D. All ARGUMENTS are grounded on, and therefore to be fought for from, Reafons, Morals, or Affections. Reasons are to inform the Judgment, or Inftruct; Morals to procure Favour, or Perfuade; and Affections to move the Paffions, or Please. SECT. ANNOTATIONS. OBS. I. TNVENTION Morbo affeci Cibi fuavitatem INVENTION NAL ARGUMENTS. RAMUS fays, Dividit Quintilianus, Ariftotelem fecutus, Probationes Rationales bifariam, ut alia fint Inartificiales, alia Artificiales. Lib. 13. COMMON PLACES, from whence ARTIFICIAL ARGUMENTS may be invented, Orators count 16. viz. 1. From Definition; as Jus civile eft Cognitio Equitatis; at Cognitio Equitatis eft utilis: Igitur & Jus civile. 2. From Diftribution of Parts; as, Virtutis Partes funt quatuor, Juftitia, Prudentia, Fortitudo, Temperantia; at Calliditas non eft fuftitia, nec, &c. Igi. tur non Virtus. 3. From Etymology; as, Conful eft, qui conJulit Pairia; non igitur Pifo Conful, qui eam evertit. 5. Ex Conjugatis; as, Pietas laudanda, Igitur & qui piè agit. 5. From the Genus; as, Virtutis Laus in Actione confiftit, Igitur & Prudentia. 6. From the Species; as, Juftitia eft amanda, Ergo Virtus amanda. 7. From Similitude; as, Ur 7 non fentiunt, ita avari Guftum Laudis non habent. 8. From Diffimilitude; as, Si barbarorum eft in diem vivere, noftra confilia fempiternum fpectare debent. 9. From Contraries; as, Nulla Salus Bello, Pacem te pofcimus omnes. Virg. 10. From Adjuncts; as, Vefperi vifus eft cum Gladio ftipatus, &c. Ergo occidit. 11. From Antecedents; as, Ortus eft Sol, Igitur Dies eft. 12. From Confequents; as, Dies eft, Igitur ortus eft Sol. 13. From Repugnants; as, Amat illum, Igitur non infectatur Convitiis. 14. From Causes; as, Home factus eft ad contemplandum, Ergo non folùm ad paftum. 15. From Effects; as, Virtus parit Laudem; Ergo fequenda. 16, From Comparison; as, Ut jugulent homines furgunt de nocte latrones; ut teipfum ferves non expergifceris, &c. Hor.-Befides thefe, obferve (from In- · fruct. in Oratory, p. 3 and 4.) how, 1. TO PROVE A THING GOOD. Thus : It is the End of all Men; the wifeft aim at it; all commend it; it produceth fome Good, SECT. I. Of ARGUMENTS from Reason. A I. ARTIFICIAL RATIONAL ARGUMENTS are fuch as are found out by the Learning and Skill of the Orator, and differ according to the Topic in Hand. There are three Sorts of TOPICS, Demonftrative, Deliberative, and Juridicial. ANNOTATIONS. or preventeth fome Evil; it procures much Pleasure, or Profit, or Reputation; is rewarded; is difficult to attain; is dictated by Nature; is followed with Content, &c. 2. TO PROVE A THING STILL BETTER. Thus It is the End, and fo better than the Means; it hath a better Tendency; is converfant about a better Object; it is more beneficial, and to more ; more beautiful, lafting; better in Circumftance of Perfon, Time, Place or Action. 3. TO AGGRAVATE A CRIME. Thus: It's Da mage great, irreparable; it is enhanced from the Quality of the Perfon, by whom, to whom; from doing it alone, at first, or often; with no, or fmall, Benefit; with a determinate Purpose, or without any plaufible Motive; it was contrary to Nature, exprefs Law, Gratitude; was done in an holy Place, Court; against a Kinsman, Benefactor, Magifrate; gives Scandal, Encou I. A ragement. 