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ABBEY MILLS PUMPING STATION-SECTIONAL

ELEVATION AND
AND PLAN OF BOILER.

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circular inches through every part. All the passages within the nozzle to the condenser along which the steam will flow have clear areas of not less than 180 circular inches through every part, and all abrupt angles are rounded off in the castings.

The beams are each 70in. deep in the centre,

having top and bottom flanges each 88in. sectional | case-hardened in the working parts, and are area, and the web 24in. in thickness. The plum- inserted into holes bored through the bosses in mer blocks are supported by a cast iron moulded the beams for that purpose, so placed as to entablature and arches and four cast iron moulded divide the vibrations upon the principal centre columns placed on and bolted to a cast-iron girder, lines, according to the following leading dimenand are 37ft. 6 in. long between the extreme sions, namely Distance from centre of beam centres. All the gudgeons are of wrought iron, to the centre line of cylinders, 18ft. 6in.; ditto,

ORDNANCE

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to centre line of inner end sewage pumps, 9ft lifting and closing the same from the engine-room house, round which it is conveyed 20in. in diameter 3in.; ditto, to centre line of cranks, 18ft. Gin.' floor. Each valve seat is divided into nine open- with connections and branches to the several steam ditto, to centre line of outer end sewage ings, each 1ft. 3in. by Sin. in the clear, each cylinders of 14in. and 10in. respectively. All the pumps, 9ft. 3in. The air pumps and condensers opening being closed by leather valves with pipes are well clothed, and fitted with valves. To are of 27in. and 30in. diameter, placed in cast-wrought valve-irons on back and face. The valves give access to the steam and feed pipes a gangway iron cisterns fixed in front of the cylinders and are suspended from lugs on back valve-irons, on is formed round the central well of the engine-house fitted with hot wells, lower blow valves, and sluice rods turning in eyes cast on the valve seats. The of open iron plates, carried upon cantilevers and valves, and with waste pipes, and have brass foot valve seats are accurately cast and faced, and the girders, and furnished with iron hand-rail. valves, brass bucket gratings, brass delivery valves are interchangeable. The leather emvalves, and brass facings to each, and also im- ployed for the valves is the best hide in. proved hemp-packed buckets, together with pro- thick. The pump pistons are 3ft. 10 in. in per brass injection cocks and cast-iron injection diameter, with a stroke of 4ft. 6in., with pillars, with levers, rods, handles, and indexes packing of the most improved description, and are complete. The waste pipes from hot and cold fitted to wrought-iron piston rods, cottered to pump water cisterns are turned down into the reservoir rods, and passing through stuffing boxes in the under the engine-room floor. The cold water pump covers. Each of these pumps is bolted down pumps are each 20in. diameter and 27in. stroke, to stones, and stayed at the sides to the cast-iron fitted with common buckets and clacks. These standards which carry the girder under centre pumps each draw from a vacuum vessel 2ft. in pillars by means of girders bolted thereto and to diameter and 7ft. 6in. high, to which an 18in. the descending pipe from the sewage pump delivery suction pipe to reservoir under engine-room floor, valves. A cast-iron circular trough or culvert is with hanging valves and windbore piece, is at-placed in the centre of each cross arm of the enginetached. The feed pumps each have a cast-iron plunger of 7in. diameter and 27in. stroke, with glands, stuffing-boxes, and brass valves, and 6in.

delivery pipes; each pump is united to an nir 2ft. diameter and 5ft. Gin. high, to which is attached a 6in. feed pipe, enlarging to 8in. after its junction with the corresponding pipe from a second air vessel. Three of these Sin. pipes deliver into a pipe 12in. in diameter, carried round the well in the centre of the engine-house, from which the feed-water is conveyed through a 16in. pipe to a 12in. pipe, branching right and left to the two sets or ranges of boilers, and returned to and along the front of the boilers. That portion, however, in front of the boilers is gradually reduced to 6in. diameter at the extreme end of each range of boilers. From the lastmentioned pipe descends at and in front of every alternate boiler a 44in. pipe with a 3in. branch right and left to each boiler. These pipes are furnished with valves at the several junctions, to enable communication to be made with or shut off from any one of the feed pumps to either set of boilers, and are fitted with escape, regulating, and drain valves and cocks complete. The connecting rods and cranks are of cast-iron, the crank shafts of wrought iron, and the crank pins of steel. A cast-iron trough or race is provided

for each crank.

The fly-wheels are each 27ft. in diameter, with rims 18in. deep and 11in. wide, so as to enable the engine to pass their centres with facility when working at a slow speed. The rims are neatly hollowed in the angles, and both rims and arms neatly panelled on the face, and each is provided with a cast-iron trough or race. For moving the engines when on the dead centres there is a toothed wheel bolted on the face of the fly-wheel next the wall, taking into a crab with shifting handle shaft and lever, so that all parts of the crab gearing are at rest when not required. The valve gear consists of shafts, silent gearing, cams, of 5in. radius, carefully shaped and properly adjusted, plummer blocks, adjustable valve rods, and levers, and other usual appendages. The steam cams are so arranged as to enable the steam to be cut off at any variable length of stroke, and to these cams the action of the governor is applied. An alternative arrangement is also made for cutting off the steam at any length of stroke, independently of the action of the governor, with index-hand, pillar, levers, &c., to show to what extent the steam is cut off. To the governor is attached suitable means for regulating the amount of injection water. The governors are Pitcher's patent, driven from the fly-wheel shafts by wood and iron bevel wheels, placed underneath the floor of the engines. The governors are so adjusted as to admit of the speed of the engines being limited to eleven revolutions per minute.

The sewage pumps, sixteen in number, cach comprise a barrel 3ft. 10 in. in diameter, and an upper and lower valve box with two sets of valve seats in each box, one for suction and the other for delivery; also a suction pipe communicating with upper and lower suction valves, and a delivery pipe communicating in like manner with the upper and lower delivery valves, and at its lower end by means of a branch pipe with the main discharge culvert. In this branch pipe is fitted a brass-faced slide valve worked by a screw and spindle from the engine-room floor. A double-faced valve of similar make is also fitted between the suction pipe and the upper suction valves, and a 6in. opening is left in the top of the upper valve box, fitted with a loaded valve, and furnished with all necessary means for readily

The design of the engine and boiler, the chimney stalk, and, in fact, of every portion of the whole structure, does infinite credit to Mr. Bazalgette and his staff; while we are at a loss to detect a single feature calculated to unnecessarily increase the outlay. On the occasion of the visit last week the engines and the entire machinery worked with all the smoothness that might be expected would characterize the work of the firm of Messrs. Rothwell and Co., the contractors for the machinery Mr. Webster being the contractor for the works.

house parallel to the main beams for the reception THE LONDON ASSOCIATION OF FOREMEN
of the sewage from the pumps. Three of these
culverts are 6ft. in diameter, and one 10ft. in

diameter, for a length of 33ft., and 10ft. 6in.
diameter for the remaining length of 12ft. A cast-
iron air vessel, 13ft. internal diameter at the lower
end, and 114ft. at the upper end, extending to the
under side of the girders of engine-room floor,
is fixed at the intersection of the four arms of the
culverts. The whole of the culverts and air
vessel are constructed so as to sustain with safety
a pressure of 20lb. per inch super. Air pumps
with cocks, valves, pipes, rods, and shafts are fixed
for charging the several air vessels, and all requisite
discharging valves, cocks, and pipes are fitted to
pumps, delivery troughs, &c., with proper appliances
for opening and closing the same.

