The young are whitish with two dark bands (C. icterina).

y Margin entire; teeth of inner lip very small, forming a slight ridge; front of columella-lip slightly concave, produced, and toothed, internally. Two species.

C. angustata, Gray. Shell whitish brown, minutely brown dotted; base white; margin closely black dotted, ends blackish. Worn plain brown, varying in darkness. It is found in Australia.

Genus Luponia.-Shell like Cowry, but front end of the columellalip crossed by several irregular ridges, without any distinct marginal one, internally narrow, flat; shell pear-shaped, smooth, or crossribbed. There are five species.

L. Algoensis, Algoa Lupon, Gray. Shell pale, brown dotted; base smooth; teeth of inner lip very small; margin black dotted. Variety with the teeth more or less obliterated. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope.

00

Algoa Lupon (Luponia Algoensis).

Cypræovula.-Like Cowry, but front end of columella covered with regular cross-ribs, like rest of base, internally produced into an acutetoothed ridge. Shell pear-shaped, cross-ribbed.

C. Capensis, Cape Cypræovula, Gray. Pale brown; ribs very thin, continued, sharp. It is found at the Cape of Good Hope, but is very rare.

European Pig (Cypræa (Trivia) Europaea).
a, adult; b, young.

There is a variety with the back spotless, with an indistinct dorsal groove (Cypræa Arctica, Mont.). This shell is found on the British coast. It ranges from the verge of low water to as deep as 50 fathoms. It is also found in the coralline and red crag.

The young are white and smooth.

7. Mouth narrowish; the outer lip arched; the ribs enlarged or tubercular near the dorsal groove. It contains seven species. ovate, pale reddish, with six square black dorsal spots: ribs rather T. Pediculus, Louse-Pig, Gray; Cypræa Pediculus, Linn. Shell thick, subrugose, crowded; dorsal line narrow; base reddish. It is a native of the West Indies.

Louse-Pig (Trivia Pediculus).

8. Mouth narrow; ribs tubercular; dorsal line distinct; front of columella smooth. In this section there are two species.

T. pustulata, Pimpled Pig, Gray; Cypræa pustulata, Lam., commonly called by collectors the Small-Pox Cowry. Purplish-brown; ribs studded with red-brown, black-edged warts. It is a native of the Pacific Ocean.

Cape Cypræovula (Cypræovula Capensis). Trivia.-Like Cypræovula, but front of columella internally concave, ribbed. Shell subglobular, cross-ribbed.

Mouth wide; outer lip slightly inflexed; shell equally ribbed. In this section there are five species.

T. carnea, Flesh-Coloured Pig, Gray. Shell oblong, thin, pellucid, pure rose-coloured, with very thin distant continued ribs; lips whitish. Varies with an indistinct dorsal groove.

Dr. Gray observes that Pig is the common name of these shells on the coast, and that they are called Porcelli in Italy. He adds, that

Small-Pox Cowry (Trivia pustulata).

Erato (Risso).-Spire conical; apex sub-mamillary, blunt; shell, when young, smooth; the adult with both lips finely crenulated; the columella concave, slightly radiatedly plaited or smooth, with two or three folds in front; the anterior canal straight, the hinder indistinct. This genus includes seven species.

E. scabriuscula, Roughish Tear-Shell, Gray; Marginella Cypræola, Sow. Shell ovate, turbinate, livid, purplish, minutely tubercular; spire conical; dorsal line impressed; mouth wide, whitish, inner lip largely plaited its whole length; teeth large; young, smooth; lip thin, toothless. It is found in the South Pacific, St. Helena.

Roughish Tear-Shell (Erato scabriuscula).

Ovulum (Ovula, Lam.). The shell, when young, spirally striated; when adult, covered with a smooth enamelled coat; the inner lip

Pear-Shaped Poached Egg (Ovulum pyriforme).

e. Outer lip thickened, inflexed, toothless; extremities short; front of the columella flattened; hinder part with a fold obliterated by age. In this section there are nine species.