4. TO LESSEN A CRIME. Thus: It was not done at all, not fo done, pardonable; not an Injury, but an Error, Misfortune; not done with an ill Mind, with Deliberation; not Part but the whole Action to be confider'd, not that Action only but the whole Courfe of Life; to regard the Intention of the Law, as well as Words; Equity, as well as any particular Law, which cannot provide for all poffible Cafes, &c.— As to IN ARTIFICIAL ARGUMENTS; Ea CICERO in Topicis Teftimonii Nomine complectitur. Sed ad intelligendum erit facilius, fi cum QUINTILIANO, lib. 5. 1. in Præjudicia, Ru morem, & Famam, Tormenta, Tabulas, Jusjurandum & Teftes, ea Dividamus. Cyp. Soarius, lib. 1. 29. I. A DEMONSTRATIVE TOPIC is when we speak in Praife or Difpraife of any Perfon, Deed, or Thing. 1. Of a PERSON; as, when from his Education, Eloquence, Learning, Wisdom, Virtue, Riches, Dignities, Authority, &c. we praise Cicero; or, from the Contrary, difpraise Catiline. 2. Of a DEED; as, when from the Juftice, Honour, Courage, Time, Place, Manner, &c. of the Fact, we extol the voluntary Return of Regulus to his Enemies; or, from the Contrary, vituperate the Self-Murder of Cato at Utica. 3. Of a THING; as, when, from it's Importance, Reafonableness, Ufefulness, &c. we praise Virtue; or, from the Contrary, difpraife Vice. In which Topic, you may perceive, moft of the Arguments are taken from what we call Honourable or Dishonourable. ་ ANNOTATION S. three τορικῶν, ἐπιδεικτικὸν, συμβελευτικὸν, δικανικὸν. Επιδεικτικό δὲ, τὸ μὲν, ἔπαινα τὸ δὲ ψύγω. Συμβολῆς δὲν τὸ μὲν, προΤροπή· τὸ δὲ ἀπολροπή. Δίκης δὲ, τὸ μὲν, κατηγορία· τὸ δὲ ἀπολογία, There are kinds of Oratorial Topics, Demonftrative, Deliberative, and Juridicial. Of Demonftrative the one Part is Praifing, the other Difpraifing. Of De liberative the one Part is Perfuafion, the other Diffuafion. Of Juridicial the one Part is Accufing, the other Defending. The End of the firit, fays he, is ĥxañòv naloxpor, Honour able, or dishonourable; of the fecond, ovépor nj Bhabegòv, Advantageous or difadvantageous; of the third, dizaιov nad nov, Just or unjust. Rhet. lib. 1. c. 3. In quibus Oratori subjecit omnia; nihil enim II. A non in hac cadit. Quint. Int. 1. 2. c. 21. OBS. III. QUINTILIAN justly obferves, Si that young Studentsought chiefy to be exercis'd in DEMONSTRATIVE and DELIBERATIVE Topics rather than Juridicial. His Words are, Rhetor prima Operis fui Officia non recufat, à Narrationibus ftatim, & laudandi & vituperandi Opufculis Cura ejus defideratur. An ignoramus Antiquis hoc fuiffe ad augendam Eloquentiam Genus Exercitationis, ut Thefes dicerent, & Communes Locos, & cætera citra complexum Rerum Perfonarumque, quibus veræ fictaque Controverfiæ continentur. Lib. 2. c. 1. The DEMONSTRATIVE Subjects he mentions are, Laudare claros Viros & Vituperare improbos. Hine Excrcitatio II. A DELIBERATIVE TOPIC is when, from the Advantage or Difadvantage of a Thing, we either perfuade or diffuade; as, when, from the Safety, Profit, and Pleafure of it, we perfuade to Peace; or, from the Contrary, diffuade from War. III. A JURIDICIAL TOPIC is when we either Accufe or Defend. Thus Milo, having kill'd Clodius, is accufed by Clodius's Friends, but defended by Cicero. In which cafe the Arguments differ according to the Stating of itNow ANNOTATIONS. Exercitatio Comparationis; Uter melior,uter ve deterior. Communes Loci; ùt, in Adulterum, Aleatorem, Petulantem, &c. Thefes ex Rerum Comparatione; ùt, Rufticone Vita, an Urbana potior? Jurifperiti, an