be soothed and caressed, but would resent an affront both with bill and claws. "It is," says Pennant, "active, restless, and thieving; much taken with glitter, and so meddling as not to be trusted where things of consequence lie. It is very apt to catch up bits of lighted sticks, so that there are instances of houses being set on fire by its means, which is the reason that Camden calls it incendiaria avis.' Several of the Welsh and Cornish families bear this bird in their coatof-arms.

it to come under the genus Turdus (Merle de la Nouvelle Guinée). This beautiful bird is the Pie de Paradis or Incomparable of the French. Lesson says:-"I brought from New Guinea two individuals of this magnificent bird, the value of which is sufficiently considerable in France, and which seems to be very rare even in its native country; for, during our sojourn at the Moluccas and the land of the Papous, I only saw there two birds, and one of these now embellishes the galleries of the museun where I deposited it."

No description can convey any idea of the brilliancy of this bird. The metallic tints of almost every hue, varying with the play of the light on the plumage, almost surpass belief. It is well figured in Le Vaillant's Oiseaux de Paradis,' plate 20 and 21; but no colouring can give the slightest notion of its splendid intensity and variety. The form may be imagined from the preceding cut taken from the plates above mentioned.

Fossil Corvida.

Dr. Buckland mentions the remains of the Raven as occurring in the cave at Kirkdale, and figures the right ulna of one of those birds in Reliquiæ Diluvianæ,' plate xi.

CORVUS. [CORVIDE.]

CORYDA'LIS, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Fumariacea. It has a calyx composed of two sepals, or absent; 4 petals, the upper one spurred at the base; the stamens diadelphous; the pod 2-valved, many seeded, compressed. The species are mostly small glaucous herbs, with ternate or pinnated leaves, and fusiform tuberous or fibrous roots. Upwards of 40 species of this genus have been described. They are natives of the temperate parts of the earth in the four quarters of the globe.

C. claviculata, White Climbing Fumitory, has a fibrous root; pinnate leaves, with acuminate bracts, the pinnæ ternate; footstalk ending in tendrils. It has small pale-yellow or nearly white flowers. It has a slender climbing stem, 1 to 4 feet long. It is found in bushy places in hilly districts of Great Britain and throughout Europe.

C. lutea, Yellow Fumitory, has a fibrous root, triternate leaves; minute oblong cuspidate bracts; shining seeds, granulate-rugose, with a patent denticulated crest. This plant is a native of the south or Europe, in the fissures of rocks and old walls. It is now naturalised in Great Britain, and forms a picturesque object on the old walls of ruins, as at Castleton in Derbyshire, and Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire. It is a very common plant in gardens.

C. solida has a tuberous solid root, with biternate cut leaves, the lowest petiole a leafless scale, the bracts palmate. It is found in Great Britain, but has been undoubtedly introduced.

C. Fabacea has a nearly simple erect stem, scaly under the lower leaf; the leaves stalked, biternate; the bracts ovate, acute, longer than the pedicles. It is a native of shady mountainous places in Sweden, Denmark, and many other parts of the continent of Europe. This species, as well as C. tuberosa, a native of the South of Europe, has a tuberous root. The root of both the species is very bitter and rather acrid. That of C. tuberosa is hollow, and is found to contain a peculiar alkali called Corydalin. On the continent these roots are used under the name of Radix Aristolochia, and are employed as external applications to indolent tumours. C. bulbosa has a tuber which is somewhat aromatic, extremely bitter, slightly astringent, and acrid, and was formerly used as a substitute for Birth-Worts in expelling intestinal worms, and as an emmenagogue.

Many of the species are cultivated in Great Britain, and, having escaped from gardens, are occasionally found wild, but only C. clavi culata is a native; C. lutea is naturalised. In cultivation they require a light rich soil. They are well adapted for flower-borders and rockwork. The perennial species may be propagated by dividing the roots, the annual by seeds, which should be sown where they are intended to remain. They will grow well under trees if the soil be not very dry. (Don, Dichlamydeous Plants; Lindley, Flora Medica; Loudon, Encyclopædia of Plants; Babington, Manual of British Botany.)