Common Weaver's Shuttle (Ovulum volva).

On the position of this family amongst the Mollusca, Dr. J. E. Gray makes the following remarks:-"This family appears to be allied to the sub-family Cassidea, amongst the Buccinoidea, by means of the Cassis Testiculus, of which Lamarck observes, ce casque a un peu l'aspect de certains Cypraea; but the affinity is not slight, for in the shape and form of the aperture, which has a groove or canal at each end, both of the lips plaited, and the front part of the columella

flattened, it accords with those Cypræa; but the outer lip is not inflected, nor is the back of the shell covered with a china-like coat, but with epidermis, and the canal in front of the aperture is recurved. The Ovula, on the opposite side of the family, have certainly great affinity to the Bullidea (Bullida), as is pointed out by Linnæus, who places them all in that genus, but Bulla differs most essentially from them: in the animals, by the position of their branchia and their being half hermaphrodite, and in the shell, by the aperture being rounded and quite entire at each end, and the edges not being thickened, nor the back covered with a shelly coat, for the shell is here covered with the soldered reflected lobes of the mantle; the connection is most apparent by means of Ovula patula and Bulla Naucum, in the latter of which there are some slight appearances of a curved canal at each end of the aperture, as in the character of the Cpyræidea (Cypræida), but it has not the enamelled back.

"This family has some analogy, in their polished coats, first to the Marginella, which induced Montagu to call a species of that genus Cypræa voluta; and indeed, such is the affinity between the young of this species, which has been called Bulla diaphana, that Dillwyn has considered it as the young of Cypræa Europaa; in which Montagu appears also to have coincided, until he observed a totally different construction in the animal: but I believe that M. persicula is the most analogical species of this genus; and secondly, to the Oliva, which differ essentially in having an operculum, and all the characters of the Buccinoidea (Buccinida)."

Messrs. Forbes and Hanley in their 'History of the British Mollusca,' place them after the Conida, and last of the families of the Gasteropoda Prosobranchiata.

Fossil Cypræida.

Fossil shells of this family do not appear to have been found below the Supracretaceous Group. Mr. G. B. Sowerby, speaking of the genus Сургаа, ваув, "Of these," the fossils, "we have several species in Britain, in the London Clay and Crag; many others are found on the Continent, as in the Calcaire Grossier in the environs of Paris; at Laugnan, near Bordeaux, and in Normandy; also in Italy and Piedmont; we have seen specimens of a very fine fossil species, nearly resembling Cypræa mus, from the Netherlands: they seem to be confined to the newer formations." Lamarck enumerates 18 fossil species of Cypraea, and two of Ovulum. Deshayes, in his 'Tables,' makes the number of living Ovula 18, and the number of fossil (tertiary) species 6. Three species, O. Spelta, O. birostre, and a new species, he makes both fossil (tertiary) and living in the Mediterranean, the Indian Ocean, and the Mediterranean respectively. The number of living species of Cypræa he makes 138, and the number of fossil (tertiary) 19.

Dr. Gray notes the following as fossil:

Cypræa Physis, Brocchi (C. Pyrula, Lam.), Plaisantin or Placentin; C. leporina, Lam.; C. gibbosa, Gray; C. tumidula, König, Bordeaux: and he observes, that C. annularia, Brogn., appears to be an allied species; C. fragilis, Gray; C. Deshayesii, Gray; Ovula tuberculosa, Duclos; C. inflata, Lam., Grignon, allied to Ovulum; C. subrostrata, Gray, Nehove; C. fabagina, Lam.; C. diluviana, Gray; C. rugosa, Brod., Turin.

Luponia elegans, Gray (C. elegans, Defr.); L. dactylosa, Gray; C. dactylosa, Lam.; C. Gervillii, Sow. ; C. Georgii, Defr.

