literature - I could not listen to the orators and statesmen of England without remarking the uniform protest against martial usurpation, and the assertion of the undoubted right of every man, high or low, to be judged according to the known and general law, by a jury of his peers, before the judges of the land. And when I turned to the history, legal, political, and literary, of my own country, -my own undivided and forever indivisible country, I found the language of freedom intensified. Our fathers brought with them the liberties of Englishmen. Throughout the colonial history, we find the colonists clinging, with immovable tenacity, to trial by jury, Magna Charta, the principle of representation, and the Petition of Right. They had won them in the fatherland in many a high debate and on many a bloody field; and they defended them here against the emissaries of the crown of England and against the veteran troops of France. We, their children, thought we had superadded to the liberties of Englishmen the greater and better guarded liberties of Americans. — (In the Milligan case.)

Field, Stephen J. (American, 1816-.)

Intimidation of Judges -- When judges shall be obliged to go armed, it will be time for the courts to be closed.

Fisher, John (England, c. 1459-1535.)

"A Pot that Is Bruckle »— An house made of clay, if it be not oft renewed and repaired with putting to of new clay, shall at the last fall down. And much more this house made of flesh, this house of our soul, this vessel wherein our soul is holden up and borne about, but if it be not refreshed by oft feeding and putting to of meat and drink, within the space of three days it shall waste and slip away. We be daily taught by experience how feeble and frail man's body is. Also, beholding daily the goodly and strong bodies of young people, how soon they die by a short sickness. And, therefore, Solomon, in the book called Ecclesiastes, compareth the body of man to a pot that is bruckle, saying: Memento creatoris tui in diebus juventutis tuæ, antequam conteratur hydria super fontem. Have mind on thy Creator and Maker in the time of thy young age, or ever the pot be broken upon the fountain, that is to say, thy body, and thou, peradventure, fall.

Flanagan, Webster M. (American, nineteenth century.)

What Are We Here for?-What are we here for but the offices?- (At the Republican National Convention, Chicago, 1880.)

Fléchier, Esprit (France, 1632–1710.)

The Pride of the Soldier - How difficult it is to be at once victorious and humble! Military success leaves in the mind I know not what exquisite pleasure, which fills and absorbs it. In such circumstances, one attributes to himself a superiority of force and capacity. He crowns himself with his own hands; he

decrees to himself a secret triumph; he regards as his own the laurels which he gathers with infinite toil, and frequently moistens with his blood; and even when he renders to God solemn thanks, and hangs in his temples the torn and blood-stained trophies which he has taken from the enemy, is not vanity liable to stifle a portion of his gratitude, and mingle with the vows which he pays to God, applauses which he thinks due to himself; at least, does he not retain some grains of the incense which he burns upon his altars?- (1676. On the death of Turenne.)

Flood, Henry (Ireland, 1732-1791.)

On Grattan- A mendicant patriot, subsisting upon the public accounts,-who, bought by his country for a sum of money, then sold his country for prompt payment.

Fox, Charles James (England, 1749-1806.)

The Character of a Virtuous Man-It has happened to many, and he was certainly one of the number to grow wiser as they advanced in years. Some have even improved in virtue; but it has generally been in that class of virtues only which consists in resisting the allurements of vice; and too often have these advantages been counterbalanced by the loss, or at least the diminution, of that openness of heart, that warmth of feeling, that readiness of sympathy, that generosity of spirit, which have been reckoned among the characteristic attributes of youth. In his case it was far otherwise; endued by nature with an unexampled firmness of character, he could bring his mind to a more complete state of discipline than any man I ever saw. But he had, at the same time, such a comprehensive and just view of all moral questions, that he well knew how to distinguish between those inclinations which, if indulged, must be pernicious, and the feelings which, if cultivated, might prove beneficial to mankind. All bad propensities, therefore, if any such he had, he completely conquered and suppressed; while, on the other hand, no man ever studied the trade by which he was to get his bread, the profession by which he hoped to rise to wealth and honor, nor even the higher arts of poetry or eloquence, in pursuit of a fancied immortality, with more zeal and ardor than this excellent person cultivated the noble art of doing good to his fellow-creatures. In this pursuit, above all others, diligence is sure of success, and, accordingly, it would be difficult to find an example of any other man to whom so many individuals are indebted for happiness or comfort, or to whom the public at large owe more essential obligation.- (On the Duke of Bedford. 1802.)