ENGINEERS.

THE ordinary monthly meeting of members

of this Institution took place at the George Hotel, Aldermanbury, City, on Saturday, the 1st inst. Mr. Newton, of the Mint, occupied the chair, and the attendance was very numerous. After the reading of the minutes, Mr. Harris, of Messrs. Turton and Sons, and Mr. James Picking, of Messrs. Meux and Co.'s, were elected, respectively, as honorary and ordinary associates. The chairman then referred, in very feeling terms, to the sudden death, by sunstroke, on the Wednesday previous, of Mr. George Clark, foreman of moulders for Messrs. Maudslay, Sons, and Field's, to whose bereaved family the first payment from the Association would be immediately made. Mr. the newly-formed Widow and Crphans' Fund of Clark, although a young man, had been a very active and useful member of the Institution, and his decease was a matter of sincere regret to all who knew him.

discussed, Mr. G. F. Ansell proceeded to read a
Some other matters having been
paper on "Sugar Manufacture." This comprised
a very elaborate treatise on the subject, and which
and instructive character.
was illustrated by experiments of an interesting
ence to the various processes and substances em-
Every point in refer-
ployed in the production of sugar, was carefully
indicated, and some suggestions for improvement
in the former were offered. The paper was listened
its conclusion, a discussion of much practical
to with the greatest attention throughout, and on

interest arose.

The boilers, of which there are twelve, are Cornish boilers, 8ft. in diameter and 40ft. in length, one of which we have illustrated. There are two flue tubes, each 3ft. 3in. in diameter, extending from the front of the boiler for a length of 124ft., and united into one furnace tube, 4ft. in diameter, in front of the boiler by a breeches-piece. The shell of the boiler is 7-16in. in thickness, of best Staffordshire plates, lap riveted, connected to the ends, which are 9-16in. thick, by gusset stays and angle irons. The two 3ft. 3in. tubes are 7-16in., the breeches-piece in., and the 4ft. furnace tube 7-16in. in thickness, all of Lowmoor iron, and having butt joints, with T-iron covers. The breeches-piece is stayed by two vertical tubes, one 10in. and the other 6in. in diameter. The ends of the plates forming the longitudinal seams in the shells of the boilers are doubly riveted, and all Keyte, Tooth, Dick, Briggs, Pearsall, Edmonds, This was shared in by Messrs. holes throughout are drilled and rimered out. the chairman, and others, but to Mr. Pearsall must Each boiler is fitted with one manhole, with a be awarded the greatest amount of praise. This wrought-iron frame riveted to the boiler, and with faced cover, and was tested in the maker's yard for gentleman introduced facts and statistics, which two days, at a pressure of 10015. per square inch. activity on the part of English sugar refiners and went to demonstrate the necessity for renewed Each boiler is furnished with the following fittings:- manufacturers, in order to stem the tide of foreign One nozzle with 12in. screw steam stop valve, brass- rivalry, and to save the home market from defaced, two 6in. safety valves, with levers and weights struction. New appliances of a mechanical and graduated to a pressure of 40lb. per square inch, scientific nature, and great energy in their employone lock-up safety valve, one self acting steam ment, were urgently needed. In putting the prowhistle, one atmospheric valve, one Chandler's 12in. position of a vote of thanks to Mr. Ansell, the water gauge, three gauge cocks, and one Bourdon's chairman complimented him and others on the pressure gauge, and one 3in. check and stop valve successful proceedings of the evening, and having to feed pipe. Also dampers, damper frames, balance announced that at the September sitting Mr. weights, balance rods, fastening screws, chains Joseph Stone would read a paper on the manufacand pulleys, fire bars, bearers, bridge plate, dead plate, draught doors, ash pit plates, wrought iron ture of iron, the meeting was dissolved. double-plated folding furnace door and door frames, cast-iron bearers for boilers, mud door, blow-off or mud taps, with 100ft. of 12in. pipe to each range THE DRILLING MACHINE AT THE HOOSAC of boilers. Two mercurial syphon steam gauges are provided to show 40lb. pressure, with brass mountings, graduated scale, pipes and cocks, complete. The nozzles with 12in. steam valve of each three adjacent boilers are connected together by a 9in. steam pipe, and from the centre of the three valves a branch pipe 14in. in diameter connects the steam pipe with a steam chamber of 5-16in. boiler plate, and 4ft. in diameter. This chamber extends over each range of boilers at the back of and parallel to the 9in. steam pipes, but is divid d at its mid length by a short length of 14in. cast-iron pipe, fitted with brass-faced slide valve. All the cast iron pipes are fitted with expansion joints. From the end of the steam chamber next the engine-house the steam pipe is continued of cast iron, 20in. in diameter, and turned down under and across the engine-room floor to meet the pipe from the opposite range of boilers. From a point midway across the engine-house the pipe is returned at right angles and 28in. in diameter to the well at the intersection of the four arms of the engine

TUNNEL.

is well known that the boring of the great
tunnel of Mont Cenis, and also that of the Hoosac

