Calhoun, John C.- Continued

the government, and of liberty on that of individuals, instead of being equal in all cases, must, necessarily, be very unequal among different people, according to their different conditions. For, just in proportion as a people are ignorant, stupid, debased, corrupt, exposed to violence within and danger without, the power necessary for government to possess, in order to preserve society against anarchy and destruction, becomes greater and greater, and individual liberty less and less, until the lowest condition is reached, when absolute and despotic power becomes necessary on the part of the government, and individual liberty extinct.

Liberty and Society-Government has no right to control individual liberty, beyond what is necessary to the safety and well-being of society.

Society and Government-Society can no more exist without government, in one form or. another, than man without society. It is the political, then, which includes the social, that is, his natural state.

Taxation When Unnecessary a Robbery -Will you collect money when it is acknowledged that it is not wanted? He who earns the money, who digs it from the earth with the sweat of his brow, has a just title to it, against the universe. No one has a right to touch it without his consent, except his government, and that only to the extent of its legitimate wants; to take more is robbery; and you propose by this bill to enforce robbery by murder. Yes! to this result you must come, by this miserable sophistry, this vague abstraction of enforcing the law, without a regard to the fact whether the law be just or unjust, constitutional or unconstitutional!

The Unpardonable Political Sin - Where is the example to be found of a degenerate, corrupt, and subservient people, who have ever recovered their virtue and patriotism? Their doom has ever been the lowest state of wretchedness and misery: scorned, trodden down, and obliterated forever from the list of nations! May Heaven grant that such may never be our doom! (1836.)

Calvin, John (Switzerland, 1509-1564.)

The Palm and the Dust-In ancient times vast numbers of people, to obtain a simple crown of leaves, refused no toil, no pain, no trouble; nay, it even cost them nothing to die, and yet every one of them fought for a peradventure, not knowing whether he was to gain or lose the prize. God holds forth to us the immortal crown by which we may become partakers of his glory: he does not mean us to fight at haphazard, but all of us have a promise of the prize for which we strive. Have we any cause, then, to decline the struggle? Do we think it

has been said in vain, "If we die with Jesus Christ we shall also live with him?» Our triumph is prepared, and yet we do all we can to shun the combat. — ( 1552. )

Campbell, Alexander (American, 1788 - 1866.)

Intelligence the Supreme Force - One great mind, nature's spiritual and eternal sun, constitutes the mighty centre around which, in their respective orbits, all pure minds, primary or secondary-angelic or human-revolve. In this system the great minds as certainly govern the inferior as in material nature the large masses govern the less. Now, as the power of mind consists of intelligence, educated mind must as certainly govern uneducated mind, and the more vigorous and talented the less favored, as the great material masses govern the inferior.

Canning, George (England, 1770-1827.)

Napoleon After the Battle of Leipsic How was their prospect changed! In those countries where, at most, a short struggle had been terminated by a result disastrous to their wishes, if not altogether closing in despair, they had now to contemplate a very different aspect of affairs. Germany crouched no longer trembling at the feet of the tyrant, but maintained a balanced contest. The mighty deluge by which the continent had been overwhelmed is subsiding. The limits of the nation are again visible, and the spires and turrets of ancient establishments are beginning to reappear above the subsiding waves.

Perfection in Politics-A search after abstract perfection in government may produce, in generous minds, an enterprise and enthusiasm to be recorded by the historian, and to be celebrated by the poet; but such perfection is not an object of reasonable pursuit, because it is not one of possible attainment; and never yet did a passionate struggle after an absolutely unattainable object fail to be productive of misery to an individual, of madness and confusion to a people.

Banknotes and Coin - Are banknotes equivalent to the legal standard coin of the realm ? This is the question which divides and agitates the public opinion. Says the right hon. orable gentleman, "I will devise a mode of settling this question to the satisfaction of the public." By advising a proclamation? No. By bringing a bill into Parliament? No. By proposing to declare the joint opinion of both Houses, or the separate opinion of one? No. By what process, then? Why, simply by telling the disputants that they are, and have been all along, however unconsciously, agreed upon the subject of their variance; and gravely resolving for them, respectively, an unanimous opinion! This is the very judgment, I should imagine, which Milton ascribes to the venerable Anarch, whom he represents as adjusting the disputes of the conflicting element:

Restlessness and Freedom-I grudge not to other nations that share of liberty which they may acquire; - in the name of heaven, let them enjoy it! But let us warn them, that they lose not the object of their desire by the very eagerness with which they attempt to grasp it. Inheritors and conservators of rational freedom, let us, while others are seeking it in restlessness and trouble, be a steady and shining light to guide their course, not a wandering meteor to bewilder and mislead them.