"The Tory System of Blood and Massacre » -We are charged with expressing joy at the triumphs of America. True it is that, in a former session, I proclaimed it as my sincere opinion, that if the ministry had succeeded in their first scheme on the liberties of America, the liberties of this country would have been at an end. Thinking this, as I did, in the sincerity of an hon

Fox, Charles James- Continued

est heart, I rejoiced at the resistance which the ministry had met to their attempt. That great and glorious statesman, the late Earl of Chatham, feeling for the liberties of his native country, thanked God that America had resisted.

But it seems, "all the calamities of the country are to be ascribed to the wishes, and the joy, and the speeches, of opposition." Oh, miserable and unfortunate ministry! Oh, blind and incapable men! whose measures are framed with so little foresight, and executed with so little firmness, that they not only crumble to pieces, but bring on the ruin of their country, merely because one rash, weak, or wicked man, in the House of Commons, makes a speech against them!

But who is he who arraigns gentlemen on this side of the house with causing, by their inflammatory speeches, the misfortunes of their country? The accusation comes from one whose inflammatory harangues have led the nation, step by step, from violence to violence, in that inhuman, unfeeling system of blood and massacre which every honest man must detest, which every good man must abhor, and every wise man condemn!— (1780.)

"Happy Americans » Happy Americans! while the whirlwind flies over one quarter of the globe, and spreads everywhere desolation, you remain protected from its baneful effects by your own virtues, and the wisdom of your government. Separated from Europe by an immense ocean, you feel not the effect of those prejudices and passions which convert the boasted seats of civilization into scenes of horror and bloodshed. You profit by the folly and madness of the contending nations, and afford, in your more congenial clime, an asylum to those blessings and virtues which they wantonly contemn, or wickedly exclude from their bosom! Cultivating the arts of peace under the influence of freedom, you advance, by rapid strides, to opulence and distinction.-(1794.)

"Liberty Is Order! Liberty Is Strength!" - Liberty is order. Liberty is strength. Look round the world, and admire, as you must, the instructive spectacle. You will see that liberty not only is power and order, but that it is power and order predominant and invincible,that it derides all other sources of strength. And shall the preposterous imagination be fostered, that men bred in liberty- the first of human kind who asserted the glorious distinction of forming for themselves their social compact can be condemned to silence upon their rights? Is it to be conceived that men, who have enjoyed, for such a length of days, the light and happiness of freedom, can be restrained, and shut up again in the gloom of ignorance and degradation? As well, sir, might you try, by a miserable dam, to shut up the flowing of a rapid river! The rolling and impetuous tide would burst through every impediment that man might throw in its way; and the only consequence of the impotent

attempt would be, that, having collected new force by its temporary suspension, enforcing itself through new channels, it would spread devastation and ruin on every side. The progress of liberty is like the progress of the stream. Kept within its bounds, it is sure to fertilize the country through which it runs ; but no power can arrest it in its passage; and short-sighted, as well as wicked, must be the heart of the projector that would strive to divert its course. (1797.)

Vigor of Democratic Governments - When we look at the democracies of the ancient world, we are compelled to acknowledge their oppressions to their dependencies; their horrible acts of injustice and of ingratitude to their own citizens; but, they compel us, also, to admiration, by their vigor, their constancy, their spirit, and their exertions, in every great emergency in which they were called upon to act. We are compelled to own that the democratic form of government gives a power of which no other form is capable. Why? Because it incorporates every man with the state. Because it arouses everything that belongs to the soul, as well as to the body, of man. Because it makes every individual feel that he is fighting for himself; that it is his own cause, his own safety, his own dignity, on the face of the earth, that he is asserting.- (1797.)

Franklin, Benjamin (American, 1706–1790.)

Despotism and Popular Corruption - I agree to this Constitution, with all its faults,if they are such, -because I think a general government necessary for us, and there is no form of government but what may be a blessing to the people, if well administered; and I believe, further, that this is likely to be well administered for a course of years, and can only end in despotism, as other forms have done before it, when the people shall become so corrupted as to need despotic government, being incapable of any other. — (1787.)

Prayer and Providence - In this situation of this assembly, - groping, as it were, in the dark, to find political truth, and scarce able to distinguish it when presented to us, --how has it happened, sir, that we have not hitherto once thought of humbly applying to the Father of Light to illuminate our understanding? . . . I have lived, sir, a long time; and the longer I live the more convincing proofs I see of this truth, that God governs in the affairs of men. And if a sparrow cannot fall to the ground without his notice, is it probable that an empire can rise without his aid? We have been assured, sir, in the Sacred Writings, that "except the Lord build the house, they labor in vain that build it." I firmly believe this; and I also believe that, without his concurring aid, we shall succeed in this political building no better than the builders of Babel; we shall be divided by our little, partial, local interests; our projects will be confounded and we ourselves shall become a reproach and a byword

Franklin, Benjamin - Continued down to future ages. And, what is worse, mankind may hereafter, from this unfortunate instance, despair of establishing government by human wisdom, and leave it to chance, war, and conquest.-(From a speech in the Constitutional Convention of 1787.)

