in five books; "The Elements of Metaph sics," 4 vols. 8vo; and a treatise" Delle Lezioni di Commercio." His death took place in 1769.-Fabroni Vita Italorum.

office was united to the ministry of the interior. M. le Gendre was a member of the Institute from the formation of that body; and under the imperial government was named counsellor for life of the university. On the GENTILESCHI (HORATIO) an Italian re-establishment of the king he became, in painter, whose family name was Souci, was 1815, member of the council for public instruc- born at Pisa in 1563. He was invited to tion, and in 1816 he was named, conjointly England by Charles I, who appointed him with M. Poisson, examiner of the candidates lodgings in his court, with a considerable for the Polytechnical school. Besides the salary, and employed him in his palace at above-mentioned works he also published Greenwich and at other public places. His "Nouvelle Théorie des Paralleles;" "Nou- principal performances in England were the velles Méthodes pour la determination des ceilings of Greenwich and York house. On Orbites de Cometes;" "Supplement à the death of the king, when his collection of l'Essai sur la Théorie des hombres ;" "Exer-paintings were sold, 600l. were given for nine cises de Calcul integral."-Biog. Univ. des of Gentileschi's pictures, which are said to be Contemporains. in Marlborough-house. His most admired perGENESIUS (JOSEPHUS) one of the Byzan-formance abroad was the portico of cardinal tine historians, flourished about the year 940. By order of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, he wrote a history of Constantinople, in four books, from Leo the Armenian, to Basilius the Macedonian. It was printed in 1733 at Venice, by Pasquali, in his edition of the Byzantine historians, but was very imperfect. Sarii Onomast.

Bentivoglio's palace at Rome. He attempted portrait painting, but without success, his talent lying altogether in history. He died here in 1647.-His daughter, ARTEMISIA GENTILESCHI, equally famous for her love intrigues and talents in painting, passed the greatest part of her life at Naples, and died in 1662. She excelled her father in portraits, and was but little inferior in history. Her principal historical picture was that of David and Goliath. She took the portraits of the royal family, and of many of the nobility of England.

GENNADIUS. There were two ecclesiastics of this name in the latter part of the fifth century. Of these the elder succeeded Anatolius as patriarch of Constantinople in 458, and died in 471. He was an able and active-Pilkington. Lord Orford's Anecdotes. prelate, and was the author of a Commentary GENTILIS. There were two brothers of on the Prophecies of Daniel, and a treatise this name, sons of a physician at Ancona. written against the Anathemata of Cyril; of ALBERIC, the elder, born in 1550, accompawhich latter work alone a few fragments are nied his father, who had abjured the Romish remaining. The other was a priest of Mar- church, to England, where he resumed the seilles, and wrote, about the year 493, a trea- study of jurisprudence, and obtained the protise on Ecclesiastical Dogmata, and a volume fessorship of civil law at Oxford. He was the of Memoirs of the most celebrated Writers of author of a treatise "De Jure Belli," favourthe Church. Some have asserted that he was ably noticed and used by Grotius; six diain his heart a Pelagian, but the accusation ap-logues "On the Interpretation of the Law;" pears to have been advanced without sufficient proof of its correctness.-Moreri.

and a small work, entitled "Lectiones Virgilianæ." He died in 1608, or as some say, in 1611.-A son of his, named ROBERT, an ingenious but dissipated man, translated father Paul's History of the Inquisition into English.

GENOVESI (ANTONIO) an able writer on philosophical and metaphysical subjects, born in 1712, at Castiglione in Italy. His friends intended him for the church, which he de--SCIPIO GENTILIS, the younger brother, born clined, in order to follow the law, a study 1565, was compelled to quit his native country which he abandoned in its turn, and devoted by the same motives which expatriated the himself to general literature. He acquired rest of the family. He sought refuge in Gerconsiderable notoriety at Naples, about the many, and after studying at Wittemberg, middle of the last century, by the lectures Leyden, &c. obtained the professorship of civil which he delivered as professor of metaphy-law at Altorf. His translation of Tasso's Jesics, having been chosen to fill the chair in 1741. A considerable degree of popular odium was excited against him by his advocating in this capacity the opinions of Galileo and Newton; from the effects of which he was protected only by the immediate patronage of the king, who gave him the professorship of ethics. In an attempt to succeed to the divi- GENTILLET (VALENTINE) a learned nity chair he was foiled by the clergy, who French protestant writer, was a native of exclaimed against him as a heretic, but he even-Vienne in Dauphiné, and flourished in the tually succeeded to that of political economy. sixteenth century. He is said by some to have The work by which he is most advantageously been first an advocate in the parliament of Touknown is his " Italian Morality." His other writings are " Philosophical Considerations on Religion and Morality;" " A Collection of Humorous Epistles ;” "A System of Logic,"

