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thirty, forty, or fifty such foundations. When the church allowed no more space for the introduction of chantries, it was usual for the founders to attach little chapels to the edifice. It is these chantry chapels, the use and occasion of which are now so generally forgotten, which occasion so much of the irregularity of design which is apparent in the parish churches of England. They were gene- | rally erected in the style of architecture which prevailed at the time, and not in accommodation to the style of the original fabric.

When chapels were erected for the especial purpose of the chantries, they were usually also the places of interment of the founder and his family, whence we sometimes find such chapels belonging, even to this day, to particular families, and adorned with monuments of many generations. One of the most beautiful chapels of this kind is in the little village of Sandal, a few miles from Doncaster, the foundation of Rokeby, archbishop of Dublin, who died in 1521. The church of Sandal being small, afforded no scope for the design of this magnificent prelate. Having determined that this should be the place of his interment, he erected a chapel on the north side of the choir, open, however, to the church on one side, being separated from it only by open wainscot. On entering it by the door the whole economy of one of these chapels is manifest. Under the window looking eastward an altar has stood; the piscina on the right remains. On each side of the east window is a niche where once, no doubt, stood an effigies of a saint whom the archbishop held in peculiar honour. In the centre is a brass indicating the spot in which the body of the prelate lies; and in the north wall is a memorial of him, having his arms and effigies, with an inscription setting forth his name and rank and the day of his decease, with divers holy ejaculations. The stone and wood work have been wrought with exquisite care, and the windows appear to have been all of painted glass. The Beauchamp chapel at Warwick contains the very fine monument and effigy of Richard de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, who died in 1439.

Sometimes chantries were established in edifices remote from any church, a chapel being erected for the express purpose.

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In chantries of royal foundation, or in chantries founded by the more eminent prelates or barons, the service was ducted sometimes by more than one person. But usually there was only one officiating priest. The foundation deeds generally contain a specification of his duties, which consisted for the most part in the repetition of certain masses: but sometimes the instruction of youth in grammar or singing, and the delivering pious discourses to the people, made part of the duty of the chantry priests. They also contain an account of the land settled by the founder for the support of the priest. The names of the persons whom he was especially to name in his services are set forth, as well as the mode of his appointment and the circumstances in which he might be removed. Generally the king was named together with the founder and members of his family. This, it was supposed, gave an additional chance of the foundation being perpetuated. The king's licence was generally obtained for the foundation.

In many towns and country places there are ancient houses called chantry houses, or sometimes chantries, or colleges, which were formerly the residence of the chantry priests, and when called colleges they were the places where they lived a kind of collegiate life. These, as well as all other property given for the support of the chantry priests, were seized by the crown and sold to private persons, when by an act passed in the first year of King Edward VI. cap. 14, all foundations of this kind were absolutely suppressed and their revenues given to the king. An account had been taken a few years before of all the property which was settled to these uses, by the commissioners under the act 26 Hen. VIII. cap. 2, whose returns form that most important ecclesiastical document the Valor Ecclesiasticus' of King Henry VIII. The Valor' has been published by the commissioners on the Public Records' in five volumes folio.

The act of Edward VI. gave the king

CHAPEL (in French, chapelle; in Latin, capella), a word common to many of the languages of modern Europe, and used to designate an edifice of the lower rank appropriated to religious worship.

In England it has been used to desig nate minor religious edifices founded under very different circumstances and for different objects.