CORYLA'CEE, Mastworts, the Oak-Tribe, a highly important natural order of Apetalous or Incomplete Exogenous Plants, consisting of trees or shrubs, chiefly natives of the colder parts of the world, and valuable either for the nuts they bear or the timber they produce. The Oak, the Beech, the Hazel, the Hornbeam, and the Sweet Chestnut, all belong to this order, the general character of which is briefly this :-Leaves alternate, usually serrated, often with veins running straight from the midrib to the margin, beyond which they slightly project; at the base of each lear a pair of membranous stipules. Flowers monoecious; the males in catkins; the females in bud-like clusters. Stamens from 5 to 20, arising from the scales of the catkin. Ovary inferior, crowned by a toothed obsolete calyx, seated in a membranous cup or involucre, with more cells than one, and as many styles as cells; ovules solitary or in pairs, pendulous; all the ovules except one and all the cells disappear after the flowering is over, and when the fruit is ripe there is but one cell and one seed, whatever their number may originally have been. Fruit, a nut (called also acorn, mast, &c.), inclosed within a peculiar kind of involucre or cupule composed of bracts more or less united together, and forming a cup in the oak, a husk in the filbert, and a spiny case in the chestnut and beech. The seed consists of a roundish embryo, with thick fleshy cotyledons, and no albumen. The

Flowers of the Hazel-Nut (Corylus Avellana). 1, a branch, with the male flowers ** in drooping catkins; the females in bud-like clusters; 2, one of the scales of the male catkin, with the stamens attached to it; 3, a female bud, with the styles projecting beyond the bracts; 4, the young ovaries with the bracts removed; 5, a section of the ovary, exhibiting the ovules, the toothed calyx, and the base of the style; 6, a cross section of the ovary; 7, a longitudinal section of a nut.

CO'RYLUS, a genus of Plants after which the natural order Corylacea receives its name. It consists of the different species of hazelnut, and is distinguished from the genera associated with it by its cupule being a two-leaved lacerated husk, and its ovary having but two cells, in each of which is one ovule.

C. Avellana, the Common Hazel-Nut. This plant, which is a native of all the cooler parts of Europe, Northern Asia, and North America, is the parent of the many varieties of nuts and filberts now cultivated for their fruit. [HAZEL-NUT, FILBERT, in ARTS AND SC. Div.] It is specifically known by its husks being hispid with glands, leafy, broad, much lacerated, and rather spreading at the point; never contracted into a long tube, nor divided into narrow rigid segments; by its rounded, heart-shaped, very rugose, angular, toothed, cuspidate leaves, glandular-hispid branches, and shrubby habit. It varies very much in the form of its husks, in the degree of their hispidity, some being nearly smooth, in the shape of their nuts, and in the height to which it grows. In the Hazel-Nut the husk is open at the point, shorter or at least but little longer than the nut, and nearly smooth; while in the Filbert (Corylus tubulosa of some writers) it is lengthened considerably beyond the nut, and covered more or less with glandular hairs; all degrees of intermediate structure may be found in the cultivated varieties. This plant is found as a large shrub having numerous stems rising from the root, or as a small bushy tree with a great number of branches, which are covered with hairs when it is young. It is found all over Great Britain, from Cornwall to Sutherlandshire. It grows at the height of 1600 feet above the level of the sea, in the north of England and Scotland. It is cultivated very generally on account of its nuts, especially in the county of Kent, where it attains its greatest perfection. It is also cultivated on the continent of Europe; and every year large quantities of the nuts are brought into England from various parts of France, Portugal, and Spain. The hazel is valued in planting principally as an undergrowth. Its branches and stems are used for various kinds of wicker-work. The wood is said to make the best charcoal for gunpowder, and is also used for making crayons for drawing purposes.

C. Americana is not distinguishable as a variety from the last species. The Beaked American or Cuckold-Hazel is a pretty purpleleaved kind in shrubberies.