Trivia Barcinensis, Gray (C. Barcinensis, König, Barcelona); T. sphæriculata, Cyp. Lam. (?), Italy; T. acuticostata, Gray, Italy; T. pediculoides, Gray, Italy; T. Porcellus, Gray, Crag (?); T. Bronnii, Gray, Italy; T. solida, Gray; T. avellana, Sow., M. C., Suffolk Crag, which, Dr. Gray observes, appears to be an allied species; T. Duclosiana, Gray.

Erato ventricosa, Gray, Italy.

Ovulum Lethesii (Leathesii ?), Sow., M. C.

The following species are described in Mr. Searles Wood's account of the Crag Mollusca (Pal. Soc.):—Cypræa avellana; C. affinis; C. Anglice; C. retusa; C. Europaa; Erato lævis; E. Maugeria.

CYPRESS, [CUPRESSUS.]

CYPRICARDIA. [SUBMYTILACEA.]
CYPRINA. [VENERIDE.]
CYPRINE. IDOCRASE.]

CYPRI'NIDĂ, a family of Fishes of the section Malacopterygii Abdominales, the species of which are distinguished by their having the mouth small, formed by the intermaxillary bones, and generally devoid of teeth; the pharyngeans furnished with strong teeth, the branchiostegous rays few in number, and the scales generally of large size.

The principal genera belonging to this family are- -Cyprinus, Barbus, Gobio, Tinca, Cirrhinus, Abramis, Labeo, Catastomus, Leuciscus, Gonorhynchus, Cobitis, Anableps, Pacilla, Lebias, Fundulus, Molinesia, and Cyprinodon.

Cyprinus, as now restricted, contains the Common Carp and allied species, which are distinguished from those of the other genera above enumerated by their having one long dorsal fin, a small mouth devoid of teeth, the scales of large size, and the second rays of the dorsal and anal fins large, bony, and more or less serrated; branchiostegous rays three in number.

C. Carpio, Linn., the Common Carp, was introduced into this country at an early period (probably between the 14th and 15th cen

NAT. HIST. DIV. VOL. II.

turies), but neither the date nor the country from which it was imported is precisely known. In Jenyns's 'Manual of British Vertebrate Animals' it is said to be originally from the middle of Europe; and since it thrives best in this part, such is probably the case. It now inhabits most parts of Europe, and in some places its growth is much attended to for the purposes of traffic. It frequents lakes, ponds, and rivers; in the last however it avoids those parts where the current is strong, preferring still water.

The food of the Carp consists chiefly of vegetable substances, which are masticated by means of the flat teeth which are situated on the pharyngeans; the larvae of insects and worms however also afford it nutriment. This fish is of an elongate form, and rather thick; the back is considerably elevated, and the greatest depth of the body, which is beneath the commencement of the dorsal fin, measures rather more than one-third of the entire length: the head is large, and the mouth small in proportion; the lips are furnished with two barbules on each side, situated near the corners of the mouth: the dorsal fin commences in a line with the end of the pectorals, and occupies a space nearly equal to one-third of the entire length; the first ray is short and bony; the second is also bony but long, and serrated on the hinder part; the third ray is the longest, and is flexible, as are likewise the remainder of the rays: the anal fin terminates in a line with the dorsal, and like that has the two foremost rays bony and the second serrated; the pectoral fin has its origin immediately behind the free edge of the operculum; the caudal fin is forked, and the longest rays are double the length of those in the centre. The number of fin-rays are dorsal, 22; pectoral, 17; ventral, 9; anal, 8; and caudal, 19. The lateral line is straight.

The general colour of the upper parts is a rich olive-brown, which is darkest on the head; the under parts are yellowish white, and the fins are brown; the ventral and anal fins are tinged with red.