IT
Mountain, is done by machines driven, in both cases,
chine used in the latter locality may be interesting.
by compressed air. A brief description of the ma-
It is the invention, we believe, of Mr. Joseph W.
Fowle, of Boston, Mass., but as used in the tunnel
has been somewhat modified. His machine is now
employed in removing obstructions at the Narrows
off George's Island, Boston Harbour, and also on the
Union Pacific Railroad. According to the "Scientific
American," it is simply a small steam (compressed
air) engine, on a bed similar to that of any ordinary
horizontal engine, the bed carrying the cylinder,
latter in this drilling machine is extended and forms
steam chest, slides, crosshead, and piston rod; the
the drill proper, sliding through a guide on the end
of a frame furthest from the cylinder. The bed with
its attachments is suspended by trunnions in boxes
which fit in the uprights of a frame, so that the
machine may be raised or lowered to suit the eleva-
tion where the drilling is to be done. The trunnions

also allow the adjustment of the drill at any angle recognized at the various signal stations esta-glass should be broken. This is accomplished by to a horizontal plane. The uprights supporting the blished by the proprietor of that journal. The fitting a rotating bolt under the tail of the tumbler, machine are morticed into a horizontal bed, which Chamber, recognizing the extreme importance of the bolt being brought against its under side by slides on another horizontal carriage, and can be all vessels employing the commercial code of sig- means of a socket key. The sketch clearly indimoved back and forth by a rack and pinion or similar nals, decides that it will have printed a notification cates the arrangement. A is the upper sash, with device, worked by hand or automatically. The turn of the drill between each stroke is effected by the recommending, in the most pressing terms, ship- the usual lever fastener applied thereto. B is the simple mechanism of bell crank and lever or by owners and captains to employ that code. A cer- bottom sash, and C the quadrant, under which the ratchet and pawl, while the feed of the drill is go-tain number of the placards shall be sent to the lever passes. D is the tumbler, and E its claw. verned by a screw or rack and pinion. The parts Commissaries of the Maritime Inscription of Nantes The tail is undercut to allow the rotating bolt F are simple and strong, and all the actuating portions and St. Nazaire, to the maritime brokers, and to being moved in the space. The pin of the bolt of the machine have a direct motion. If steam is the visiting captains at Nantes, with a prayer to has a square head, which lies flush in a recess at used as a motor the boiler is mounted on the car-invite captains to get the code. And, besides, a the back of the catch.-I am, Sir, yours, &c., riage, and the connection between the steam space copy of the placard shall be sent to every one of J. LLOYD. of the boiler and the steam chest is by means of the long-sea captains whose arrival shall be an- 37, Windmill-street, Brixton, jointed pipes. In the Hoosac tunnel the drills are nounced in the newspapers of the town. driven by compressed air, the power being derived August 3. from water wheels.

PONTOON FOR BOMBAY.
HERE is at present in the Victoria Graving
T Dock a pontoon of unusual dimensions, which

TOWN REFUSE PRACTICALLY UTILIZED. SIR,-I find the great arterial system for the reMANCHESTER BOILER ASSOCIATION. to remove the sewage of Glasgow to some remote moval of sewage is still advocated. It is proposed to the hire coast, utilizing it on that great TH THE last ordinary monthly meeting of the executive committee of this Association was has been manufactured by Messrs. Emmerson and tract of sandhills between Saltcoats and Irvine, held at the offices, 41, Corporation-street, Man- Murgatroyd, of Stockport, for the Bombay Govern- allowing the surplus to find its way into the sea. chester, on the 28th ult., Hugh Mason, Esq., vice- ment. This pontoon, which forms a portion of an I have no doubt, in an agricultural point of view, president, Ashton-under-Lyne, in the chair, when hydraulic graving dock, now being constructed by this scheme would prove highly beneficial, but no Mr. L. E. Fletcher, chief engineer, presented his Mr. Edwin Clark for the Bombay Government, one can deny that the expense would be enormous, report, of which the following is an abstract:-is 380ft. in length, 85ft. in width, and 9ft. 6in. not merely in forming the great sewer, but likewise During the past month 235 visits of inspection in depth, and is especially designed for docking levelling the continually shifting sandhills on the have been made, and 516 boilers examined, 343 the large transport ships lately constructed for Ayrshire coast. There is a vast tract of sand along the coast, and in the dry season, with high winds externally, 9 internally, 6 in the flues, and 158 that station. The lift itself is a machine of un-blowing from the west, the sand drifts inland, and entirely, while in addition 3 have been tested by precedented dimensions, consisting of a group of although there may be some level spots, for the most hydraulic pressure. In these boilers 135 defects seventy-two hydraulic presses of 35ft. stroke, each part it is up hill and down dale. However, should have been discovered, 5 of these being dangerous. press having power to raise 200 tons, and the whole the Glasconians find the money, the scheme is pracAlthough five dangerous defects were discovered, group, therefore, being able to lift 14,400 tons ticable, and the sewage en route will benefit the these were so similar to cases previously described through a space of 35ft. in about thirty minutes. country--that is to say, if the farmers consider in detail that it need only now be briefly stated It is accordingly capable of lifting the largest meadow land preferable to growing grain crops. We that two of them arose from external corrosion at vessel extant, and the calculation is that with a will suppose the scheme carried out in its full infront cross walls and a midfeather, another from sufficient number of pontoons a fleet of twelve or Doun" fertilized by the new process. Of course, tegrity, and the "banks and braes of bonnie the absence of a feed back pressure valve, in con- fifteen vessels might be docked in a single day. taking advantage of a bank, the braes could be sequence of which the water from the boiler was We are informed that a contract has also been cheaply irrigated by simply allowing the sewage to driven back into the lodge, and the furnace crown arranged with the Italian Government for the con- flow out of the great sewer all over the brae. But injured, and a fourth from numerous fractures at struction of a dock at Brindisi of similar dimen- what about the tail water surplus? By careful the seams of rivets at the bottom of an externally- sions, while another is about to be erected for a management no more should be allowed to flow out private company at Jamaica. of the sewer than will be absorbed by the land, but it occurs to me that there are many situations where the sewage must be pumped up out of the sewer and distributed on level land. Probably I may be wrong, and no pumping stations be required; then I consider the folks of Glasgow will sweep their own door clean, and I trust the doors of others may not become foul. In the meantime, I beg to forward

fired boiler over the furnace.

Correspondence.

SAFETY LOCK SASH FASTENER.

a

Five explosions have occurred during the past month, by which one person has been killed and fourteen others injured. Not one of the boilers in question was under the inspection of this Association. The following is a statement of explosions from June 27, 1868, to July 24, 1868, inclusive:-July 9, two-flued Lancashire, internally- TO THE EDITOR OF THE "MECHANICS' MAGAZINE." fired-6 injured. July 9, vertical furnace, heated by flames from puddling furnaces-3 injured. proved sash fastener I invented last January, and SIR,-I beg to enclose a description of an imJuly 13, two-flue Lancashire, internally-fired-trust you will find space in your journal for it. 1 killed, 1 injured. July 14, locomotive-3 in- I also send a sketch, so that you may fully under-process we should require a series of reservoirs to jured. July 21, particulars not yet fully ascer-stand the construction of the fastener. The inventained-1 injured. Total, 15-1 killed, 14 injured. tion consists of an addition to the common lever There was nothing at all mysterious in the cause fastener, and is attached to the catch which is of these explosions; they all arose from simple fixed to the bottom sash. At the back of the causes so frequently reported in other cases, one of them being due to collapse of the furnace tubes through overheating of the plates consequent on shortness of water, and two others to external corrosion, one of the boilers being seated on a mid-freely. The lever can be again set at liberty by feather wall.