C. rostrata, the Horned Hazel-Nut. In this the branches are quite free from glandular hispidity, the leaves are oblong, not cordate, doubly toothed, and acuminate, and the husks globular over the nuts, where they are extremely hispid, without ever being glandular; beyond the nuts the husks are contracted into a tube an inch or more long, and irregularly lacerated at the point. It is a very distinct species inhabiting the mountains of the Carolinas, where it rarely exceeds three or four feet in height. In gardens it is scarcely larger.

C. Colurna, the Constantinople Nut, a white-barked tree 20 feet and more high, with an erect trunk and a dense spreading head. The leaves are shining, much less rugose than in the hazel-nut, cordate, angular, serrated, acute or acuminate, slightly hairy on the under surface. The branches and all the other parts are destitute of glands; the husks are campanulate, deeply cut into narrow hairy rather falcate segments. The nuts are roundish and very hard. It is a native of Asia Minor, and known from all the other garden species by its becoming a tree. It seldom produces its nuts in this climate.

Besides these there are the C. lacera and C. ferox, two species found in the Himalaya Mountains. Of these, the former, gathered in Kumaon, is hardly different from C. Colurna; the other, from Mount Sheopore, has narrow taper-pointed leaves, and excessively hard nuts inclosed in a husk, with divaricating narrow spiny divisions.

CORYMB, a form of inflorescence approaching very nearly to the raceme. The raceme consists of an axis, upon which all the flowers are disposed upon footstalks of the same length; and hence its figure is more or less cylindrical. A corymb consists of an axis, the lowermost flowers on which have very long stalks, and the uppermost very short ones, so that the mass of inflorescence is an inverted cone, as in candytuft and many other cruciferous plants. The corymb is, in fact, an umbel with a lengthened axis.

From this word is derived the term Corymbose, which is applied not only to flowers, but to any kind of branching in which the lowermost parts are very long and the uppermost very short, as is the case in most species of Aster. [INFLORESCENCE.]

CORYMBI FERÆ, one of the primary subdivisions in the system of Jussieu, of the natural order Composite. It comprehends most of the Tubuliflora of De Candolle. It is characterised by the absence of albumen, an erect seed, a hemispherical involucre, and the florets of the ray, if present, ligulate. This division comprises by far the largest number of the genera of the large order Compositæ. The species of Corymbifera produce more active secretions, and have been used more extensively by man than those of the other subdivisions of the order. They generally represent the Cichoraceae [CICHORACEE] in hot climates, and this will perhaps account for their more active properties. In Great Britain the Corymbiferæ are more numerous than either the Cynaracea or Cichoracea. The number of species in the second edition of Babington's 'Manual of British Botany is-Corymbiferæ Cichoracea Cynaracea

Composita

62

51

26

139

between two tiers of scales, which form a protection, and probably give strength to the basal portion of the fin-rays. These fins extend the whole length of the body; the head and teeth are nearly the same as in the true Coryphane; the scales are large. P. ocellatus (Cuv.) is about 4 inches in length, and of a silvery hue; the pectoral and caudal fins are yellowish; the others are bluish-gray, and the dorsal fin has a large blue spot near its highest part.

Eyes rather distant, borne upon large peduncles, which are nearly cylindrical, and somewhat short. Anterior feet (chela) large, equal, twice as long as the body, and nearly cylindrical in the males; in the females, of about the length of the body, and compressed, especially towards the hand (manus). The other feet terminated by an elongated nail or claw, which is straight, pointed, and channeled longitudinally. Carapace oblong-oval, terminated by a rostrum anteriorly truncated and bordered posteriorly. The regions but slightly indicated, with the exception of the cordial region, the branchial or lateral regions being very much elongated.

Pteraclis ocellatus.

