. the Charadriada. Balearic Crane as according with this species in this particular, and by the additional character of the naked cheeks and caruncle under the chin, as exhibiting a still nearer approach to the true Grus. A. Virgo, on the other hand, by the slight development of the hallux, appears to him to possess the nearest affinity of all the birds in the group to "In manners and gestures," says Mr. Vigors, "the Anthropoides Stanleyanus appears to conform most intimately with the Demoiselle, displaying the same delicacy and elegance of attitude, and the same majesty, together with the same graceful playfulness in all its movements. I once had the good fortune to see it when released from the place of its confinement and set at liberty into an adjoining yard; and it was scarcely possible to witness a scene of more grace and animation. The bird, when after a few movements it felt itself free, bounded into the air, and traversed the yard with singular velocity, and a peculiarity of motion which could neither be termed running nor flying with its wings expanded, and its long quill-feathers streaming just above the ground, it sailed and swept along the open space without regard to the numerous spectators who watched its movements, luxuriating in all the buoyancy and excursiveness of newfelt liberty. I understand that it is particularly eager in its pursuit after insects, which it takes when they are upon the wing; and that they seem to be its natural and most acceptable food. We may readily conceive what myriads of winged creatures it would encircle within its wings as it swept along its native marshes, in the manner observed above, and which it would thus bring within the compass of its prey. 99 ('Zool. Journ.,' vol. ii.) This beautiful bird is an inhabitant of the East Indies. 4. pavoninus, Vieillot (Balearica pavonina, Brisson; Ardea pavonina of Linnæus), the Balearic or Crowned Crane, received its English and French common name from its being supposed to be the Balearic Crane of the ancients. Its height when full grown is about 4 feet. We select Mr. Bennett's description: "Its plumage is of a bluishslate colour on the neck and on both surfaces of the body; the quillfeathers of the tail and the primaries of the wings are of a beautiful black; the secondaries, which extend beyond the base of the tail, of a bright and glossy-brown; and the wing-coverts pure white. The cheeks and temples are entirely naked, and are coloured of a bright rosy-red, which sometimes overspreads the whole of the naked surface, and sometimes is confined to a portion of it, the remainder in this latter case becoming perfectly colourless and of a dull white. Beneath the upper part of the throat a similar naked space is gradually developed, which terminates in a dependent fold of the skin, like the wattle of a turkey, but more uniform on its surface, and of a brilliant red. As this prolongation is not always met with, it has been Crowned Crane (Anthropoides pavoninus). considered by some writers as a mark of sex; but of the two birds examined by the French academicians, the one possessed it and the other not, and yet both were females; it may therefore with greater probability be considered as the result of age. The fore part of the head is covered by a close tuft of short, smooth, even, velvety feathers of a deep black; and behind these rises a very remarkable crest, consisting of a large number of flat yellowish filaments, each twisted spirally on itself, fringed along its edges with a series of black-pointed hairs, and terminating in a blackish pencil. These filaments are of nearly uniform length, and measure 4 or 5 inches from base to tip. They take their origin from a roundish space on the back of the head, and expand equally at their extremities into a circle of considerably larger diameter than the head itself. The bill, legs, and feet are of of colour. As in most of the birds of this family, the feathers of a dusky-black; and the iris is remarkable for being almost destitute the lower part of the neck are long, narrow, and gracefully dependent over the breast." author's own words; but his observations with regard to the wattle This description is so good in the main that we have given it in the require confirmation. Indeed, he himself, as secretary to the Zoological Society, subsequently brought under the notice of a meeting of its members, specimens from the Society's museum, of Crowned Cranes from Northern and from Southern Africa, with the view of illustrating the characters which distinguish as species the birds from those several localities. Their specific distinction, he stated, on the authority of Professor Lichtenstein, had been pointed out, nearly 30 years from that time, by the professor's father, who gave to the Cape Mr. Bennett remarks, been generally known among ornithologists, bird the name of Grus Regulorum. This distinction had not however, although to those connected with the Society it had for some time been familiar, from observation both of numerous skins and of living individuals. In the bird of North Africa, for which the specific name of Pavoninus will be retained, the wattle is small, and there is much red occupying the lower two-thirds of the naked cheeks: in that of South Africa the wattle is large, and the cheeks are white, except in slate-colour than that of the North African species. a small space at their upper part; the neck also is of a much paler added that the latter chahe Society in April 1829, from the collecMr. Bennett in an individual presented to Londonderry, then still living at the racters had been observed to be permanent tion of the late Marchioness of Gardens. They existed also in bot Lowry Cole. h the individuals presented by Sir Crowned Cranes, added to other distinguised as indicating a generic