Reaction From Liberty to Despotism - As the inhabitants of those burning climates which lie beneath the tropical sun sigh for the coolness of the mountain and the grove, so (all history instructs us) do nations which have basked for a time in the torrent blaze of an unmitigated liberty too often call upon the shades of despotism, even of military despotism, to cover them :—

O quis me gelidis in vallibus Hæmi Sistat, et ingenti ramorum protegat umbra!" A protection which blights while it shelters; which dwarfs the intellect and stunts the energies of man, but to which a wearied nation willingly resorts from intolerable heats, and from perpetual danger of convulsion.

"I Called the New World Into Existence » -I looked another way. I sought materials of compensation in another hemisphere. Contemplating Spain such as our ancestors had known her, I resolved that, if France had Spain, it should not be Spain "with the Indies." I called the New World into existence, to redress the balance of the Old! Thus, sir, I answer the question of the occupation of Spain by the army of France.-(1820.)

"Measures and Men” — Away with the cant of « Imeasures, not men!" the idle supposition that it is the harness, and not the horses, that draw the chariot along! No, sir; if the comparison must be made, if the distinction must be taken, men are everything, measures comparatively nothing.

Carlyle, Thomas (Scotland, 1795-1881.)

Healthiness and Holiness-It is a curious thing that I remarked long ago, and have often turned in my head, that the old word for "holy" in the German language - heilig — also means "healthy." And so Heilbronn means "holy-well," or "healthy-well." We have in the Scotch "hale »; and I suppose our English word "whole"-with a "w"-all of one piece, without any hole in it- is the same word. I find that you could not get any better definition of what "holy" really is than "healthy completely healthy." Mens sana in corpore sano.

A man with his intellect a clear, plain geometric mirror, brilliantly sensitive of all objects and impressions around it, and imagining all things in their correct proportions,-not twisted up into convex or concave, and distorting everything, so that he cannot see the truth of the matter without endless groping and manipulation, healthy, clear, and free, and all round about him. We never can attain that at all. In fact, the operations we have got into are destructive of it. You cannot, if you are going to do any decisive intellectual operation- if you are going to write a book - at least, I never could without getting decidedly made ill by it, and really you must if it is your business-and you must follow out what you are at-and it sometimes is at the expense of health. Only remember at all times to get back as fast as possible out of it into health, and regard the real equilibrium as the centre of things. You should always look at the heilig, which means holy, and holy means healthy.- (From his Edinburgh address. "World's Best Orations.")

Religion Has Higher Than Civil Ends - I would as soon think of making galaxies and star-systems to guide little herring vessels by, as of preaching religion that constables may continue possible.

Law Courts, or Chimneys for Deviltry – Chancery, and certain other law courts seem nothing; yet, in fact, they are, the worst of them, something: chimneys for the deviltry and contention of men to escape by.

Justice and Success-My friend, if thou hadst all the artillery of Woolwich trundling at thy back in support of an unjust thing, and infinite bonfires visibly waiting ahead of thee, to blaze centuries long for thy victory on behalf of it, I would advise thee to call halt, to fling down thy baton, and say, "In God's name, No!» Thy "success!» Poor devil, what will thy success amount to? If the thing is unjust, thou hast not succeeded; no, not though bonfires blazed from North to South, and bells rang, and editors wrote leading articles, and the just thing lay trampled out of sight, to all mortal eyes an abolished and annihilated thing. Success?-In few years thou wilt be dead and dark - all cold, eyeless, deaf; no blaze of bonfires, ding-dong of bells, or leading articles, visible or audible to thee again at all forever. What kind of success is that?

You Will Have to Pay, My Friend - Nature keeps silently a most Exact savings bank and official register, correct to the most evanescent item, Debtor and Creditor, in respect to one and all of us; silently marks down, Creditor by such and such an unseen act of veracity and heroism; Debtor to such a loud, blustery blunder, twentyseven million strong or one unit strong, and to all acts, and words, and thoughts executed in consequence of that, - Debtor, Debtor, Debtor, day after day, rigorously as Fate (for this is Fate that is writing); and at the end of the account