As regards the size and weight of the Carp, we extract a few lines from Mr. Yarrell's valuable work. "Though not so rapid in their growth as some fish," says this author, "carp have attained three pounds' weight by their sixth year, and six pounds' weight before their tenth year. The largest I can refer to are thus noticed in Daniel's Rural Sports:'- Mr. Ladbroke, from his park at Gatton, presented Lord Egremont with a brace that weighed thirty-five pounds, as specimens to ascertain whether the Surrey could not vie with the Sussex carp.' In 1793, at the fishing of the large piece of water at Stourhead, where a thousand large brace of killing carp were taken, the largest was thirty inches long, upwards of twenty-two broad, and weighed eighteen pounds.

"At Weston Hall, Staffordshire, the seat of the earl of Bradford, the painting of a carp is preserved, which weighed nineteen and a half pounds. This fish was caught in a lake of twenty-six acres, called the White Sitch, the largest of three pieces of water which ornamented this fine estate."

Carp are in season for the table from October to April.

C. gibelio, Bloch, the Prussian Carp, is another species of this genus now naturalised in this country, and which is said to have been introduced from Germany.

This species is considerably less than the Common Carp; its usual weight is about half a pound; it has been known however to weigh upwards of two pounds.

The Prussian Carp may at once be distinguished from the Common Carp by the absence of barbules on the lips. The greatest depth of the body is equal to one-third of the whole length, the tail included; the lateral line descends in a gentle curve from the upper angle of the operculum below the middle of the body, whence it is straight; the tail is forked; the longest rays are about one-third longer than the shortest rays; the dorsal and anal fins have a strong bony ray, as in the Common Carp, but these rays are not so deeply serrated. The number of fin-rays are-dorsal, 18; pectoral, 14; ventral, 9; anal, 8; and caudal, 19.

The colour of the upper parts is olive brown; the belly is almost white; the cheeks and gill-covers are of a brilliant golden-yellow hue; the fins are for the most part of an orange-red colour.

This fish is found in some of the ponds in the neighbourhood of London, and in other parts of England, but is rather local.

C. auratus (Linn.), the Gold Carp. The gold and silver fish, as it is termed, has been long known in this country: it is a native of China, and, according to Pennant, was first introduced into England in 1691, but was not generally known till 1728. The Gold Carp is now completely naturalised, both here and in other parts of Europe, where it has been introduced, and breeds freely, especially in ponds in warm and sheltered situations. In many of the streams of Portugal it abounds, whence they are brought over to this country in the trading vessels for sale.

This fish is too well known to require description. It is subject to much variation not only in colour but in the fins, which are sometimes double, and not unfrequently have triple tails; in the latter case however it appears that the tail is thus developed at the expense of part or the whole of some other fin. When young, the Gold Carp is of a very dark colour, approaching to black; this dark colour is replaced by the golden-red hue more or less early according to the constitution of the individual.

Of all fish the Gold Carp is most easily domesticated, and it may be

U

kept for years in small glass vessels if care be taken to change the water every day in the summer, and twice or three times a week in the winter. Even this is not necessary if they are kept in vessels in which water-plants are permitted to grow, and a few fresh-water snails are added. In this way most of our fresh-water fish can be reared and treated, as pets in the drawing-room. [AQUAVIVARIUM.]

C. carassius, the Crucian or German Carp. This species was formerly confounded with C. gibelio. The following is Mr. Yarrell's description:-"The length of the head is to the depth of the body as 1 to 2; and to the whole length of head, body, and tail as 1 to 5; the depth of the body compared to the whole length as 2 to 5; the tail nearly square at the end."

This fish is much more rare than the Prussian Carp. Mr. Yarrell says he has never seen this fish except "from the Thames between Hammersmith and Windsor, where it attains considerable size, sometimes weighing a pound and a half; in one instance a specimen brought me in October 1829 weighed 2lbs. 11 ozs. Of its habits little is known."

In addition to the above species of Cyprinus, the following British fish belong to this family:

Barbus vulgaris, Cuvier (Cyprinus vulgaris, Linn.), the Barbel. [BARBEL.]

Gobio fluviatilis, Cuvier (Cyprinus Gobio, Linn.), the Gudgeon. [GOBIO.]