rusalem Delivered into Latin verse, has been much admired. His other works are-a Paraphrase of the Psalms; "De Jure publico populi Romani ;"" De Bonis maternis et secundis Nuptiis;" "De Conjurationibus;" "De donationibus inter virum et uxorem,' &c. He died in 1616.

louse, and afterwards syndic of the republic of Geneva; and from the preface to one of his works, it appears that he was at one time president of the parliament of Grenoble. His

works were highly esteemed by the protest-king Arthur also take their rise in this work, ants, whose cause he ably defended. He was and, fables as they are, it is supposed that at length driven into exile, by the edicts pub- they rest upon some slight foundation of truth. lished in France against those of the reformed -Bale. Moreri.-See ROBERTS (PETER). religion. He was the author of "Le Bu- GEORGE LEWIS I, king of Great Brireau du Concile de Trente," and of a Latin tain, and elector of Hanover, was the son of edition of the same; of " Apologia pro the elector, Ernest Augustus, by Sophia, Christianis Gallis Religionis Evangelicæ seu daughter of Frederick, elector palatine, and Reformatæ qua docetur hujus religionis funda- grand-daughter to James I. He was born in menta in sacra Scriptura jacta esse, &c. ;" 1660, and was early trained to arms under his "Anti-Machiavel; or Discourses on the means father. In 1682 he married his cousin, Sophia of well-governing a kingdom;" "Anti-Dorothea, only daughter of the duke of Zell, Socinus," &c.-Bayle. Nouv. Dict. Hist. a match attended with little domestic happiGENTLEMAN (FRANCIS) a dramatic ness. He then engaged in the service of the writer and actor, born in Ireland in 1728. emperor, and signalized his valour in three He was educated at Dublin, and was the campaigns against the Turks in Hungary. In schoolfellow of Mossop. At the age of fif- 1700 he succeeded to the electorate, and in teen he obtained a commission in the army; this succession was joined in the alliance but on peace taking place in 1748, his regi- against France. The command of the impement was reduced, and he left the service. rial army was conferred upon him after the He then indulged his inclination by going on battle of Blenheim in 1707; but owing to the the stage. His first appearance was at Dub- jealousies among his confederates, being enabled lin in the character of Aboan in Oroonoko; to act on the defensive only, he resigned the and he afterwards performed at Bath, Edin- command at the end of three campaigns, leavburgh, and many places in various parts ing however his own troops in the service of of the country, but with no extraordinary suc- the allies. At the peace of Rastadt, Lewis cess, as his histrionic talents did not surpass XIV solemnly recognised the electoral dignity mediocrity. He then relinquished his profes- in the house of Lunenburg, as he had before sion, in expectation of some provision from done in the treaty of Utrecht, the succession of the marquis of Granby, but the sudden death the same house to the throne of Great Britain, of that nobleman disappointed his hopes, and which event took place on the death of Anne he was again obliged to become an actor. In in 1714, when the elector was in the fifty1770 he was engaged at the Haymarket, by fourth year of his age. On his accession Le Mr. Foote; and being dismissed after three was of course thrown into the arms of the seasons, he went to Dublin. Having experi- whig party, who indeed alone maintained the enced the various hardships of a wandering principle by which the Stuarts had been set actor, and the disappointments of an unfriend- aside. As George I excited little personal ed author, he closed his mortal career, De- influence on the events of his reign, they need cember 18th, 1784, leaving the history of his only be reverted to with brevity. The late tory professional life as a warning to stage-struck ministers were called to account for their conyouth. He was the author of several plays, a duct in respect to the treaty of Utrecht, and volume of fables, and other pieces of no im- several of the leaders were impeached or portance.-Biog. Dram. driven into exile. Owing to the dissatisfaction produced by these measures among a still powerful party, including a majority of the high church clergy and the jacobites, tumults ensued in various parts of the country, until at length in 1715 the earl of Mar openly proclaimed the Pretender in Scotland. some actions, attended with various success, this insurrection being ill seconded by the English jacobites, was entirely quelled, and several of the leaders lost their lives on the scaffold. The disaffection to the new family continued however so great, that the whigs were driven into more than one unpopular measure with a view to support it, the most conspicuous and indefensible of which was the septennial act, extending the duration of parliament from three years to seven. The king, who probably considered the possession of the British crown precarious, sought to increase the value of his German territories by the purchase of Bremen and Verden, which accession he determined to support against the claims of Sweden. This proceeding involved him in a quarrel with Charles XII, who, in conjunction with the czar Peter, projected an invasion of Scotland in favour of the

GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH, called also Geoffrey ap Arthur, an ecclesiastic and historian of the twelfth century. According to Leland, he was educated at Monmouth, in a convent of the Benedictines, among whom he entered. He was afterwards made archdeacon of Monmouth, whence he was raised to the bishopric of St Asaph. The unsettled state of affairs in North Wales induced him to quit that country, and retire to the court of Henry II, who gave him the abbey of Abingdon, which he intended to hold in commendam with the episcopal see; but his clergy insisting on his residence among them, he refused to submit to their requisition, and thus lost the bishopric, when the abbacy being bestowed on another person, he was left without a benefice. Geoffrey wrote various works, but his Chronicle, or History of the Britons, is the only production of his pen which requires notice. This Chronicle is now known to be, as the compiler states, chiefly a translation from Armorican manuscripts. It contains a pretended genealogy of the kings of Britain from the time of the fabulous Bruce or Brute the Trojan; and the wonderful stories told of

After

cended the throne of Great Britain, we ought not to wonder at his disposition to make his acquired dominions of service to his hereditary states. George 1, who had put away his wife for several years, had female favourites, but was not governed by them. Learning owes to the first sovereign of the house of Hanover a

versity, although, in other respects, literature seems to have claimed little either of his respect or attention.-Aikin's Gen. Biog. Smollett.