CORYPHODON, a genus of Fossil Animals belonging to the family of Tapirs. The remains of this genus have been found in this country; and although closely allied to the genus Lophiodon of Cuvier, Professor Owen regards its differences as of sufficient importance to constitute a new type. The specimen on which this genus was established is unique, and was dredged up from the bottom of the sea between St. Osyth and Harwich on the Essex coast, and now forms part of the collection of John Brown, Esq., of Hanway Green, near Colchester. This specimen is petrified, containing metallic salts, and having the appearance of fossils from the London Clay. There can be little doubt that it was originally imbedded in the Eocene Tertiary Formation of the Harwich coast. It consists of the right branch of the lower jaw, containing the last and part of the penultimate molar teeth of the lower jaw. Although this fragment resembles the same bone in the genus Lophiodon, yet a close examination of the crown of the last molar tooth exhibits a smaller antero-posterior diameter in proportion to its transverse diameter, as compared with the corresponding tooth in that genus. It also differs from the teeth of Anthracotherium, to which it has some resemblance. Professor Owen infers from this and other characters of these teeth that "the whole dental series of the extinct Eocene Pachyderms offered modifications of the Lophiodont type of dentition, which led towards that of the Anthracotherium, more especially of the smaller species from Garonne and Valery. From the closer resemblance which the fossil presents to the true Lophiodons, it must be regarded as a member of the same family of Tapiroid Pachyderms; indicating therein a distinct subgenus, characterised by the want of parallelism of the two principal transverse ridges, and by the rudimental state of the posterior talon in the last molar tooth of the lower jaw. The name Coryphodon, which I have proposed for this sub-genus, is derived from xopuph, a point, and booùs, a tooth; and is significative of the development of the ridges into points. The broad ridged and pointed grinding surface of the tooth indicates its adaptation to comminute the coarser kinds of vegetable substances; and it is very probable that the habits and food of the Tapir, which is the nearest existing analogue of the Coryphodon, are not very dissimilar from those which characterised of old the present extinct species and the true Lophiodons."

Professor Owen gives the species the name of Coryphodon Eocanus. He also describes a tooth found in digging.for a well at Camberwell, at a depth of 160 feet in the Plastic Clay. After describing this tooth, Mr. Owen says, "From its close resemblance in the essential characters of its form to the canines of the great extinct Tapiroid Pachyderms, and the apparent specific distinctions from any of the known species of Lophiodon, I strongly suspect it to have belonged to a Coryphodon." (Owen, British Fossil Mammals and Birds.)

CORYSTES, a genus of Brachyurous or Short-Tailed Crustacea. The species have the following characters:-Exterior antennæ longer than the body, setaceous, with two rows of cilia. Jaw-feet (piedsmachoires) having their third joint longer than the second, straight, terminated by an obtuse point, with a notch upon its internal border.

forwards on each side. The male has but five abdominal pieces; but, as M. Latreille observes, the vestiges of the separation of the two others may be clearly remarked upon the intermediate or third piece, which is the largest of all.

It is found on the coasts of England and France. The specimens figured by Pennant were dredged up from deep water near Holyhead and Red Wharf, Anglesey.

M. Desmarest is of opinion that the natural relations of his crustacean approximate it to Atelecyclus, Thia, and Leucosia, of which M. Latreille forms his Orbicular Tribe (Les Orbiculaires). Dr. Leach, he adds, in his method, placed them near the first two of the above-mentioned genera, solely because they have the same number of abdominal articulations. The Leucosia, in which the number of those articulations is less considerable, are removed to a distance.

COSCINO'PORÁ, a genus of Fossil Corals proposed by Goldfuss. C. infundibuliformis occurs in the Chalk of Ireland.

CO'SSONUS (Clairville), a genus of Coleopterous Insects belonging to the family Curculionida. It has the following characters :Antennæ short, rather thick; funiculus 7-jointed, the basal joints longer than the following; club large and of an oval form; rostrum rather long, thickened at the apex; thorax truncated before and behind, and somewhat depressed above; elytra elongate, moderately convex above, and covering the abdomen; tibiæ dilated towards the apex, where there is a large hook; tarsi rather slender, the penultimate joint bilobed.

