr. Henry Thompson, 33 Alwyne Road, Canonbury (1,551). This exhibit is not tabulated in the first catal gue, as it has been admitted since the opening of the Exhibition; its claims as a smoke consumer having been the cause of its admission. Attention has so often been called to the efforts of the inventor in minimising the production of smoke that there is no further necessity to dilate on them. Mr. Thompson is not connected, as a manufacturer of stoves and ranges, with the trade; but has given his constant attention to the subjects of the economisation of fuel and diminution of smoke for some years. At the Smoke Abatement Exhibition he exhibited an invention, then in a somewhat crude form, but possessing good points. At the Healtheries last year he showed a sitting-room grate and a kitchen range, going still further in the right direction, for which he was awarded a gold medal, the only award for prevention of smoke; and so recently as already mentioned, as to secure admission after the Exhibition was opened, he has perfected the nearest approach to a smokeless fire that can at present be obtained in an open fire grate, unaccompanied by mechanism of any kind. A grate to be smokeless, or approaching to that ideal, must be made so without leaving anything to chance or inattention to its mechanism on the part of the user; in other words, it must be perfectly automatic in its action. Mr. Thompson has done wisely to introduce his improvements in the first place in a kitchen range, for every householder knows that it is in the kitchener

Unfor

that the greatest amount of smoke is generated. tunately, the inventor has not been able to secure a place in the Exhibition where he can show the range in action, which is very much against his interests, but addresses to any reasonable extent can be given where these ranges are in operation, and where they can be seen under the most reliable conditions. Before long, however, a depôt will be opened in London where the kitcheners will be in action, and sitting-room grates at moderate prices will shortly be ready, made on the same principle. The illustration shows the kitchen range in elevation; it does not differ in appearance from those of the ordinary kind, neither is there anything in its manipulation beyond what is required in the commonest cooking stove; in fact, there is less care required, and no servant can make any mistake in using it. The coal is put on in the usual manner, and nothing more is required than to keep the fire alight. The reduction and almost non-creation of smoke is effected in the following manner :-In the fire-box are

time in watching its action. Presuming that a moderate amount of smoke at least would be visible when the fire was fed, the fire-box was filled to repletion with a highly bituminous coal, but he was surprised to find on immediately proceeding to watch the chimney-pot (one of the ordinary description) that but the merest discoloration possible was visible, while the surrounding chimnies were giving off their full complement of smoke, and the feeding was repeated during his visit with like results. The effect on the hot water arrangements of this house was all that could be desired, the water in the bathroom coming in at a higher temperature than usual. Another advantage in this range is that it presents a good open roasting fire, and that the ovens are always hot. It has been shown that the heat must always pass around them, as it is the only access to the flue. It must be evident that chimneysweeping is reduced to a minimum whenever this stove is used. The cook will also be pleased to find that there is only one damper requiring attention in place of three in

laid hollow oblong-shaped bars extending from the top of the back downwards, and so on to the front of the range at the bottom. These leave a small chamber at the back, but are open to the ashpit underneath. At a certain distance from the top the bars are perforated at the back. The air entering at the front of them becomes highly heated, the bars being always in contact with the live coals, and this heated air is given off in the chamber at the back. The products of combustion are bound to pass through the interstices of the bars to this chamber, where they come in contact with the heated air, and are turned into flame, the combustion being complete. The mass then passes down to the right and left hand sides of the fire-box to a narrow channel, up which it travels over the top and entirely round the ovens on each side, passing into the ash-pit under the fire, which is necessarily highly heated, containing as it generally does red hot embers, and then passes into the flue at the back. Be it remembered that this is the only access to the chimney. The gases must pass this way, as it is the only outlet for them. That the mode is effective the writer can state authoritatively, having visited a house where one of them was in use, and spent a considerable

most other kitcheners. Any existing range, particularly those with back boilers, can be altered to Mr. Thompson's principle at a small expense, and many by well-known makers have been so treated and with successful results, according to testimonials in the possession of the inventor. The consumption of fuel appears to be reduced, which is easily accounted for by the whole of it being thoroughly burnt, instead of passing up the chimney unconsumed to pollute the atmosphere.

ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES.

Eastern Arcade.

Another mode of insulating telegraph and other electrical conductors is shown at 1,314 by Callender's Bitumen Telegraph and Waterproof Company, Limited, 101 Leadenhall Street, E. C. By this process the wires are first put in tubes and bedded in and covered with a bituminous compound. The tubes are then laid in rows in iron troughs, and filled up with the compound.

For the same purpose a patent box street-curb is shown at 1,354 by Mr. Wm. Riddall, 10 South Street, Finsbury,