"We Must Hang Together"-We must all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately. (Said at the signing of the Declaration of Independence, July 4th, 1776.) Frelinghuysen, Frederick Theodore (American, 1817-1885.)

Self-Government in America - A principle is always true to itself. You may take an acorn and place it under the forcing glass and nurse it, or you may throw it out to the winter's snows and the summer's rains, and it will never produce anything but an oak. A principle, moral or political, that is good for me is good for you; if it is good for the white man, it is good for the black man. Does anyone think that this principle of self-government will ever die? No; it is truth, and it has something of omnipotence and immortality of its great source. It may be retarded; it may be hindered; it may be, as was intimated by my distinguished friend from Maryland, that in sustaining this franchise the Republican party has a heavy load; but I am glad to belong to the party and help to carry it. It is a true principle, and, though retarded, will not be destroyed :

"Truth crushed to earth will rise again: The eternal years of God are hers." Take the doctrine that the governed shall have a voice in making the laws that govern them from this country, and you destroy our characteristic, that which makes this America, and you leave it a mammoth country, within the broad extending ribs of which there is no soul, no spirit. (1868.)

Gallatin, Albert (American, 1761-1849.)

Against the Alien and Sedition Laws-We may feel alarmed when we see a committee of the House asserting that the powers not given to the States (and it may be added, by the same rule of construction, the powers not given to the people by the Constitution) belong to the general government. We may feel alarmed when that committee insists that, although it is true that the trial of all crimes must be by jury, yet, to inflict a punishment when no offense, no crime, has been committed, is not a violation of the Constitution; when the only distinction they apply to citizens consists in the difference of punishment, but not in a difference of the principle. We may feel alarmed when we find that Congress has already acted on those principles towards citizens; that they have already passed another law,-the Sedition Law, --grounded on the same principles, on the same doctrine, or rather on the same abandonment of the explicit and evident sense of the Constitution, which alone could justify the Alien Law. I hope-I trust-that the spirit which

dictated both laws has subsided, even within these walls, and that the same Congress who, under the impressions of a momentary alarm, which prevented a cool investigation, hastily adopted those two measures, will have courage enough to revise their own conduct, to acknowledge their own errors, and, by a repeal of the obnoxious acts, restore general confidence, union, and harmony amongst the States and the people. (1799.)

Gambetta, Leon (France, 1838-1882.)

Foundations for an Enduring RepublicOur Republic must be founded on, and maintained in, truth and right. "To the wisest ! to the most worthy »- this is a standard which we should accept without reserve! It is not a new formula for republicans; it is their dogma to see awarded the distinctions of public service only to merit and virtue.-(1871.)

Garfield, James A. (American, 1831-1881.)

"Great Ideas Travel Slowly » - Great ideas travel slowly, and for a time noiselessly, as the gods, whose feet are shod with wool. Our War of Independence was a war of ideas, of ideas evolved out of two hundred years of slow and silent growth. When, one hundred years ago, our fathers announced as self-evident truths the declaration that all men are created equal, and the only just power of governments is derived from the consent of the governed, they uttered a doctrine that no other nation had ever adopted, that not one kingdom on the earth then believed. Yet to our fathers it was so plain that they would not debate it. They announced it as a truth "self-evident."

Garrison, William Lloyd (American, 18041879.)

"Covenant with Death and Agreement with Hell" -Resolved, That the compact which exists between the North and South is a covenant with death and an agreement with hell involving both parties in atrocious criminality, and should be immediately annulled.- (Adopted at a meeting of the Massachusetts Anti-slavery Society.)

Gibbons, James, Cardinal (American, 1834-.)

"Every Man Has a Mission » -Let us do all we can in our day and generation in the cause of humanity. Every man has a mission from God to help his fellow-beings. Though we differ in faith, thank God there is one platform on which we stand united, and that is the platform of charity and benevolence. We cannot, indeed, like our Divine Master, give sight to the blind, hearing to the deaf, speech to the dumb, and strength to the paralyzed limb, but we can work miracles of grace and mercy by relieving the distress of our suffering brethren. And never do we approach nearer to our Heavenly Father than when we alleviate the sorrows of others. Never do we perform an act more Godlike than when we bring sunshine to hearts that are dark and desolate. Never are we more like to God than when we cause

the flowers of joy and of gladness to bloom in souls that were dry and barren before. «Religion," says the Apostle, "pure and undefiled before God and the Father, is this: To visit the fatherless and widow in their tribulation, and to keep oneself unspotted from the world." Or, to borrow the words of pagan Cicero, "Homines ad Deos nulla re proprius accedunt quam salutem hominibus dando." (There is no way by which men can approach nearer to the gods than by. contributing to the welfare of their fellow-creatures.)-(At the Parliament of Religions, 1893.)