THE COMMERCIAL CODE OF SIGNALS. The the Chamber of Commerce THE following appears in the last publication of Nantes:-The Minister of Marine, by a letter of the 27th of June, announces that he has established at Martinique a semaphoric service for the purpose of carrying on communications between the coasts of the island and vessels at sea by means of the commercial code of signals. This announcement shall be published in the journals of the town. On July 11 the Chamber received from the same Minister a letter on the subject of the demands addressed to him, under the date of June 25, by the Chamber, relative to the wreck of the "Queen of the South," and of which the object was to render secure the navigation of the Loire. On the first of these demands, which was that the French Government should request the English Government to take decisivé measures for causing the use of the commercial code of signals to be adopted in its mercantile vessels, the Minister replies that the Government of Her Britannic Majesty has long since shown the example of employing this mode of communication on board the vessels of the Royal Navy; that all the signal stations on the English coast are provided with the commercial code; that this code has already gone through many editions in English; and that the "Shipping and Mercantile Gazette," which reports the movements of foreign as well as

quadrant, under which the lever is drawn, a claw
tumbler is centred, which retains the lever when
catch, and its rounded end allows the lever to pass
pulled under it. The tumbler is pivoted to the
pressing on the tail of the tumbler so as to free the
claw. My chief object, however, is to prevent

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British ships, has notified that vessels signalled the tumbler being tilted to release the claw by otherwise than by the commercial code cannot be any person from the outside of the window if the

you the description of a dry method of manufacturing at 500,000, and say the total sewage to be disposed manure, mentioned in my last letter. We will take the population of Glasgow, in round numbers, of daily at 3,000,000 cubic feet. By the chemical hold that quantity, and after being treated with the preparation, the contaminated water of Loch Katrine would be pumped out of the reservoirs into the Clyde, and so on, until the reservoirs would become partially filled with solid matter. It could then be elevated out of the reservoir, and conveyed to a drysewage to make it more fit for the drying process. ing house. Previously to that peat ash and finely powdered coal ash, &c., should be mixed with the Again, where chemicals are not used, in convenient localities the sewage should be filtered, or the water contained in the sewage roughly got rid of. To do this I consider that the reservoirs should be made circular, and the building supported on open arches, and the piers having strong abutments on the outside of the building, with a central column for carrying the roof and stages. The filtering media should be placed outside the building, and should consist of a bed of rough ashes, &c., having a good breadth of sand all round so as effectually to purify the sewage water. The sewage would simply flow into this building, and as the deposits settled at the bottom layers of fine dry ashes, &c., should be added, so as to make the compost most fit for the drying process.

Adjoining the reservoir should be constructed a firebrick oven, having a high chimney. Where peat is abundant and cheaply obtained, the furnace should be fired with it. The hot air from the ovens would pass into the building, which would bo heated to a proper temperature. The compost could thus be dried, and then conveyed to the farmer in an inoffensive manner. For certain localities this plan would suit admirably. Some may object to the vapours arising. To obviate that difficulty, the noxious gases evolved in the drying house should pass through the furnace to be purified and then up the chimney. I trust that for some situations the few suggestions I have from time to time submitted to you may tend to mitigate this ever-growing nuisance.-I am, Sir, yours, &c., JOHN G. WINTON.

13, Gladstone-street, August 4.

IT has been decided by the War Department that the Millwall shield shall be fired at by a shot from the 12-inch gun at range of 70 yards.

TO CORRESPONDENTS.

THE MECHANICS' MAGAZINE is sent post-free to subscribers
of £1 Is. Sd. yearly, or 10s. 10d. half-yearly payable in
advance.
All literary communications should be addressed to the
Editor of the MECHANICS' MAGAZINE. Letters relating to
the advertising and publishing departments should be ad-
dressed to the publisher, Mr. R. Smiles, MECHANICS' MAGA-
ZINE Office, 166, Fleet-street, London,
To insure insertion in the following number, advertise-

ments should reach the office not later than 5 o'clock on
Thursday evening.

faith.-ED. M. M.

ON last Friday afternoon a wooden pile bridge, THE Society of Engineers will visit the Patent
near Seltley, on the main line of the Chester and Concrete Stone Works, East Greenwich, and the
Shrewsbury (Great Western) Railway, was discovered Thames Iron Works, Blackwall, on Friday the 14th
to be on fire. It is supposed that the fire originated of August. Members and associates to meet in
in the ignition of the hedge which runs beside the front of the Railway Station, Blackwall, at half-past
bridge and adjoins the piles upon which it is built. eleven o'clock a.m. Visit to the Concrete Stone
SOME velocipede amateurs of Marseilles are arrang-Works, East Greenwich, at twelve o'clock. Visit to
ing a long journey with this new means of locomotion. the Thames Iron Works, Blackwall, at two o'clock,
The velocipedes are to start from Marseilles for p.m. Members and associates who propose being
From Genoa they are to pro-present are requested to reply on or before the 12th
Genoa, by Corniche.
ceed to Turin and Susa, over Mont Cenis, and instant.
return to Marseilles by the valley of the Rhone.

We must absolutely decline attending to any communi-
cations unaccompanied by the name and address of the THE contract for what is known as the Crevecuær
writer, not necessarily for insertion, but as a proof of good Bridge, in Holland, which will involve the employ-
Advertisements are inserted in the MECHANICS' MAGA-ment of 2,300 tons of iron, has been let to Messrs.
ZINE at the rate of 6d. per line, or 5d. per line for 13 inser- Lloyd, Foster and Co., of Wednesbury, Staffordshire,
tions, or 4d. per line for 26 insertions. Each line consists the amount of whose tender is £53,380. The next
of about 10 words. Woodcuts are charged at the same rate lowest tender was that of a Utrecht firm.
as type. Special arrangements made for large advertise-
HIPPOPHAGY does not appear to be making much
ments.
progress at Dijon. "Of the two horse-flesh butchers
in this town," says the "Union Bourguignonne," |
"the one in the Rue Bannelier has just been closed,
and the stock sold by auction. A lot of 80 spiced
sausages, weighing 150lb., were put up at the small
price of 50c., and sold for Ifr."