Pretender. To obviate this danger, George entered into an alliance with Holland and France, then under the regency of the duke of Orleans, whose interest it was to be on good terms with Great Britain. The death of Charles XII in 1717 put an end to this alarm; which, however, was soon renewed by the audacious project of the cele-professorship of modern history in each unibrated Spanish minister, cardinal Alberoni, who formed a quadruple alliance between the three powers already mentioned, with the accession of the emperor. The seizure GEORGE AUGUSTUS II, king of Great of Sardinia and invasion of Italy by the Britain, son of George I, was born in 1683. Spaniards, gave pretence for the sailing of a He married in 1703 Wilhelmina Dorothea strong British naval expedition into the Medi- Carolina of Brandenburg Anspach, and came terranean, under sir George Byng, who to England with his father at the accession encountered and nearly destroyed the whole of of the latter, and was created prince of Wales. the Spanish fleet off Sicily. This success was He was made regent during the king's visit to followed by the recovery both of Sicily and the continent in 1716, but a political difference Sardinia, and although the court of Spain ensuing, he lived some time estranged from the made heavy complaints of the attack without court. This breach was however finally aca declaration of war, it was obliged to accede commodated, and he again received the attento the terms of the allied powers, and a paci- tions due to the heir apparent, until his father's fication of the north of Europe was also death in 1727, when he succeeded to the effected by the mediation of Great Britain. throne. He inherited in full force the prediIn 1720 the national delusion, usually entitled lection of George I for Germany; and the same the South-sea Bubble, was the source of much system of politics, and the same ministers, conprivate calamity in England, and produced tinued to govern the nation after his accession disturbances which recalled the king from a as before it. In 1732 Walpole introduced into visit to his German dominions, in order to parliament his financial scheme of an extension concert with his ministers on the measures of excise, which excited so violent an opponecessary to restore public credit. In 1722 a sition that he was obliged to withdraw it; new conspiracy against the existing govern- but most of its intended provisions have been ment was discovered, which led to the appre- since adopted. In 1737 the same minister took hension of several persons, among whom was advantage of some theatrical pasquinades (prothe celebrated Atterbury, bishop of Rochester, bably rendered obnoxious by design) in order who was exiled for life. The ministers of to limit the number of play-houses, and to France and England, cardinal Fleury and sir subject dramatic writings to the inspection of Robert Walpole, being both pacifically inclined, the lord chamberlain. Disputes having long the two countries long remained in peace, not-prevailed with Spain, in regard to the trade withstanding the death of the duke of Orleans, to the West Indies, a convention between the and the good understanding secured for some two courts was signed in 1739, but the terms years the general repose of Europe. In 1725 gave so little satisfaction to the merchants of a treaty between Spain and the emperor Great Britain, that Walpole found himself excited king George's jealousy so much, that obliged to yield to the clamour, and war with he deemed it necessary to counteract it by that country taking place the same year, the another at Hanover, comprising most of the nation was gratified by the capture of Porto other European powers. He also sent a fleet Bello by admiral Vernon. Anson (see his life) to the West Indies under admiral Hosier, who, was also sent out on his celebrated expedition, with his crew, fell a sacrifice to disease and and a powerful fleet and army were fitted the tantalizing ambiguity of his orders, a ca- out to capture Carthagena. The failure of this tastrophe which was considered the most latter enterprise, owing to the mismanagement inglorious disaster of this reign. The Spaniards and disagreement between the naval and milithen commenced the siege of Gibraltar; but tary commanders,'produced so much discontent all differences were finally settled by a nego- throughout the nation, that Walpole, in 1742, ciation, during which the king, who had set was obliged to resign. In the mean time, the out on a journey to the continent, was seized death of the emperor Charles VI roused the with a paralytic attack, of which he died at cupidity of France and other powers, to strip Osnaburgh, June 11, 1727, in the sixty-eighth his daughter, Maria Theresa, of her inherityear of his age, and the thirteenth of his ance, which conduct induced George II, as reign. George I was plain and simple in his guarantee of the pragmatic sanction, to declare taste and appearance, and grave and sedate in in her favour. An English army was accordhis general manner, although gay and familiar ingly sent to the continent, and strengthened with his intimates. He possessed much natural by a body of Hanoverians in British pay. The prudence and good sense, and well understood king himself shared in the campaign, the conhis interests, at least where his heart was conduct of which was however entrusted to the cerned. His able management of his German dominions, was conspicuous; and possibly, looking at the time of life in which he as

earl of Stair. The battle of Dettingen followed, in which the French were defeated, but with little benefit to the victors, who were obliged to quit