About seventeen species of this genus are known, of which Schönherr selects C. linearis as the type. This species is not uncommon in England, and has been found in Boleti and in old trees. It is about a quarter of an inch in length, and of a narrow elongated form, and black or brown colour; the elytra are punctate-striated. C. tardus is another British species which closely resembles the last, but is of a larger size, being nearly half an inch in length.

COSSUS (Fabricius), a genus of Insects belonging to the section Lepidoptera nocturna, Moths, and the family Hepialida (Stephens). The species have the following characters :-Antennæ long, rather slender, furnished on the inner edge with a series of transverse elevated ridges (which when viewed from the side resemble the teeth of a saw); two distinct palpi, thickly clothed with scales, and each 3-jointed; head very small; upper wings longer and larger than the lower; body large. Larva lignivorous. Pupa inclosed in a

cocoon.

C. ligniperda (Fab.), the Goat-Moth, is one of the largest of the British moths, measuring from tip to tip of the wings when expanded from 3 to 3 inches. It is of a gray colour; the upper wings are mottled with white, and adorned with numerous irregular black lines; the under wings are almost of a uniform brownish ash colour; the anterior part of the thorax is of a buff colour, and there is a transverse dark mark towards the posterior part; the body is of a dark brownish-gray colour, with rings of a silver-like hue.

The larva, or caterpillar, is about three inches in length when fullgrown, and of a yellowish colour; the upper part of the body is pink, the head is black, and the first segment of the body (or that joining the head) has two irregular black patches above.

This caterpillar emits a very strong and disagreeable odour, and if touched with the hands the scent cannot be discharged from them for some considerable time, although they may be frequently washed. It resides in and feeds upon the wood of the poplar, oak, and aspen; but old pollard willows appear to be its most favourite haunts. These we frequently see perforated with numerous oval holes large enough to admit the finger, and when the caterpillars are abundant the trees attacked eventually fall a sacrifice to their ravages. It is three years before attaining maturity, at which time it incloses itself in a tough cocoon, formed of pieces of wood joined together by a glutinous web. The moth is common in various parts of the south of England, and the name Goat-Moth has probably been applied to it from the property of emitting a disagreeable odour having been transferred from the caterpillar to the moth.

A detailed history of the C. ligniperda will be found in the 'Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes,' by De Geer; and for its anatomy we refer our readers to the 'Recherches sur l'Anatomie et les Métamorphoses de différentes Espèces d'Insectes,' by L. L. Lyonet. This latter author has also published a substantial quarto work, with numerous beautiful plates engraved and drawn by himself, which is entirely devoted to the anatomy of the caterpillar above mentioned. This work, which was the labour of years, must ever stand as a monument of the great skill and perseverance of its author, who boasts of having destroyed but one caterpillar for its completion. It is entitled 'Traité Anatomique de la Chenille qui ronge le Bois de Saule,' &c.

CO'SSYPHUS (Olivier), a genus of Coleopterous Insects of the section Heteromera and sub-section Taxicornes. The principal character of this genus consists in the dilated and flattened sides to the thorax and elytra a structure also found in many of the Nitidula and in the Cassida. These insects, if it were not for the dilated portions of the thorax and elytra, would be of a long narrow form, but with these parts they present an oval outline. The thorax is nearly semicircular, and its dilated margins as well as those of the elytra are semitransparent. The antennæ are 11-jointed; the last four joints

are considerably thicker than the preceding, and rather flattened; the terminal joint of the maxillary palpus is dilated, and of a somewhat triangular form; the head is completely hidden by the anterior part of the thorax.

These insects inhabit the south of Europe and the northern parts of Africa and India. About ten species are known.

C. Hoffmansegii is nearly half au inch in length, and of a dark brown colour; the parts of the thorax and elytra which extend beyond the insect itself are of a paler hue. It is difficult to give an accurate idea of this curious insect, which appears as if it were an ordinary shaped beetle pressed against the under side of a little oval scale of wax, so that its impression is distinctly visible above, being convex, whereas the scale itself is concave.