all the colleges, free chapels, chantries, | tical Memoirs, ii. 101-103, ii. 423, hospitals, fraternities or guilds, which iii. 222, vi. 495.) were not in the actual possession of King Henry VIII. to whom the Parliament in the thirty-seventh year of his reign had made a grant of all such colleges, &c., nor in the possession of King Edward. The preamble of the act of Edward states that the object of the act was the suppression of the superstitions which such foundations encouraged, and the amendment of such institutions, and the converting them to good and godly uses, as for the erection of grammar-schools, and for augmenting of the universities, and better provision for the poor and needy. But this act was much abused, as the act for dissolving religious houses in King Henry VIII.'s reign had been, and private persons got most of the benefit of it. The money was not only not appropriated as it ought to have been, but both many grammarschools and much charitable provision for the poor were taken away under the act. As already observed, the teaching of youth was sometimes one of the duties of the chantry priests, and it is probable that wherever there was a school and a chantry provided by the same foundation, the existence of the chantry was made a pretext for suppressing the whole endowment. Thus at Sandwich, in Kent, the chantry of St. Thomas was suppressed. One of the priests of this chantry was bound to teach the children of Sandwich to read. The citizens, feeling the loss of their school, raised money by subscription for making a new school, and Roger Manwood, afterwards chief baron of the Exchequer, was at the head of the subscription. This is the origin of the present free grammar-school of Sandwich. (Journal of Education, vol. x. p. 63.) King Edward founded a considerable number of grammar-schools, and the endowments were for the most part out of tithes formerly belonging to religious houses, or out of chantry lands given to the king in the first year of his reign. These schools are now generally called King Edward VI.'s Free GrammarSchools; and many of them, such as Birmingham for instance, are now well endowed in consequence of the improved value of their lands. (Strype, Ecclesias

1. We have a great number of rural ecclesiastical edifices, especially in the north of England, where the parishes are large, which are not, properly speaking, churches, ecclesia, though they are sometimes so called, but are chapels, and not unfrequently called parochial chapels. Most of them are of ancient foundation, but still not so ancient as the time when the parochial distribution of England was regarded as complete, and the right to tithe and offerings was determined to belong to the rector of some particular church. In the large parishes a family of rank which resided at an inconvenient distance from the parish church would often desire to have an edifice near to them, for the convenience of themselves and their tenants. On reasonable cause being shown, the bishop would often yield to applications of this kind; but in such cases he would not suffer the rights of the parish church to be infringed; no tithe was to be subtracted from it and given to the newly erected foundation, nor was that foundation to be accounted in rank equal to the older church, or its incumbent otherwise than subordinate minister to the incumbent of the parish church. But the bishop generally, perhaps always, stipulated that there should be an endowment by the founder of such an edifice. Frequently in edifices of this class there was the double purpose of obtaining a place of easier resort for religious worship and ordinances, and a place in which perpetual prayers might be offered for the family of the founder. [CHANTRY.] Others of these rural chapels were founded by the parishioners. The population of a village, which lay remote from the cnarch of the parish within whose limits it was included, would increase, and

of this is at Conisbrough, near Doncaster. But more frequently chapels of this kind were erected near to the apartments appropriated to the residence of the family. Most of the baronial residences, it is probable, had chapels of this kind. How splendid they sometimes were we may see in St. George's Chapel at Windsor and St. Stephen's Chapel at Westminster, both chapels of this class attached to the residences of our kings.

3. The chapels of colleges, as in the two universities; of hospitals, or other similar foundations.

4. Chapels for private services, chiefly services for the dead, in the greater churches, as the chapel of Saint Erasmus, and others, in the church of Westminster. Additions made to the parish churches for the support of chantries are sometimes called chantry chapels.

thus the public inconvenience of having to resort to the parish church on occasion of christenings, churchings, marriages, and funerals, besides the services on the festivals, become great; they would therefore apply to the bishop in petitions, many of which are in the registers of the sees, setting forth the distance at which they lived, the impediments, constant or occasional, in the way of their ready resort to their parish church, as want of good roads, snow, the rising of waters, and the like, on which the ordinary would grant them the leave which they desired, reserving, however, as seems almost always to have been the case, whatever rights and emoluments had beforetime belonged to the parish church. In the parish of Halifax there are twelve of these chapels, all founded before the Reformation. In the parish of Manchester, and in most of the parishes of Lancashire, 5. Places of worship of modern founsuch subsidiary foundations are numerous.dation, especially those in towns, are Those foundations of this class which could be brought within the description of superstitious foundations were dissolved by the act of 1 Edward VI. for the suppression of chantries; but while the endowment was seized, it not unfrequently happened that the building itself, out of the piety of the person into whose hands it passed in the sale of the chantry lands, or the devotion of the persons living near it, and long accustomed to resort to it, continued to be used for religious worship in its reformed state, and remains to this day a place of Christian worship, the in- 6. The word chapel is pretty generally cumbent being supported by the casual used to denote the places of worship endowments of the period since the Re-erected by various sects of Dissenters formation, and especially by what is called Queen Anne's Bounty, in which most of the incumbents of chapels of this class have participated.