RECEIVED.-H. W. R.-T. C.-W. and J. K.-E. M.G. W. B.-H. T. and Co.-A. R.-B. C.-J. R.-C. T. F.R. S.-R. G. C.-B. T.-H. L.-S. K. M.-H. C.-J. B. and Co.-R. J.-H. J.-S. A.-H. R.-J. N.-R. S.-J. B. L.S. H.-R. T. M.-D. W.-R. H. S.-A. A.-S. W. G.-H. K

Nabal, Military, and Gunnery Stutes.

ON Wednesday evening a meeting of the members of the Edinburgh Philosophical Institution was held for the purpose of electing a successor to the late Lord Brougham as president. Mr. William Smith, vice-president (who occupied the chair), moved that Mr. Thomas Carlyle be elected. Professor Masson seconded the motion, which was unanimously agreed to. The chairman then stated that it afforded him sincere gratification to announce, on the part of Mr. Carlyle, his acceptance of the office, and to convey the thanks of that gentleman for the honour the meeting had conferred upon him.

IT appears from the Bank weekly return that in the year ending with June, 1868, the amount of Bank of England notes held by the public varied from £22,889,000 in the middle of December to £24,994,000 in the middle of October; and the bullion held varied from £18,994,000 in May to £23,497,000 in October. The return for the week ending June 24, shows that there were then in circulation 1,649,800 £5 Bank of England notes, 445,600 £10 notes, notes from £20 to £100 amounting in value to £7,127,000, £200 to £500 notes £1,890,000, and 1,965 £1000 notes.

THE piercing of the tunnel through Mont Cenis continues to advance satisfactorily. On the 1st June 8,384 metres had been completed. During the month 60 metres additional have been finished on the southern side, and 54 on the northern, making a total of 8,498 out of the whole length of 12,220, OFFIIAL intimation was received at Deptford Dock-leaving 3,722 metres yet to be executed. yard on Wednesday, from the Lords Commissioners THE "Escaut" mentions a terrible accident which of the Admiralty, of the final closing and abolition of took place at the village of Sainte-Anne, Tete-deDeptford Dockyard, at the end of the present Flandre, in Belgium, three days back. A number of OUR readers, says the" Athenæum" will be glad to financial year, viz., the 31st of March, or sooner, in persons were assembled in an enclosure in which know that her Majesty has very generously conthe event of the present shipbuilding operations sparrow shooting was going on, when a barrel of sented to give up to the nation the great and valubeing completed. gunpowder exploded and more or less seriously in-able series of documents connected with the Duchy jured about 30 persons. of Lancaster. These papers, the private property of the Crown, are of the highest interest for historical purposes, and it is of great importance that they should be placed in the Record Office and rendered accessible to students. The Queen could hardly have done a more gracious and patriotic thing than place these papers under the national control.

THE Secretary of State for War has decided that, under the provisions of her Majesty's warrant of June 29, 1867, every soldier now serving who has re-engaged or has re-entered the army, after having completed his first term of service, is entitled to the additional pay of 1d. per day granted by that warrant.

IT is reported that the American monitors" Puritan," " Ericsson," and" Dictator" are perfect failures. The last-named one has, we understand, been offered by our sharp-witted Transatlantic cousins to the English Government, which undoubtedly proves the value placed upon it by the naval authorities of the United States.

THE project of enlarging the fortifications of Mayence has been abandoned by the Prussian Government on the advice of the military engineers. The superior officers consider that in consequence of the difficulties of the ground, and the enormous expense which would be required to overcome them, it would be cheaper to build a new fortress. The choice of the fresh site has fallen upon Frankfort-onthe Maine.

WE learn that at Messrs, Cockerill and Co.'s Works, at Seraing, Belgium, considerably more than 2 tons of wolfram ore are employed per month in the manufacture of steel, it being stated that the beneficial effect produced is fully equal to that resulting from the use of spiegeleisen and manganese. ON the 2nd inst. a tremendous fire occurred at the Friar's Goose Chemical Works, Gateshead, the property of the Jarrow Chemical Company, and destroyed property estimated at £100,000. Five hundred men are thrown out of employment. Four men were injured by the fall of the roof and burnt with acid. Two policemen were also seriously injured.

THE workmen of the River Tyne Commissioners are busily engaged in piling and erecting the framing required for sinking the cylinders in the centre of the river for the new swing bridge across the Tyne, the ironwork for which will be furnished from the works of Sir W. G. Armstrong and Co., at Elswick, and erected by the commissioners' own workmen, under the superintendence of Mr. J. F. Mee, the engineer.

His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh will start in October next on a cruise in H.M.S." Gala- A LETTER from Ems relates that the King of tea," round the world. The following is the route Prussia, while walking under the colonnade in that decided upon. Starting from Plymouth the duke town a few days back, with his aides-de-camp, Count will proceed to Madeira, Fayal, Ascension, Cape of de Lehndorff and Count de Hymnen, perceived in a Good Hope, Mauritius, Bombay, Trincomalee shop a marble bust of himself crowned with a wreath (Ceylon), Madras, Calcutta, Penang, Singapore, Hong-of laurel. Going in, he said to the dealer:-"Take Kong, Manilla, Yokohama (Japan), down to Sydney off the poor man's head-dress; he does not like to and New Zealand, then to Honolulu, and the beautiful see himself made such a show." South Sea Islands, Valparaiso, Lima, St. Blas, Magalhaen, San Francisco, and Vancouver's Island, and so returning home. This trip is expected to last one year and ten months.

OUT of the large number of models sent in for the statue of the late painter Ingres, the Academy of the Beaux Arts of Paris has not judged any one deserving of the first prize, which would carry with it the right to execute the work, but it has awarded the second prize, of 1,000 francs, to M. Maillet; and the third, 600 francs, to MM. Falgniere, sculptor, and Boitte, architect, for their joint production.

A FEW weeks since a party of robbers boarded and ran off with a locomotive and express car on a railway in Indiana. After proceeding some distance they attempted to break open the car, but some of the train guards who were inside fired upon them, dangerously wounding one of their number, and causing the others to take flight. Three of the robbers were subsequently captured and placed on the train to be taken to the county gaol. While ou the way thither the mob stopped the train, overpowered the guard, and, taking out the robbers, hanged them to a tree.