Tinca vulgaris, Cuvier (Cyprinus Tinca, Bloch.), the Tench. [TINCA.]

Abramis brama, Cuvier (Cyprinus brama, Bloch.), the Bream, or Carp-Bream.

A. blicca, Cuv. (Cyprinus blicca, Bloch.), the White Bream or BreamFlat.

A. Buggenhaggii, Thompson (Cyprinus Buggenhaggii, Bloch.), the Large-Scaled or Pomeranian Bream. [BREAM.]

Leuciscus Idus, Cuvier (Cyprinus Idus, Linn.), the Ide.

L. rutilus, Cuvier (Cyprinus rutilus, Linn.), the Roach.

L. vulgaris, Cuvier (Cyprinus leuciscus, Linn.), the Dace, Dare, or Dart.

L. Lancastriensis, Yarrell (Cyprinus Lancastriensis, Shaw), the Graining.

L. cephalus, Fleming (Cyprinus cephalus, Linn.), the Chub or Skelly. L. erythropthalmus, Cuvier, (Cyprinus erythropthalmus, Linn.), the

Red-Eye, or Rudd.

L. cæruleus, Yarrell, the Azurine, or Blue Roach.

L. alburnus, Cuvier (Cyprinus alburnus, Linn.), the Bleak or Blick. L. phoxinus, Cuvier (Cyprinus phoxinus, Linn.), the Minnow, Minim, or Birk. [LEUCISCUS.]

Cobitis barbatula, Linn., the Loach, Loche, or Beardie.

C. tania, Linn., the Spined Loach, or Groundling. [COBITIS.] CYPRINUS. [CYPRINIDE.] CYPRIPEDIUM, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Orchidacea, and the tribe Cypripediea. It has a patent perianth; a ventricose inflated lip; column trifid above; the lateral lobes bearing stamens, the middle lobe sterile, dilated; the two lower sepals combined; the germen straight.

C. calceolus, Lady's Slipper, has a leafy stem; the middle lobe of the column nearly ovate, obtuse, deflexed; the lip slightly compressed, shorter than the calyx. This plant has been found in Great Britain, but is extremely rare.

All the species are exceedingly elegant plants. They are mostly inhabitants of North America and Northern India. Two new species have been lately introduced. In their cultivation they require great care. They will only thrive in a shady border in peat soil. The American species should be covered with some dry straw in very severe frosts, or if there should be too much wet; they are not easily increased, but will perfect seeds in favourable situations, particularly if pains be taken to apply the pollen to the stigma. (Babington, Manual; Loudon, Encyclopædia of Plants.) CYPRIS. [BRANCHIOPODA.]

CYPSELUS. [SWALLOW-TRIBE.]

CYRENA. [VENERIDE.]

CYRILLACE, Cyrillads, a natural order of Exogenous Plants. The order consists of shrubs with evergreen simple leaves without stipules. The flowers usually in racemes. The calyx 4-5-parted. It has 5 distinct petals, with an imbricated æstivation. The ovary is 2-3-4-celled, always composed of some number of carpels different from that of the calyx, corolla, and stamens; solitary pendulous ovules, a short style, the stigma with as many lobes as there are cells of the Ovary. The fruit is a succulent capsule or a drupe; the seeds inverted; the embryo in the axis of a very large quantity of albumen, with a very long superior radicle. This order is related to Olacacea and Pittosporaceae. All the species are inhabitants of North America. Nothing has been recorded of any uses to which they are applied. CYRTANDRA'CEE, a small natural order of irregular-flowered Monopetalous Exogens, allied to Bignoniacea and Gesneraceae. They are herbaceous plants, and in many cases stemless, with no tendency to twine; sometimes they are parasitical; their calyx, corolla, and stamens are those of Bignoniacea; but their fruit is a long slender pod, containing a multitude of seeds, that are often terminated by long delicate tails, and are destitute of albumen. The pod is 2-celled,

1, a section across the ripe pod, showing the double placenta. CYRTO'CERAS, a genus of Fossil Cephalopoda belonging to the family Ammonitida, proposed by Goldfuss. It occurs in the Paleozoic Strata of Devon, the Eifel, and Ireland principally, and includes many species of great beauty and interest. The septa are pierced by a subdorsal siphon; the last whorl finishes in a straight extension. (Phil. Pal., Foss. of Devon.')