the field of battle and abandon their wounded. | Great Britain to the pinnacle of power and In this battle the king displayed great bravery, glory, belong to the province of history, rather but as he interfered with the discretion of lord than to the biography of the sovereign. The Stair, that officer soou after resigned in dis- warfare in Germany formed the most inglogust, and the command of the army was rious part of these transactions, as the duke of entrusted to the king's second son, William, Cumberland, at the head of an Hanoverian duke of Cumberland, who lost the bloody battle army, was obliged to capitulate to the French, of Fontenoi in 1744, and the French remained who took possession of the whole of the ascendant in Flanders during the rest of the electorate. When Mr. Pitt, however, was war. Instigated by the illusory promises of called by the voice of the people to the direction France, the jacobite leaders in 1745 invited of affairs, England, whom weak and divided the young pretender to try his fortune in a councils had reduced so low that few troops descent on the northern part of the island; and had been summoned to defend the kingdom accordingly he embarked in a French frigate, from invasion, suddenly exerted the martial and landed on the Scottish coast in the July of energies of her character, and victories followed the same year. He was immediately joined in every quarter of the globe. The French by many of the clans, with whom he proceeded power in the East Indies was annihilated. southward, and continually adding to his army, In America, Quebec and the whole of Canada he proclaimed his father king at Perth, and yielded to her arms. The islands of Senegal took possession of Edinburgh. Having defeated and Guadaloupe fell under British dominion, the royal troops at Preston Pans, he at length and the battle of Minden healed the national entered England, where he had promises of reputation in Germany. In this state of affairs adequate support, but although he penetrated George II suddenly died, from the uncommon without opposition as far as Derby, the people circumstance of the rupture of the right venshowed but little active inclination to his cause. tricle of the heart, which, without previous News of the arrival of the duke of Cumberland suffering, terminated his life on the 25th of with several regiments from Flanders, and of October, 1760, in the seventy-seventh year of the rapid assemblage of troops from all quar- his age, and thirty-third of his reign. George ters, to oppose and intercept him, so intimidated II was a prince of very moderate abilities, the pretender and his council, that a retreat was personally parsimonious, and wholly regardless quickly determined upon, and effected without of science or literature; but although hasty and loss. The arms of the adventurers were again somewhat obstinate in temper, he was honest successful in a skirmish at Falkirk, but here and open in his disposition. His queen, the their fortune ended, for the duke of Cumber- cultivated and well-informed Caroline, acquired land uniting his forces, came up with the in-a great ascendency over him, which did not surgent army at Culloden near Inverness, and on the 17th of April, 1746, obtained an easy victory, which finally terminated the struggles of the house of Stuart. The young pretender with great difficulty made his escape, and the blood of his adherents, who were treated with great military severity by the duke of Cumberland, also flowed very copiously on the scaffold. During these events the king received numerous demonstrations of attachment to his person and GEORGE III, king of Great Britain, born family; and it was obvious that the greater the 4th of June, 1738, was the eldest son of part of the nation connected the interests of Frederick, prince of Wales, by the princess civil liberty with the support of the principles Augusta of Saxe Gotha. On the death of his which had called the house of Hanover to the father in 1751, his education was entrusted to throne. In 1748 the war, which had been the earl of Harcourt and the bishop of Norwich, very unproductive of advantage to England, but the formation of his opinions and characwas terminated by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. ter seems to have been materially influenced In 1751 died Frederick, prince of Wales, who by the maternal ascendancy of the princess having lived for a considerable time at variance dowager, who in her turn appears to have with his father, was naturally thrown into the been principally guided by the councils of the opposition party, and thereby in a manner earl of Bute. George III, who had been prewhich has not been unusual with English heirs-viously created prince of Wales, ascended the apparent, became the avowed patron of popular throne on the demise of his grandfather, George maxims of government. He appears to have been a well-disposed prince, with moderate talents, and little energy of character. In 1755 the disputes between Great Britain and France, in relation to their respective boundaries in Canada, produced hostilities in that country, and an open war between the two nations the following year. The events of this war, in which the principal powers of Europe became engaged, and which finally, under the able auspices of Pitt (first carl of Chatham) raised

however prevent some of the sexual attachments so common with royalty; but George II was not of a disposition to permit them to be very injurious to his people. Upon the whole, this monarch was not unpopular, and dying as he did, in the midst of a successful war, he enjoyed at the time of his decease, no small share of national attachment.-Aikin's G. Biog. Smollet's Hist. of England.

II, on the 25th of October, 1760, being then in his twenty-third year. A prosperous war having made the existing administration, headed by Mr Pitt, (afterwards earl of Chatham,) exceedingly popular, no immediate change was made in the cabinet, and the first speeches of the new king to his council and parliament, were favourable to the sanguine anticipations formed of the conduct of a young prince of handsome person and unspotted reputation, who enjoyed the advantage of being

lic approbation which followed this concession, and other measures of the Rockingham cabinet, could not however preserve it from the fate of the many which had preceded it ; and upon the 30th July, 1766, it was dissolved, and succeeded by one formed by Mr Pitt, (then created earl of Chatham,) who took the office of lord privy seal, but not without a considerable decline in public favour, and with a paucity of support that materially paralyzed his energies. In 1767 Mr C. Townsend, chancellor of the Exchequer in this administration, revived the American disputes, by imposing duties on certain articles imported into America; and in 1768, lord

colleagues, resigned the privy seal, and was succeeded by lord Bristol. The same year was distinguished by the return of Mr Wilkes for Middlesex, and the popular tumults attendant upon his imprisonment and outlawry In 1769 that popular leader was expelled the house of commons, for publishing, with severe comments, a letter written by lord Weymouth,