M. SIDOT has communicated to the Academy of Sciences a paper "On the Artificial Production of Magnetic Oxide of Iron." This he does by introducing a small platinum disc, filled with colcothar, into a porcelain tube, situated in a direction parallel to that of a dipping needle. After keeping the tube at a temperature a little below a white heat for about an hour, the colcothar will be found transformed into a greyish metallic oxide, the particles of which are strongly agglomerated together, possesses the property of polar magnetism

This mass

THE directors of the Lyons and Mediterranean Railway have set an admirable example to other administrators of railways. They have commissioned M. Desplechins, who is also engaged on the decoration of the new Opera-house of Paris, to paint for their station four pictures, nine metres long by five metres in height, representing the four great towns on the line, namely, Paris, Montpelier, Marseilles, and Geneva. The large walls of many railway stations offer a fine field for decorative painting, and it is somewhat strange that the opportunity has not been taken advantage of before.

DURING the war, says the "New York Times," our fighting ships afloat numbered over 500. They are now reduced to about 80-screw sloops, paddlewheels, frigates, gunboats, store ships, &c. Five of the most effective of these are yet in the navy-yards, and mount 83 guns; seven are with Admiral Farra- THE visitors to the South Kensington Museum gut, numbering also 83 guns; twelve, of 113 guns, during the week ending August 1, 1868, were-On form the Asiatic squadron, under Rear-Admiral Monday, Tuesday, and Saturday (free), from 10 a.m. VISITORS to the British Museum who are interested Rowan; seven, of 57 guns, are with Rear-Admiral to 10 p.m., 17,055; on Wednesday, Thursday, and in the new poem, ascribed to Milton, discovered by Dahlgren, on the South Pacific station; Rear-Ad- Friday (admission 6d.), from 10 a.m. till 6 p.m., Professor Morley, may see this now celebrated manumiral Craven commands eleven with 124 guns, on 2,571. National Portrait Exhibition, by payment, script and judge for themselves as to the calligraphy the North Pacific station; Rear-Admiral Davis has 1,435; total-21,061. Average of corresponding and signature attached to the poem. The book in seven with 75 guns, on the South Atlantic station; week in forming years, 11,409. Total from the open-which it is contained has been made a "select" one, eight, with 73 guns, are with Rear-Admiral Hoff, on ing of the Museum-7,601,320. the North Atlantic station; while Vice-Admiral Porter has thirteen, with 145 guns, in the Naval Academy Squadron; and seven, with 73 guns, are on the lakes and on home stations.

Miscellanea.

A STATUE of Bernard Palissy has been executed for the town of Saintes, his birth place, by M. Taluer. AN important discovery has just been made of two Roman edifices at Héricourt-en-Caux, near Yvetot. They are built of flint, with occasional coping in ragstone, and a few rows of bricks.

A FIRE which has just taken place in the Passage St. Paul, Paris, belonging to M. Eugene Godard, æronaut, destroyed the balloon" Napoleon," of the value of £800, which was to have served for the fete of August 15.

AN Act has just been passed through Parliament for the making of a tramway from Glastonbury to the town of Street, Somersetshire. This is the first instance where Parliament has sanctioned the construction of a tramway along a high road, and is therefore considered an important precedent. The cost of making it, as estimated by the engineer, Mr. Hamilton Fulton, is only £3,800 per mile. By its completion all the essential facilities of a railway will be secured.

and may be seen in Case XII. of "Books with Autographs," in the King's Library. It is among other celebrated autographs, and is placed next a copy of "Aratus's Phenomena," printed in Paris in 1559, which contains on the fly-leaf an acknowledged signature of our great poet, "Jo Milton."

THERE is no absence of coal in the Great West, out of which new States are being coined. In the Laramie plains the coal beds are from 5ft. to 11ft. in thickness, and occupy a basis of about 5,000, square miles. In Colorado along the eastern base of the solid liguite extend over many thousand miles of territory. They are the remains of extinct forests, and show that oaks, hickories, lindens, maples, buttonwoods, buckthorns, poplars, and magnolias, have flourished there. The beds are younger than the anthracite beds of Pennsylvania, belonging to the geological period immediately preceding the present. There is no other fuel of any kind, either under or above the surface, in the region where these beds

THE manorial rights over Peckham-rye, Goose-mountains, north of the Arkansas river, beds of green, and Nunhead-common, were last week bought by the parish of Camberwell for £1000. Chairs for public accommodation will at once be placed on the grounds, and the inhabitants are now considering the propriety of asking for a few flowers; but seeing that the vestry contains members who advocate cutting down a fine grove of trees elsewhere, because in winter the drippings from their branches keep the road damp, they are by no means certain of getting

them.

are found

Patents for Subentions.

ABRIDGED SPECIFICATIONS OF

PATENTS.

THE Abridged Specifications of Patents given below are classified, according to the subject to which the respective inventions refer, in the following table. By the system of classification adopted, the numerical and chronological order of the specificatious is preserved and combined with all the advantages of a division into classes. It should be understood that these abridgments are prepared exclusively for this Magazine from official copies supplied by the Government, and are, therefore, the property of the Proprietors of this Magazine. Other papers are hereby warned not to produce them without an acknowledg.

ment:

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CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL, including agricultural imple-
ments and machines-218, 226, 228
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS-None

FIBROUS FABRICS, including machinery for treating fibre,
pulp, paper, &c.-194, 240, 242, 243

coiled springs, and consists in placing the dents between
the coils by improved self-acting mechanism.-Patent
abandoned.

195 R. and T. CARLING. Certain improvements in Iuhri-
cating the interior frictional surfaces of steam or other motive-
power cylinders. Dated January 20, 1868.

eye guide adjustable laterally to the track of the needle,
Also the turning wire thread
substantially as set forth.
tension mounted, as described, in combinati n with a

pressure spring to hold the thread from slacking on the said tension, subsequently as set forth. Also the arrangement for driving the shuttle as set forth. Also the combination of the shuttle perforated with tension eyes with This invention is designed for the purpose of conducting a pressure spring to hold the shuttle thread from slackenthe lubricant thrown or injected into vertical steam or Also the other cylinders on to the frictional surfaces thereof, and ing in the said eyes, substantially as set forth. forked clamp arrangement described. Also the combinathe improvements consist in arranging or applying a disction of the bed plate stand and double centred hinges, subor plate of metal to cover the whole area of the top of the stantially as set forth. Lastly, the arrangements decylinder. This disc encircles the piston rod, so as to scribed for imparting an axial motion to feed wheels of leave a slight space between it and the rod or flanze, sewing machines and to other instruments requiring the like motion.-Patent completed. which is formed on the disc by which it is secured to the cylinder cover; from this point round the piston rod the ring is slightly inclined outwards towards its periphery, the edge being slightly turned up, forming a surface to be in contact with the sides of the cylinder. At the angle formed by the turning up of the edges, small perforations or slots are provided, and the upper surface of the dise may also be provided with annular ridges or indulations, so that when the lubricant is injected into the cylinder from the oil cup it falls upon the upper surface of the inclined disc, down which it flows and constantly percolates through the perforation on to the internal frictional surface of the cylinder, whereby an equal distribution of the lubricant is effected over the entire frictional surface of the cylinder.-Patent abandoned.