2. The term chapel is used to designate those more private places for the celebration of religious ordinances in the castles or dwelling-houses of persons of rank. These chapels, says Burn, were anciently all consecrated by the bishop. We find in some of the oldest specimens of the castles of England some small apartment which has evidently been used for the purposes of devotion, and this sometimes in the keep, the place of last resort in the time of a siege. An instance

called chapels of ease, being erected for the ease and convenience of the inhabitants when they have become too numerous for the limits of their parish church. Most of these are founded under special Acts of Parliament, in which the rights and duties of the incumbent and the founders are defined. Under the Church Building Acts the commissioners may assign districts to chapels under care of curates. By 3 Geo IV. c. 72, they may convert district chapelries into separate parishes. [BENEFICE, p. 343.]

under the Act of Toleration, though the Quakers and some of the more rigid Dissenters of other denominations, out of dislike to the nomenclature of an ecclesiastical system which they do not approve, prefer to call such edifices by the name of meeting-houses. The name chapel is now also generally given, by Protestants at least, to the Roman Catholic places of worship.

CHAPLAIN (capellanus, a word formed from the middle Latin, capella, chapel). A chaplain is properly a clergyman officiating in a chapel, in contradis tinction to one who is the incumbent of a parish church, But it now generally de

signates clergymen who are either (1) residing in families of distinction and actually performing religious services in the family; or (2) who are supposed to be so, though not actually so engaged. This fiction proceeds on the assumption that every bishop and nobleman, with some of the great officers of state, have each their private chapel, to which they nominate a priest, or more than one. Čertain privileges respecting the holding of benefices belonged to these chaplains, by reservation out of the Act against Pluralities, 21 Henry VIII. c. 13, which were restricted by 57 Geo. III. c. 59; and by 1 & 2 Vict. c. 106, both these acts were repealed so far as they related to the subject of pluralities. By 21 Henry VIII. the number of chaplains which noblemen and other persons may nominate was limited: an archbishop may nominate eight; a duke or a bishop, six; a marquis or earl, five; a viscount, four; a baron, a knight of the garter, or the lord chancellor, three; the treasurer of the king's house, the comptroller of the king's house, the clerk of the closet, the king's secretary, the dean of the chapel, the almoner, and the master of the rolls, may nominate each two; the chief justice of the King's Bench and the warden of the Cinque Ports, each one; a duchess, marchioness, countess, and baroness, being widows, are allowed to nominate each two.

The Speaker of the House of Commons appoints his chaplain, who reads prayers daily at the House before business commences. In the House of Lords prayers are read by the bishop last raised to the episcopal bench.

A chaplain is appointed to each of her Majesty's ships when in active service. He must have been regularly ordained, and a graduate of Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin, or Durham, and not above the age of thirty-five. He undergoes an examination by some competent person appointed by the Admiralty, and must produce testimonials of good moral and religious conduct from two beneficed Cergymen. The pay of a chaplain is 21. 5s. per month for ships of all rates, and the half-pay is 5s. or 10s. a day, according to length of service. In the rmy it is not necessary to appoint a

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chaplain to each regiment, but there are a few clergymen appointed for the army under the name of Chaplains to the Forces.

The magistrates in quarter-sessions are required by 4 Geo. IV. c. 64, to appoint a chaplain to every prison within their jurisdiction. His salary is regulated by the number of persons which the prison is capable of containing, and must not exceed 150l. when the number of prisoners does not exceed fifty, nor 2001. if the number of persons which the prison can contain does not exceed one hundred; and the salary may be fixed at the discretion of the justices when the number of prisoners exceeds two hundred. A chaplain to a prison must be a clergyman of the Church of England, and be licensed by the bishop before he can officiate. The magistrates have the power of removing him from his office in case of misconduct and neglect, and of granting him an annuity when incapable from infirmity of performing his duties: his duties are pointed out by the above act, and amongst other things he is required to keep a journal. The duties of chaplains in jails are further regulated by 2 & 3 Vict. c. 56. They must not reside more than a mile from the prison. A chaplain in any jail in which the number of prisoners confined at one time during the three years preceding his appointment was not less than one hundred, cannot hold a benefice with cure of souls, or any curacy with the office of chaplain. An assistant chaplain or chaplains may be appointed in jails where the number of prisoners exceeds 250. The reports of chaplains are sometimes of great interest and throw light upon the causes of crime. Appended to the act 2 & 3 Vict. c. 56, are a number of questions, the answers to which are annually returned to the Secretary of State; and the 28th question relates to the duties of the chaplain.