frequently been pointed out, might be regar and Stanley Cranes, in Dr. J. E. Gray remarks, that the ovahing characters which had form of the nostrils in the difference between them and the Demoiselle which the nostrils have the lengthened form usua shortness of their bill. For the group including theed, and that of al in the genus Grus, a genus from which they scarcely differ, except in the name of Balearica might, he thought, be retaine the comparative Crowned Cranes Anthropoides be appropriated to the one comprehending Anthropoides Virgo, Vieill., and A. Paradiseus, Bechst. (Zool. Proc.' The species with the small wattle and other differences w ing to this proposition, stand as Balearica pavonina. It is a Northern and Western Africa. la ill, accordnative of a Regu wn of able reat athe The species with the large wattle, &c., will stand as Balearic lorum. It is found in Southern Africa. These birds are presumed to be inigratory; but little is knociled, them, except in captivity, to which the birds are easily recor living in friendship with the domestic poultry, and other cap Sbsist tives, and even, as we have heard, interfering to prevent disputes. In a state of nature they are said to frequent swampy places, and to su partly upon fishes, worms, and insects, and partly on veget substances. They run with the wings expanded, and with the rapidity. Their note is loud, trumpet-like, and hoarse. catalogue of the African Museum, one of the species, there called t Kaffir Crane, is said to be held sacred by the Kaffirs bordering up the Cape Colony; and if one should happen to be killed, even accident, a calf or young cow must be slaughtered as an atonemen Mr. Swainson ('Classification of Birds') notices specimens of Arct pavonina, Linn., as having been brought to him when in Malta, fr the little island of Lampidosa, where, he says, they are by no mea scarce. In Our English readers will find most of the birds above descrit living in the Gardens of the Zoological Society in the Regent's Pa together with many others of this very fine family of birds on РУ t. lea om ns bed rk, 1 The bird called the Adjutant Crane, belongs to the family Ardeida GRUINA'LES, a name given by Linnæus to the natural order o GRUMIXAMEIRA, a Plant belonging to the natural order GRY'LLIDA (Achetida, Leach), a family of Insects belonging to Gryllotalpa, and Tridactylus. In the genus Gryllus the anterior and when not in use are folded longitudinally; the females are furnished with a long ovipositor. Gryllus domesticus (Linn.), the Common House-Cricket, affords an example of this genus. This insect is about three-quarters of an inch in length, and of a pale-brown colour, with blackish markings on the head and thorax. It is found throughout Europe; frequents houses, and prefers the vicinity of the fire. The male makes a shrill noise, which is caused by the friction of the elytra against each other. These insects are of nocturnal habits, take to the wing readily, and can leap a considerable distance. The wingless specimens are the larvæ, and those which have only rudimentary wings are the pupæ. There is another species which is tolerably common in some parts of England and in various parts of the continent-the Field-Cricket, or Grasshopper (G. campestris, Linn.). This insect is of a larger size than the house-cricket, and of a black colour; the inner side of the hinder thighs is red, and the elytra are brown, with a yellowish band at the base. The field-cricket generally frequents dry sandy districts; it burrows in the ground and preys upon other insects. The female is said to lay about 300 eggs. G. viridissimus is the Common great Green Grasshopper. [LOCUSTA.] The species of the genus Gryllotalpa are remarkable for the large size of the anterior pair of legs and their fitness for burrowing; these legs are very broad, and flattened, notched beneath at the extremity, and bear a great resemblance to the fore feet of the mole-hence the name of Mole-Cricket has been applied to them. Gryllotalpa vulgaris (Lat.), the Mole-Cricket, is common in some parts of England, but appears to confine itself to particular districts. It is upwards of 2 inches in length and of a brown colour; the legs are yellowish. This insect excavates subterranean galleries of considerable extent, and in so doing throws up small mounds of earth, after the manner of its prototype, among the Mammalia. It is said to do much mischief in gardens and plantations by injuring the roots of plants. As yet it is doubtful whether these insects prey upon worms or other insects, or whether they feed upon roots. Latreille We understand that the Duke supposes the former to be the case. of Devonshire's grounds at Chiswick are much infested by this insect. In Tridactylus the antennæ are short and 10-jointed; the tarsi are 3-jointed; the females have no distinct ovipositor, but the apex of the abdomen is furnished with four small appendages, of which the two upper are 2-jointed. In lieu of tarsi to the posterior legs there are some small moveable hooked appendages (three in the typical species); the elytra are shorter than the abdomen, and of a triangular form; the wings exceed the elytra in length. The small insects belonging to this genus are highly interesting, not only on account of their peculiar structure, but also in their habits. The species as yet discovered are very limited in number, and have been found only in the south of Europe and in North Africa; they invariably live near the margins of rivers, lakes, or other pieces of water, and it appears essential that the soil should be damp and consist of fine sand. In this sand they burrow, first vertically to the depth of a few inches, and then they form numerous small horizontal galleries. In the construction of these galleries they are probably in search of