Militaris Viri Laus major? Legum Laus & Vituperatio; quarum Vitium aut in Verbis aut in Rebus: In Verbis quæritur, an fatis fignificent, an fit in his aliquid ambiguum? In Rebus, an Lex fibi ipfa confentiat, an in populum ferri debeat, au in fingulos Homines? an fit bonefta, an utilis? dignane Panâ, vel Præmio. Lib 2: C. 4. The DELIBERA. TIVE he fpeaks of thus, Narrationibus non inutiliter fubjungitur Opus deftruendi confirmandique eas, quod avanen Deftroying & naraσnen Building vocatur. İd porro non tantùm in fabulofis & Carmine traditis fieri poteft, verùm etiam in ipfis Annalium Monu mentis: ut fi quæratur, An credibile fit fuper Caput Va. The lerii pugnantis fediffe Corvum, qui os oculofque Galli roftro atque alis everberaret? Sit in utramque, Partem ingens ad dicendam Materia; ut, de Serpente quo Scipio traditur genitus, Lupa Romuli, & Ægeria Numæ. Sæpe etiam quæri folet de Tempore, de Loco, quo gefta Res dicitur. Nonnunquam de Perfona quoque, ficut Livius frequentiffimè dubitat, & alii ab aliis Hiftorici diffentiunt. Ad Deliberativum Genus pertinent, Ducendane Uxor, Petendine fint Magiftratus? & Caufæ conjecturales, ùt, Cur armata apud Lacedæmonios Venus? Quid 'crederetur Cupido Puer, ac volucer, & Sagittis ac Face armatus? Et fimilia in quibus ferutamur Voluntatem, cujus in Controverfiis frequens Quæftio eft. Lib.2. C. 4. IN OBS. IV. ÎN JURIDICIAL Jarum The STATING OF A CASE is the Iffue it is brought to from the Accufer's Complaint and the Accufed's Defence. Thus, Milo was accused for killing Clodius; Milo confefs'd be kill'd him, but faid he did it justly. Now the Stating the Cafe here is-Whether Milo kill'd Clodius justly or unjustly? A CASE may be Stated four Ways, viz. Conjectural, Finitive, In Quality, In Quantity. 1. A Cafe is CONJECTURAL, when it is inquir'd Whether the Thing was done or no, as, Whether Milo kill'd Clodius? 2. A Cafe is FINITIVE, when we inquire into the Name, Nature, and Definition of the Crime; as, I own I took it, but I did not commit Theft. Where Theft muft be defin'd, &c. 3. A Cafe in QUALITY is, where we inquire in what Manner a Fact was done; as, Milo kill'd Clodius, but he did it justly. Here we must inquire into the Circumstances, and prove from Law what in this Cafe may be deem'd Just or Unjust. ANNOTATION S. farum Conflictione nofcitur; ut, Sylla conjurâfti cum Catilinâ; Depulfio vero Defenforis; Non conjuravi ex hac prima Confictione nafcitur illa Quæftio, Conjuraveritne Sylla cum Catilinâ ? Lib. 3. 6. Cum igitur quatuor fint, quæ in omni Dif. putatione quarantur, fit necne, quid fit, quale fit, quantum fit, fit ut Conflitutiones quoque quatuor fint. 1. Conjecturalis; ut, Sit necne infidiatus Miloni Clodius? 2. Finitiva; at, Fueritne Cæfar Rex, an Tyrannus? 3. Qualitatis, in qua de Utilitate, Honeftate, Equitate diferitur, & contrariis; t, Rectenè fecerit Romulus, 4. A cum Fratrem interfecit. 4. Quantitatis; ut, Pater Filium verberavit, is Injuriarum cum Patre agit, quafi de magna Culpa; Pater nihil aliud defendit, nifi licere Filium à Patre verberari; Culpa parva. Example of a WHOLE CASE. Oreftes interfecit Matrem. Oreftes confitetur fefe interfeciffe Matrem, fed jure dicit je interfeciffe. Quare? Illa Patrem meum occiderat. Sed non abs te occidi tamen, neque indemnatam Pænas pendere oportuit. Non rectùm aut Jure ergo fuerit à Filio fine Judicio Clytemneftram occidi. OBS. |