CYSTI'NGIA, a genus of Tunicated Ascidian Mollusca, established

by Mr. W. S. M'Leay, who observes that it comes nearer to Boltenia than to any other hitherto described; and that they may prove eventually to be only two sub-genera, of which we want the intervening links to enable us to form an accurate notion of the genus to subcoriaceous test, affixed by the summit to a very short pedicle, which they belong. It has the following characters :-Body with a quadrifid and lateral, the anal irregular and terminal; both being so which is in the same line with the two orifices. The branchial orifice little prominent as not to alter the form of the body. Branchial longitudinal folds. The tentacula of the branchial orifice composite. pouch membranaceous, indistinctly reticulated, and divided into Intestinal canal lateral. Stomach very large, extending almost the whole length of the body. Ovaries two, composed of globular ova disposed in free racemes on each side of the body, with the branchial pouch and stomach between them. (W. S. M'Leay.) thin, and provided near the branchial and anal orifices with a reticuC. Griffithsii has the envelope semipellucid, yellowish. Mantle very lation of circular muscles nearly at right angles to each other. Tentacula about 10 or 12, compressed and laminated like those of the genus Boltenia. Branchial pouch having its net-work exceedingly lax, meshes irregular and indistinct, but apparently simple, the nervures being nearly of the same size. The longitudinal folds of the branchiæ, or rather (owing to the singular position of them in this genus) their transverse folds, about 14 or 15 in number. Length of the body, half an inch. (W. S. M'Leay.) Locality, Winter Island.

1

2

Cystingia Griffithsii.

1, natural size, seen on the right side; 2, magnified, seen on the left side; a, anal orifice; b, branchial orifice; s, grains of sand externally encrusting the thick end of the pedicle.

Mr. M'Leay, who has named the species after William Nelson Griffiths, Esq., who found only one specimen during the third voyage

under Captain (now Sir Edward) Parry, gives the following details of its organisation:

"The body of this animal, so different in many respects from all other Tethya, is pyriform, and attached to a pedicle so short as scarcely to curve down farther than the branchial orifice. This pedicle is rather conical at its base, sub-cylindrical, and apparently very weak at its extremity. From this apparent weakness and imperfect formation of the pedicle, in conjunction with the circumstance of one side of the conical part in the only specimen that I have seen being incrusted with sand, I suspect that the animal can scarcely be said to be suspended by its pedicle, but rather reposes on the conical part of it; by which means the folds of the branchial pouch will take a vertical and the stomach a horizontal position, and thus be more in correspondence with the ordinary position of the stomach in the simple Ascidia, which is very rarely descending. The envelope of C. Griffithsii is exceedingly smooth, and so pellucid as to appear almost gelatinous. The original colour I cannot ascertain; but if it be the same as that of the specimen in spirits, it is cinereous, rather yellowish. The external orifices have scabrous veins, are very minute, and scarcely at all prominent. The branchial orifice is quadrifid, and placed exactly half-way down the side. The anal orifice is on the same line with it and the pedicle, but is placed opposite to this last, so as to be terminal, having its external surface apparently without rays; in both respects being totally different from the anal orifice of Boltenia."

Respiratory System.-"The entrance of the branchial cavity is provided with a circular range of 10 or 12 unequal tentacula, which are composite or divided into lacinia at the extremity, which lacinia are again so minutely divided as to be almost plumate. The branchial pouch has about fourteen folds, and its net-work is very indistinct and lax, the transverse nervures being perhaps the most visible, particularly towards the branchial orifice. The folds of the branchiæ are most easily seen on the inside of the branchial pouch."