The present genus, with two others (Helous and Nilio), form, according to Latreille, the second tribe of the family Taxicornes, and are included under the head Cosyphenes. COTINGA. [CORACINA.]

COTON EASTER, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Rosacea, and to the tribe Pomea. The segments of the calyx 5; the petals 5; the styles 2-5; the fruit turbinate, its nuts adhering to the sides of the calyx, but not cohering at the centre; the stamens erect, as long as the teeth of the calyx. The species are shrubs, with simple entire leaves, woolly beneath. This genus was separated from Mespilus by Lindley.

C. vulgaris, the Common Cotoneaster. It has roundish ovate leaves, rounded at the base, flower-stalks and margins of the calyx downy; the petals are rose-coloured. It is a native of Europe, and is found in North Wales upon the cliffs at the Great Ormeshead. Previous to its having been discovered to be a British plant it had been cultivated in this country. Several varieties are met with both in a wild state and in gardens.

C. tomentosa has its peduncles and calyxes woolly. It is a shrub like the preceding, and is found wild on the rocks of the Jura and other parts of the Alps of Switzerland.

C. laxiflora has its flowers in panicled cymes, and its calyxes quite smooth. It has the same general appearance as C. vulgaris, and is probably a variety.

C. frigida is an East Indian species. It is a native of the higher mountains in the northern region of Nepaul.

C. affinis was brought from Chittong, a town of Lower Nepaul, and is similar in general appearance to the last species. C. acuminata and C. nummularia are likewise species from Nepaul.

C. rotundifolia and C. microphylla are probably varieties of the same species. They are both from the north of Hindustan.

All the species are adapted for shrubberies, and many of them are very commonly cultivated in Europe. They are easily propagated by laying down the branches, or by cuttings, which should be placed in a sheltered situation under a hand-glass. They may be also increased by dividing their roots, and by seeds.

(Lindley, Linnean Transactions; Loudon, Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum.)

COTTON, a word derived from Kutn, or Kulun, one of the names given by the Arabs to this substance, is a filamentous matter produced by the surface of the seeds of various species of Gossypium. [GosSYPIUM.] It consists of vegetable hairs, of considerable length, springing from the surface of the seed-coat, and filling up the cavity of the seed-vessel in which the seeds lie. Hairs are extremely common on the surface of plants; frequently however they are unobserved, in consequence of their small number and minuteness; while on the other hand in some cases they give plants, such as the Mullein for instance, a remarkable hoary appearance. On the surface of seeds they are uncommon; and yet in the Malvacea and their allies, to which the cotton plants belong, they not only exist abundantly on the seeds of that genus, but in several other species. Vegetable hairs are one of the many forms in which the cellular substance of vegetation is developed, and they consequently partake of two of the great characteristics of that form of tissue, namely, thinness and transparency. In the cotton they are long weak tubes, which, when immersed in water and examined under the microscope by transmitted light, look like flat narrow transparent ribands, all entirely distinct from each other, and with a perfectly even surface and uniform breadth. At certain distances along the hair, an interruption occurs, which looks as if it proceeded from the turning round or twisting of the hair during its growth. On each side opposite these interruptions a slight indentation is observed. Sometimes a slight trace of fine grains is discernible in the interior, but more frequently the hairs seem empty. If strained singly they have little strength and readily break, and it is only when many are entangled together that they acquire any appreciable degree of strength. In all these points cotton differs from the vegetable matter that constitutes linen; the latter consists of woody tissue, in the state of long tubes, but is at once distinguished by the tubes adhering in bundles, which it is difficult under a microscope to break up into their component parts; the tubes are thick-sided, and will not acquire a riband-like appearance when viewed in water, but rather resemble extremely minute thermometer tubes. When they are jointed together the articulation is oblique, the ends of the tubes being pointed and overlying each other; and finally, in each particular tube of the woody tissue, delicate as it may be, there is a sufficiently appreciable degree of