196 J. WOODLEY. Improvements in apparatus for communicating or signalling in railway trains. Dated January 20, 1868.

The object of this invention is to construct apparatus FOOD AND BEVERAGES, including the apparatus for pre-by means of which the passengers can both sound a bell paring food for men and animals-210 or alarum in the guard's yan, or in proximity to the FURNITURE AND APPAREL, including household utensils, engine driver, and act upon a disc to indicate to the guard time-keepers, jewellery, musical instruments, &cor driver the particular carriage or compartment from 282, 244 which the signal has been sent. The apparatus mainly GENERAL MACHINERY-191, 193, 197, 198, 202, 205, 208, 211, consists of a frame fitted to the top of each compartment, 214, 247, 250, 253, 254, 255, 262, 265, 267, 265 which frame carries an indicating disc, and has apertures LIGHTING, HEATING, AND VENTILATING-203, 237 through which a cord leading to the guard's van or to the engine is carried.-Patent abandoned.

METALS, including apparatus for their manufacture

None.

MISCELLANEOUS-192, 195, 206, 207, 212, 213, 216, 221, 222,
223, 224, 229, 231, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 239, 252, 256, 258,
260, 263
ROADS AND VEHICLES, including railway plant and car-
riages, saddlery, and harness, &c.-196, 251
SHIPS AND BOATS, including their fittings-200
STEAM ENGINES-217, 220, 230, 261
WARFARE-201, 264, 266

191 J. DAVIES. Improvements in machinery for shaping malleable materials, and in apparatus for constructing the same. Dated January 20, 1869. The patentee claims, first, the exclusive use and application of a shell or die combined with a roller for shaping or forming malleable materials of varying diameters in their lengths. Second, the improved self-acting or other feed motion for supplying the blanks to the shaping machine, and the application of shears for cutting the bar to the proper length for the blanks. Third, the application of rollers and mandril combined for bending and shaping or forming malleable materials, as described. Fourth, the combined action of the mandril and one roller for shaping or forming objects or figures on one side between the mandril and one roller, as described. Fifth, the mode of using two rollers without a mandril, and imparting to them a vibrating motion for shaping or forming malleable materials, as described. Sixth, the mode of shaping or forming malleable materials by work ing a mandril parallel to a stationary or fixed surface having the shape or form of the object planed or engraved thereon, the mandril being adjustable by one roller pressing it to its work; or the two surfaces may receive motion in contrary directions to each other. Lastly, the improved apparatus described for the construction of the rollers and dies employed in shaping or forming malleable materials, and particularly the method of transmitting the various motions to the tool or tools and the boring apparatus.Patent completed.

192 T. G. F. DOLBY. Improvements in the method of, and valve for, supplying fresh air into feeding bottles, and for other purposes. Dated January 20, 1868.

197 W. R. LAKE. Improvements in wood rings or washers, and in machinery for manufacturing the same. (A communication.) Dated January 20, 1868.

To those familiar with the use of wheeled vehicles, especially such as are employed for pleasure, and in the conveyance of persons, it is well known that washers are placed on the journals of the axles to prevent endwise movement of the wheel hubs thereupon, to deaden or muffle the noise consequent upon such endwise movement, if any there be. Now in this invention the washers are made of wood with the grain substantially in the direction of lines concentric with the periphery of each washer. In the manufacture of such washers the procedure is as follows:-First, a strip of any straight-grained tough wood, such as hickory or oak, for example, is prepared rectangular in cross section, which is of an area equal to a radial cross sectional area of the washer to be constructed. This strip is softened by steaming or boiling, and is then wound upon an arbour with a strip of thin metal upon the outer surface of the wooden strip, this process preserving the rectangularity in cross section of the wooden helix so made, and keeping the wood from slivering, splitting, or breaking. The arbour with the wood secured thereupon is then left to dry, which drying may be accelerated by the application of heat. When dry and set, the wooden helix is removed from its arbour, and is separated by sawing into sections, each of which will, by a little deflection, form a circular washer with its sides in planes. In some instances washers may be required, in which a space is left between the adjacent ends of the wood, and this may be accomplished in the cutting apart of the wooden helix.-Patent completed.

198 W. R. LAKE. Improvements in machinery for nailing or pegging the soles of boots and shoes to their vamps, or uppers. (A communication.) Dated January 20, 1868.

203 E. THOMAS. An improvement in the construction of

miners' safety lamps, in such a manner as to enable petroleum or other mineral oils to be consumed therein, and for other purposes. Dated January 21, 1868.

This invention consists in the construction of the ordi

nary miners' safety lamp so as to enable petroleum and other mineral oils to be consumed therein, thereby producing an increased light to the miner when using the same, and considerally lessening the danger of explosions when the lamp is used in mines where gas exists.-Patent abandoned.

204 J. F. SPENCER. Improvemen in steam boilers. Dated January 21, 1868.

This invention refers to Jilers which vertical water tubes are partially or entirely used. The first of these improvements consist of the combination of vertical water tubes with horizontal flame tubes in the same boiler, in such a manner that the flame from the furnace can either traverse among the water tubes and through the flame tubes simultaneously, or, if preferred, the flame from the furnace can traverse each set of tubes successively. The second improvement consists of two tiers or sets of vertical water tubes in the same boiler, and of such different diameters that the lower set or tier of tubes can be passed through the tubes above them in the case of renewal or repair. By this arrangement an efficient boiler is formed suitable for high pressure.-Patent abandoned.

205 J. F. SPENCER. Improvements in regulating and working the valves of steam and other engines. Dated January 21,

1868.

The

In January, 1865, the inventor procured a provisional protection (No. 82), for certain improvements in the valve gear of steam and other engines. Among these improvements was the attaching the piston of a small cylinder in which a pressure of steam, air, gas, or water is introduced to the spindle or lever of the admission valves when worked by escapement gear, so that such valves are closed by such pressure instead of by weights or springs. present invention consists of an improved arrangement, in which one side of the piston in the pressure cylinder just referred to is placed in communication with the vacuum formed by an air pump, or by any other means, the other side of such piston being in communication with atmospheric or other pressure. In the improved arrangement just referred to, a piston working in an airtight cylinder is connected to the slide valve of a steam engine, for the purpose of closing the induction or steam ports (the exhaust or eduction ports being worked by separate rods and gear), and the pressure on such piston required to move the slide valve and close the steam port is obtained by forming a vacuum on one side of such piston, and using the atmospheric or other pressure on the opposite side of the piston. Such vacuum can be obtained either by a pipe attached to a condenser or vacuum chamber, or by the aid of the ordinary mechanical means for obtaining a vacuum, such as an air pump.-Patent abandoned.