Circulating System.-" The heart is situated horizontally between the lower part of the tunic and the stomach. It is large, ovoidal, and appears to be composed of several lobes, and is indeed of a structure different from that of such Ascidida as are known.

"The dorsal sulcus is remarkably distinct, and proceeds from the immediate vicinity of the heart, or rather along the back of it to that of the branchial orifice. It may be seen through the external envelope of the body when this is viewed on the left side, and forms an arch inclosing a lesser and more pointed arch, which last appears to be nothing else than one of the folds of the branchial pouch. At the point where this last arch touches the dorsal sulcus there is in our specimen an orifice opening internally, and apparently communicating by a tube with a beautifully diaphanous longitudinal pouch, which contains nothing but two blackish nodules, one of which is longer than the other." The imperfection of the only specimen which M'Leay had for examination prevented him from accurately ascertaining the nature and use of this part of the organisation, which, he says, appears to have nothing similar to it in any of the other Tunicata hitherto observed.

Digestive System.-"The pharynx is situated rather higher than the branchial orifice; and the oesophagus, which is about half the length of the stomach, after descending to the highest part of the branchial vein, descends, and gives rise to a simple but enormous stomach, with very slight transverse striæ, and having a longitudinal division, marked somewhat deeply, and which runs almost the whole length of the body in a line between the base of the pedicle and the anal orifice. The intestine is exceedingly short, and apparently descending in a line with the stomach; the rectum is cylindrical, and anus simple. Such at least is the description of the digestive apparatus of this animal, if we give the name of pharynx to that end of the intestinal canal which opens into the branchial cavity, and the name of anus to that end of it which is free; and there is no doubt that such a description makes it an animal totally different from Boltenia, and in fact from all other species of Tethya, not only with respect to the singular form of the intestinal canal, but inasmuch as the branchial vein is thus placed, in relation to the pharynx, directly opposite to its position in all other animals of this group. I therefore am induced in some measure to suppose that there is a monstrous formation in the intestinal canal of the only specimen which I have had the means of examining; a supposition which must of course for the present throw doubt on any generic character which might be drawn from the above description of the intestinal canal. If indeed we could imagine that were it not for some monstrosity of structure, the intestinal canal would communicate with the branchial cavity by that end which, from its being free, I have been obliged to consider the anus, then the whole of the internal organs of nutrition would have a situation analogous to that of those of Boltenia. For instance, there would then be a short œsophagus opening near the anal orifice of the envelope, an ascending stomach, a long curved intestine, and descending rectum, while the branchial vein and heart would take their usual situation in respect to the pharynx and stomach. We know moreover, from those memoirs of Savigny, to which I have in the course of this paper had occasion to refer, that the digestive organs of the Tunicata are subject to analogous derangements, of which he has figured two remarkable examples in Cynthia Momus and Phallusia

Turcica. It appears indeed to be a consequence of the low rank of these animals in the scale of being, and of their simple organisation, that the organs apparently most essential to their existence may undergo the greatest inversions without affecting their life; for the monstrous Cynthia Momus described by Savigny, as well as the Cystingia now under consideration, had its ovaries full of eggs." Mr. Griffiths's specimen was taken in Fox's Channel, and two other specimens were obtained by the expedition under Captain Sir John Ross, near Felix Harbour; but as these were abandoned with the rest of the collection, it is probable, as Captain James Ross observes, that the individual from which Mr. M'Leay's description and drawings were taken is the only specimen ever brought to England.

CYSTIPHY LLUM, a genus of Madrephyllica, proposed by Lonsdale, to include species which have a vesicular internal structure, instead of clearly defined horizontal diaphragms and vertical lamellæ. It occurs in the Paleozoic Strata of Shropshire, Devon, and the Eifel. CYSTO'PTERIS, a genus of Ferns belonging to the tribe Aspidieœ. It has the indusium attached by its broad hooded base under the sori, with a lengthened fringed free extremity, at first covering the thecæ.