the first sovereign of the line whose birth and offence, that another change of administration education were entirely English. As all took place, in which the marquis of Rockattempts to give a summary of the events of a ingham was placed at the head of the treareign of upwards of half a century, would be sury. In 1766 the new administration, among nugatory, nothing more will be attempted other popular measures, repealed he inadvisebeyond a slight advertence to its principal fea-able American stamp act; at the same time howtures, as illustrative of the character and con- ever passing a declaratory act, assertive of the duct of the monarch. In 1761 the Pitt admi-right of imposing colonial taxation. The pub nistration exchanged Mr Legge and lord Holderness for viscount Barrington and the earl of Bute, a fact worthy notice as commencing that series of incessant ministerial changes which so curiously distinguished the first ten years of the reign of George III. In the same year Mr Pitt resigned the seals of foreign secretary, in consequence of being outvoted in the cabinet on the subject of a war with Spain, which he deemed absolutely necessary, an opinion that was borne out by the event before the year expired. The marriage of the king with the princess Charlotte Sophia of Mecklenberg Strelitz, (an union which in its result operated materially on the domestic cha-Chatham, disgusted with the conduct of his racter of this reign,) also took place in 1761, that ceremony being performed on the 8th of September, and the joint coronation of the king and queen following on the 22d of the same month. A new administration, formally headed by lord Bute, having entered into negociations with France and Spain, preliminaries of peace with those nations were signed on the 3rd of November, 1762, at Fon-one of the ministers, in his capacity of chair. tainbleau, on terms which, although favourable man of the quarter-sessions at Lambeth; he to Great Britain, fell far short of national ex- was however returned by his constituents a pectation. In 1763 the publication of the cele- third, and even a fourth time, until the admi. brated periodical paper entitled the North nistration determining to enforce his expulsion Briton, written by Mr John Wilkes, then mem- at all events, declared the opposing candidate, ber for Aylesbury, in a spirit of unsparing cen- colonel Luttrel, (notwithstanding a minority of sure of the Bute administration, led to a series nearly 1000 votes,) duly elected, a proceeding of ill-judged measures, in regard to that indivi- which, some time after the event, was virtually dual, that did any thing but honour to the coun- declared illegal byparliament itself. This unconcils which produced them; a remark rather stitutional proceeding did not prevent the same strengthened than otherwise by the fact, that bold and active partizan from gaining a verdict the result of them proved favourable to the in- of four thousand pounds against the secretary terests of civil liberty. In the midst of these of state, lord Halifax, for the illegal seizure of differences, two voyages of discovery were his person and papers, by which decision geundertaken, the one under commodore Byron, neral warrants were judicially declared illegal. and the other commanded by captains Wallis The year 1770 was signalized by another and Cartwright, being the first of the series of change of administration, which rendered lord similar expeditions, which have done very North premier; by the passing of the Grenville considerable honour to this reign. In 1764 act in regulation of the proceedings of the Mr George Grenville, who had become premier house of commons, in regard to contested elecby the unexpected retirement of the earl of tion; by a bold address and remonstrance to Bute, began that career of measures in relation the throne from the livery and corporation of to the taxation of the American colonies, the the city of London; and by the celebrated consequences of which have proved so mo- letters of Junius. In the session of 1771, the mentous; and notwithstanding the strenuous house of commons ordered the attendance of opposition of the colonists, the impolitic stamp certain printers, for publishing the debates of act was passed the following year. About the the house. The printers not attending to the same time, in consequence of some appearance summons, were ordered into the custody of indicative of the malady which obscured the the sergeant-at-arms, and one of them being latter years of the king's existence, a bill was taken and carried before alderman Wilkes, he passed to enable his majesty to appoint the immediately discharged him, and bound him queen or any of the royal family residing in over to prosecute the person who had arrested England, guardian to his successor, and regent him, for false imprisonment. The lord mayor of the kingdom. The attempt of the ministry (Crosby) and alderman Oliver acted in a simito confine the term royal family to the de-lar manner on the arrest of others of the scendants of George II, with the exclusion of the princess dowager of Wales, caused such

printers; on which, being members of the house, they were ordered to attend in their