Gladstone, William Ewart (England, 18091898.)

The Covetousness of Nations - No doubt it is a very natural, though it is a very dangerous and a very culpable sentiment, which leads nations to desire their neighbor's property, and I am sorry to think that we have had examples -perhaps we have an example even at this moment before our eyes-to show that even in the most civilized parts of the world, even in the midst of the oldest civilization upon the continent of Europe, that thirst for territorial acquisition is not yet extinct. But I wish to call your attention to a peculiar form in which, during the later part of human history, this thirst for territorial acquisition became an extensive cause of bloodshed. It was when the colonizing power took possession of the European nations. It seems that the world was not wide enough for them. One would have thought, upon looking over the broad places of the earth, and thinking how small a portion of them is even now profitably occupied, and how much smaller a portion of them a century or two centuries ago, -one would have thought there would have been ample space for all to go and help themselves; but, notwithstanding this, we found it necessary, in the business of planting colonies, to make those colonies the cause of bloody conflicts with our neighbors; and there was at the bottom of that policy this old lust of territorial aggrandizement. When the state of things in Europe had become so far settled that that lust could not be as freely indulged as it might in barbarous times, we then carried our armaments and our passions across the Atlantic, and we fought upon American and other distant soils for the extension of our territory. That was one of the most dangerous and plausible, in my opinion, of all human errors; it was one to which a great portion of the wars of the last century was due; but had our forefathers then known, as we now know, the blessings of free commercial intercourse, all that bloodshed would have been spared.

The Secret of Success-The mountain tops of Scotland behold on every side of them the witness, and many a one of what were once her morasses and her moorlands, now blossoming as the rose, carries on its face the proof, how truly it is in man and not in his circumstances that the secret of his destiny resides. For most of you that destiny will take its final bent towards

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evil or towards good, not from the information you imbibe, but from the habits of mind, thought, and life that you shall acquire during your academical career. Could you with the bodily eye watch the moments of it as they fly, you would see them all pass by you, as the bee that has rifled the heather bears its honey through the air, charged with the promise, or it may be with the menace, of the future. many things it is wise to believe before experience; to believe, until you may know; and believe me when I tell you that the thrift of time will repay you in after life with a usury of profit beyond your most sanguine dreams, and that the waste of it will make you dwindle, alike in intellectual and in moral stature, beneath your darkest reckonings.

I am Scotchman enough to know that among you there are always many who are already, even in their tender years, fighting with a mature and manful courage the battle of life. When these feel themselves lonely amidst the crowd; when they are for a moment disheartened by that difficulty which is the rude and rocking cradle of every kind of excellence; when they are conscious of the pinch of poverty and self-denial; let them be conscious, too, that a sleepless Eye is watching them from above, their honest efforts are assisted, their humble prayers are heard, and all things are working together for their good. Is not this the life of faith, which walks by your side from your rising in the morning to your lying down at night; which lights up for you the cheerless world, and transfigures and glorifies all that you encounter, whatever be its outward form, with hues brought down from heaven?-(Edinburgh University, 1860.)

The Company of Books-Books are delightful society. If you go into a room and find it full of books,-even without taking them from their shelves, they seem to speak to you, to bid you welcome. They seem to tell you that they have something inside their covers that will be good for you, and that they are willing and desirous to impart to you. Value them much. Endeavor to turn them to good account, and pray recollect this, that the education of the mind is not merely a storage of goods in the mind.

The American Constitution-As far as I can see, the American Constitution is the most wonderful work ever struck off at one time by the brain and purpose of man.

Gough, John B. (American, 1817-1886.)

Water -Sweet, beautiful water!-brewed in the running brook, the rippling fountain, and the laughing rill-in the limpid cascade, as it joyfully leaps down the side of the mountain. Brewed in yonder mountain top, whose granite peaks glitter like gold bathed in the morning sun-brewed in the sparkling dewdrop: sweet, beautiful water!-brewed in the crested wave

* It is claimed that Gough quoted this from another speech, but the assertion is unsupported by convincing evidence.

of the ocean deeps, driven by the storm, breathing its terrible anthem to the God of the Sea- brewed in the fleecy foam, and the whitened spray as it hangs like a speck over the distant cataract-brewed in the clouds of heaven: sweet, beautiful water! As it sings in the rain shower and dances in the hail storm - as it comes sweeping down in feathery flakes, clothing the earth in a spotless mantle of white - always beautiful! Distilled in the golden tissues that paint the western sky at the setting of the sun, and the silvery tissues that veil the midnight moon-sweet, health-giving, beautiful water! Distilled in the rainbow of promise, whose warp is the raindrop of earth, and whose woof is the sunbeam of heaven sweet, beautiful water!- (From his temperance lectures.)