Chaplains are required to be appointed to every County Lunatic Asylum.

The Poor Law Amendment Act (4 & 5 Will. IV. c. 76) empowers the Poor Law Commissioners to appoint paid officers of parishes and unions, and this includes chaplains. The act contemplates that the inmates of union workhouses, of whatever religious persuasion, should have

instruction in that persuasion. It is not peremptory to appoint a clergyman of the Church of England as chaplain, and the guardians may appoint a dissenting mi

nister.

Both in jails and union workhouses licensed dissenting ministers are allowed to visit the inmates of their respective persuasions at reasonable times and under certain restrictions. By the Irish Poor Law Act (1 & 2 Vict. c. 56) three chaplains may be appointed for the union workhouses, one of the Established Church, one Roman Catholic priest, and one Protestant dissenter.

CHAPTER. The canons in the cathedral or conventual churches, when assembled, form what is called the chapter, capitulum; anciently the council of the bishop. Other religious communities, when assembled for business, sat in chapter. Attached to many cathedral and conventual churches are buildings for the meeting of the chapter, called chapterhouses. The buildings of this kind connected with the churches of Westminster and York are octagonal and of singular beauty.

The members of the College of Arms, that is, the king's heralds and pursuivants, are said to hold a chapter when they confer on the business of their office; and in like manner chapters of the order of the Garter are held.

CHARGE D'AFFAIRES. [AMBASSADOR, p. 126.] CHARITABLE USES. [USES, CHARITABLE.]

CHARTA CHARTA.]

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CHARTE, from charta, "paper," was the name given to the letters of franchise granted by the kings of France during the middle ages to several towns and communities, by which they were put in possession of certain municipal privileges, such as the free election of their local magistrates and others. The word Charte is now used in France to signify the solemn acknowledgment of the rights of the nation made by Louis XVIII. on his restoration in 1814. The Charte is the fundamental law of the French constitutional monarchy. One article of this charte, having given occasion to a false

| interpretation, of which the ministers of Charles X. availed themselves to issue the ordonnances which gave rise to the revolution of July, 1830, was altered on the accession of Louis-Philippe, and it was clearly explained that "the king issues the necessary ordonnances and regulations for the execution of the laws, without having the power in any case to suspend the course of the law or to delay its execution." The "Charte de 1830," with this and one or two more modifications of minor importance, was sworn to by Louis-Philippe on the 9th of August, 1830. Since that date, a change has been made by the legislature in the constitution of the Chamber of Peers. The Peers are only for life, and the peerage is consequently not hereditary.

As France is so closely connected with England in the progress of constitutional history, we give an abstract of the "Charte de 1830." The general outline of the government of France bears a resemblance to our own, being an hereditary constitutional or limited monarchy. Its general constitution is defined in the charter granted by Louis XVIII. upor his restoration in A.D. 1814; modified in 1830, after the revolution which drove out the elder branch of the Bourbons; and farther modified since that time. Charte, as modified after the revolution of 1830, and as it now stands, consists of sixty-seven articles, arranged under seven heads.

The

1st head, containing eleven articles.Droit public des Français (Public or notional Rights of the French).-This head provides for the equality of all Frenchmen in the eye of the law, their equal admissibility to civil and military employments, and their equal freedom from arrest otherwise than by legal process. It guarantees the full enjoyment of religious liberty; and while it recognises Catholicism as the religion of the majority of Frenchmen, it provides for the payment not only of the Catholic priesthood, but of the ministers of other Christian denominations, out of the public purse.* It ensures the liberty to all

A law of Feb. 8. 1831, includes payment to

the ministers of the Jewish religion.

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