206 C. W. BROWN. Improvements in the construction of truncheons used by police and other constables and persons. Dated January 21, 1868.

This invention consists in constructing the handle of the truncheon in the following manner:-Instead of passing This invention consists in one particular in combining a piece of leather or other material through the solid wood of the handle of the truncheon, the inventor affixes a metal with mechanism which inserts nails or pins of metal, or other suitable material. by driving (by pressure or per- socket on the bottom of the handle, and adjusts a swivel cussion) a device which, from its inclined form and socket-piece to the bottom of such socket, and to the arrangement, is termed a horn, and which acts as a sup-flanged part of such swivel-piece he connects the ends of port for the work, and as an anvil on which the blow or the leather or other material which is to be passed around thrust of the driver is ultimately received, and on which a person's wrist. By this arrangement the truncheon may the nails or pins may be clinched or slightly enlarged on be turned round without tightening the leather that passes their entered ends.-Patent completed. round the wrist by reason of the truncheon turning in the (Aaforesaid swivel socket piece, to which the leather or other material is fixed.- Patent abandoned.

199 A. M. CLARK. Improvements in steam boilers.
communication.) Dated January 20, 1868.
This invention is not described apart from the drawings

This invention consists in placing a conical or other shaped valve of vulcanized india rubber, or other elastic and flexible material, in the cap, neck, top, or other convenient part of the bottle admitting atmospheric air, and preventing the food from escaping, or a valve may be applied to the top or bottom, or any part of the tube-Patent completed. through which the food passes to the child's mouth, thereby preventing the passing of the child's breath into the bottle. The patentee finds that the best mode of attaching the valve is to affix the same at the bottom of the glass or other tube in the bottle conducting the fluid to the child's mouth.-Patent completed.

193 W. FIRTH. Improvements in the application of vulcanized or unvulcanized india-rubber in the construction of pumps, enemas, syringes, spray producers, and such like instruments, Dated January 20, 1868.

This invention relates, first, to the use of one or more actuating hollow balls or shells made of india-rubber, either with or without one or more reservoir balls or shells made of the same material, the said balls being used to form the instruments without any cementation or other extraneous fastenings to the other parts of the instruments. Second, to the employment of suitably cut | and grooved valves made of india-rubber, the said valves being applicable for use in such instruments, or otherwise independently applied. Third, to the employment of a tube or tubes, within or without which the valves may be placed, and over which tubes the balls are to be placed. Fourth, the valves or modifications thereof, may be used without the use of such tubes, and valves hitherto in use may be used with such tubes. Fifth, to the employment of the elasticity of india-rubber as a self-fitting agent to retain the balls and valves made thereof for such instruments in the positions in which they may be placed, and to form, with the other parts of the instruments, fluid and gas-tight joints without cementation or other extraneous fastening-Patent abandoned.

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200 J. H. JOHNSON.

Improvements in ships for containing
and transporting oils or burning fluids, and supplying the same
as fuel to the furnaces of steam ships, parts of which improve-
ments are applicable to the ballasting of ships with water. (A
communication.) Dated January 20, 1868.
This invention consists in providing the hulls of ships
and other vessels with a special compartment for contain-
ing oils and burning fluids. and in protecting the same
with water contained in a water chamber, situate between
two decks. The oil compartment is provided with pipes
for supplying and discharging the oils and burning fluids,
and for supplying the compartment with water or air for
the purpose either of raising the oils by hydrostatic or
pneumatic pressure, or for supplying water to be used as
water ballast.-Patent completed.

201 J. PARSONS. Improvements in certain parts of double-
barrel breech-loading firearms. Dated January 20, 1868.
The patentee claims constructing the projection or lump
situated underneath and between the double barrel by
welding, on each of the barrels, and on one side thereof.
a piece of iron or steel or half lump, and connecting the
pieces of half lumps together by brazing or soft soldering,
or screwing or riveting or constructing the projection or
lump by welding a single plate or lump of the required
size on one of the barrels, which single plate or lump.
when the other barrel is connected to it, occupies the
proper place between the barrels, substantially as described
and illustrated.-Patent completed.

202 A. V. NEWTON. Improvements in sewing machines,
part of which are applicable to other purposes. (A communi-
cation.) Dated January 20, 1868.
The patentee claims, the combination and arrangement
of the needle bar cam block and cap of the bracket arm,
so that the cam block and cap operate as slide and guide
for the needle bar, substantially as set forth. Also the
combination of the needle carrier and needle clamp and

207 J. L. DAVIES. Certain improvements in the method of retaining aud securing corks or stoppers in bottles or vessels containing aerated liquids, and in apparatus connected therewith. (A communication.) Dated January 21, 1868.

These improvements consist in the novel employment and use of a fastener permanently attached to the bottle, and consisting of a strong wire or plate bent or formed so as to extend down the sides of the cork and the bottle, the middle portion against which the top of the cork presses being waved or zigzag in form, and the two extremities of the wire or plate are turned outwards, at right angles, to form pivots or hinges which fit into eyelets or rings formed in a separate wire encircling the bottle neck.-Patent abandoned.

208 C. R. HAVELL. Improvement in water heating apparatus. Dated January 21, 1868.

This invention consists in submerging a heating stove or apparatus in the water itself instead of applying the heat externally as usual.-Patent abandoned.

209 W. DICKINS. Improvements in the manufacture of boots and shoes. Dated January 21, 1868.

Provisional protection has not been granted for this invention.

210 L. N. LE GRAS. Improvements in churns. Dated January 21, 1868.

and-down motion in a cylinder is imparted to a perforated This invention relates to those churns in which an upplate immersed in the milk or cream, a tube provided with a valve leading up from the plate to the top of the cylinder. These improvements consist, first, in forming this tube with a number of perforations, and in closing it altogether by a partition, or otherwise, at a convenient distance from the perforated plate, the portion of the tube between the partition and the top of the cylinder not being perforated. In the down-stroke of the perforated plate and tube some of the milk or cream rushes up the tube, and is discharged through its perforations against the sides of the cylinder, while in the up-stroke air enters the

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