C. fragilis, Brittle Fern, has bipinnate fronds; the pinnæ ovatelanceolate; the pinnules ovate or ovate-lanceolate, toothed or pinnatifid. This is a remarkably variable species of fern. Three forms or varieties may be distinguished—C. f. dentata, with obtuse ovate pinnules, pointless, bluntly toothed or rarely pinnatifid, not decurrent; C. f. angustata, with pinnules linear, lanceolate, deeply and acutely pinnatifid or slightly toothed at the margin; the ultimate subdivisions oblong or linear, not dilated, rounded or ovate, sometimes notched at the end. The other form has the pinnules ovate, acute, pinnatifid, cut, and serrated, slightly decurrent. These plants are common in Great Britain, and found on rocks and walls, especially in limestone districts. They are of a diminutive size, and of a remarkably brittle nature, from which circumstance they have obtained their common name. (Babington, Manual of British Botany; Newman, History of British Ferns.)

CYTACIS. [ACALEPHE.] CYTHEREA. [VENERIDE.]

CYTHERE, a genus of Entomostracous Crustacea, belonging to the legion Lophyropoda, the order Ostracoda, and the family Cytherida. The species are found very commonly in Great Britain. [BRANCHIOPODA.] Mr. Rupert Jones, in his 'Monograph of the Entomostraca of the Cretaceous Formation of England,' describes five fossil species belonging to this genus. [ENTOMOSTRACA.] The same author describes ten species of this genus as fossil in the Permian Rocks of England. Cythereis is a genus separated from the group of species known as Cythere, by Mr. R. Jones. It has the following characters :-The animal is unknown. Carapace-valves or shell of an almost regular oblong shape, the dorsal and ventral margins lying nearly parallel to each other. Surface of a very irregular appearance, being wrinkled, ridged, and beset with tubercles, and crenulated or strongly toothed on the margins.

Dr. Baird has described three recent species, whilst nine fossil forms have been described by Mr. Jones from the Chalk.

Bairdia is a group of species formerly referred to Cythere, and separated by M'Coy. The valves externally are convex and smooth, sometimes finely pitted or spined, never ribbed or granulated; the hinge is simple.

This genus has no recent species. Six species have been found in the Chalk.

Cytherella, a genus separated by Jones from Cythere. It embraces species of Cytherina of other authors. The carapace-valves are oblong, and vary in the convexity and smoothness of the surface; the right valve is larger than the left, and its contact margin thicker than that of the opposite valve. Six fossil species have been described from the Chalk.

(Rupert Jones, Monograph of the Entomostraca of the Cretaceous Formations of England; W. King, A Monograph of the Permian Fossils of England, both published by the Palæontographical Society; Baird, Natural History of the British Entomostraca-Ray Society.) CYTHEREIS. [CYTHERE.] CYTHERELLA. [CYTHERE.]

CYTINA'CEÆ, Cistus-Rapes, a small natural order of Rhizanths, the type of which is Cytinus Hypocistis, a parasite found growing on the roots of certain kinds of Cistus in the south of France. Its stems are a few inches high, thick, succulent, reddish or yellowish, and covered by straight fleshy imbricated scales which are only abortive leaves. The flowers are nearly sessile, erect, arranged at the summit of the stem, yellowish and velvety on the outside. The relations of this order amongst the Rhizanths are evidently with Rafflesiaceae and Balanophoracea. Like the Rhizanths generally they are also allied to Fungi, whilst their resemblance to certain Endogenous orders, as Bromeliacea, is evident. Griffiths regards the Rhizanths as reduced or degraded forms of Phænogamous Plants. The fruit is baccate, inferior, leathery, divisible into eight polyspermous lobes. The inspissated juice is used in French pharmacy as a styptic, but it is not admitted with us. Along with this genus are associated the