Grady, Henry W. (American, 1851-1889.)

New England-Here within touch of Ply. mouth Rock and Bunker Hill,-where Webster thundered and Longfellow sung, Emerson thought, and Channing preached,- here in the cradle of American letters and almost of American liberty, I hasten to make the obeisance that every American owes New England when first he stands uncovered in her mighty presence. Strange apparition! This stern and unique figure, carved from the ocean and the wilderness, its majesty kindling and growing amid the storms of winters and of wars, until, at last, the gloom was broken, its beauty disclosed in the tranquil sunshine, and the heroic workers rested at its base, while startled kings and emperors gazed and marveled that from the rude touch of this handful, cast on a bleak and unknown shore, should have come the embodied genius of human liberty! God bless the memory of those immortal workers,-and prosper the fortunes of their living sons,and perpetuate the inspiration of their handiwork! (Boston, 1889.)

This hour

"We, Sir, Are Americans ! » little needs the loyalty that is loyal to one section, and yet holds the other in enduring suspicion and estrangement. Give us the broad and perfect lovalty that loves and trusts Georgia alike with Massachusetts,- that "knows no South, no North, no East, no West"; but endears with equal and patriotic love every foot of our soil, every State of our Union.

A mighty duty, sir, and a mighty inspiration impels everyone of us to-night to lose in patriotic consecration whatever estranges, whatever divides. We, sir, are Americans—and we fight for human liberty! The uplifting force of the American idea is under every throne on earth. France, Brazil,- these are our victories. Το redeem the earth from kingcraft and oppression-this is our mission! and we shall not fail. God has sown in our soil the seed of his millennial harvest, and he will not lay the sickle to the ripening crop until his full and perfect day has come. Our history, sir, has been a constant and expanding miracle from Plymouth Rock and Jamestown all the way,

aye, even from the hour when, from the voiceless and trackless ocean, a new world rose to the sight of the inspired sailor. As we approach the fourth centennial of that stupendous day, -when the old world will come to marvel and to learn, amid our gathered pleasures,-let us resolve to crown the miracles of our past with the spectacle of a republic compact, united, indissoluble in the bonds of love,-loving from the Lakes to the Gulf,-the wounds of war healed in every heart as on every hill, -serene and resplendent at the summit of human achievement and earthly glory,- blazing out the path and making clear the way up which all the nations of the earth must come in God's appointed time!-(1889.)

Grant, Ulysses S. (American, 1822-1885.)

Freedom and Education - The free school is the promoter of that intelligence which is to preserve us as a free nation. If we are to have another contest in the near future of our national existence, I predict that the dividing line will not be Mason and Dixon's, but between patriotism and intelligence on the one side, and superstition and ambition and ignorance on the other. Now in this centennial year of our exist. ence I believe it a good time to begin the work of strengthening the foundation of the house commenced by our patriotic forefathers one hundred years ago, at Concord and Lexington. Let us all labor to add all needful guarantees for the more perfect security of free thought, free speech, free press, pure morals, unfettered religious sentiments, and of equal rights and privileges to all men, irrespective of nationality, color, or religion. Encourage free schools, and resolve that not one dollar of money appropriated to their support, no matter how raised, shall be appropriated to the support of any sectarian school. Resolve that the State or nation, or both combined, shall furnish to every child grow. ing up in the land the means of acquiring a good common school education, unmixed with sectarian, pagan, or atheistic tenets. Leave the matter of religion to the family altar, the church, and the private school supported entirely by private contributions. Keep the Church and State forever separate. With these safeguards I believe the battles which created the Army of the Tennessee will not have been fought in vain.- (From an address to the Army of the Tennessee, at its reunion, September 29th, 1875, at Des Moines, Iowa.)

Grattan, Henry (Ireland, 1746-1820.)

"In a Swoon, but she is Not Dead" - Connection is a wise and a profound policy; but connection without an Irish parliament is connection without its own principle, without analogy of condition, without the pride of honor that should attend it; is innovation, is peril, is subjugation, -not connection.

The cry of disaffection will not, in the end, avail against the principles of liberty.

Identification is a solid and imperial maxim, necessary for the preservation of freedom, necessary for that of empire; but, without union