food. Sand is eaten and voided by these insects, and it is supposed that they receive their putriment from the minute animal. culæ left in the sand by the retir ag water. For a detailed account of the habits of these insects see 'Histoire Naturelle des Insectes,' by Messrs. Audouin and Brullé, tom ix. p. 192. The genus Repipteryx of Mr. Newman (Entomological Magazine,' vol. ii. p. 204) is closely allied to the last-mentioned insects. The species upon which that entomologist founded the genus is from Para in South America. In the family Gryllida are also included the genera Ecanthus, Phalangopis, Platydactylus, Sphærium, and Cylindrodes. The species upon which the last mentioned genus is founded is figured in Griffith's Cuvier's Animal Kingdom-Insects,' vol. ii. pl. 131. It is remarkable for its slender and cylindrical form, but in many respects approaches the genus Gryllotalpa. GRYLLOTALPA. [GRYLLIDE.] GRYLLUS. [GRYLLIDE.] GRYPHEA, a genus of Conchifera monomyaria (Lam.) closely allied to the oyster, and very abundant in the secondary strata of Europe from the Lias upwards to the Chalk, but scarcely known in tertiary strata. [OSTRACEE; PECTINIDE.] GRYS-BOC. [ANTILOPEE.] GUACHA'RO BIRD (Steatornis, Humboldt; Podargus, Cuv., Temm.), a Bird which has been confounded with Podargus, but which, according to the account of its food and habits by Humboldt, and to the opinion of some ornithologists, may be considered a genus distinct from the true Podargi. It has the following generic characters :Bill hard, horny, much wider than it is high, nearly equalling the head in length; upper mandible strongly bent downwards into a rather sharp hook, and armed near its middle with two small teeth. Nostrils linear, longitudinal, nearly closed by a plate placed half-way down the mandible; lower mandible rather slender, dilated at its base; gape considerable, and extending to the posterior part of the eye; base of the bill furnished with stiff hairs directed forwards. Feet short, weak, with four toes separated up to their base; claws arched and weak, not dentilated. Fourth quill longest. (Humboldt) Steatornis Caripensis, (Humb.), the Guacharo Bird, is the type of the genus. It is the size of a common fowl; plumage sombre, brownish-gray, mixed with small striæ and black dots; large white heart-shaped spots bordered with black on the plumage of the head and on the wing- and tail-feathers. The plumage of the back is without spots. Tail wedge-shapod. Guacharo Bird (Steatornis Caripensis). Baron Alexander de Humboldt, in his Personal Narrative,' gives a lively description of the locality and habits of this remarkable and useful bird, and we shall endeavour to select the chief points of his account. The cueva, or cavern, of the Guacharo, and the coolness of the climate, give celebrity to the valley of Caripe. The people love the marvellous, and are never tired of discussing the subject of a cavern that gives birth to a river and is haunted by thousands of nocturnal birds, whose fat is employed in the Missiones for culinary purposes. The traveller on his arrival at Cumana soon hears of the stone of Araya for the eyes-of the labourer of Arenas who gave suck to his infant-and of the cavern of Guacharo, said to be several leagues in length-even to weariness. The cavern, called by the natives a mine of fat,' is not situated actually in the valley of Caripe, but at the distance of three short leagues from the convent, towards the westsouth-west, and it opens into a lateral valley terminated by the Sierra del Guacharo. Humboldt and his party, accompanied by the alcaids, or Indian magistrates, and the greater part of the monks of the convent, set out for the Sierra on the 18th of September; and they at first traversed for an hour and a half a narrow path towards the south, across a plain covered with beautiful turf. They then turned westward, tracing up a small river which issues from the cavern. The ascent continued for three-quarters of an hour, during which they went sometimes in the shallow water and sometimes between the torrent and a rocky wall, on a very miry and slippery soil. This part of the road, with its incumbrances of falling earth, scattered trunks of trees, over which the mules could hardly pass, and a profusion of creeping plants that covered the ground, was very fatiguing. When they arrived at the foot of the lofty mountain of Guacharo they were only 400 paces from the cavern, without yet perceiving the entrance. The torrent runs in a hollow excavated by the waters: and they went on under a ledge, or cornice, the projection of which prevented them from seeing the sky. The path winds like the river, and at the last turning they suddenly stood before the immense opening of the cave. Humboldt, who had already been familiar with caverns, confesses that the reality far exceeded his expectations. The Cueva del Guacharo is pierced in the vertical profile of a rock, and the entrance is towards the south, forming a vault 80 feet broad and 72 feet high-an elevation but a fifth less than that of the Louvre. The rock surmounting the cavern was covered with trees of gigantic height, and all the luxuriant profusion of an intertropical vegetation. Our space prevents an enumeration of the beautiful and curious plants, among which the Orchidaceae are not forgotten, recorded by the Baron, and dwelt on by him with a pardonable rapture; but it is worthy of observation, that this luxuriance penetrated even into the vestibule of the cave. The travellers saw with astonishment plaintain-leaved Heliconias 18 feet in height, the Praga Palm, and Tree Arums, follow the banks of the river even to the subterranean places. There the vegetation continues, as in the deep crevices of the Andes, half shut out from the light of day, nor does it disappear till a distance of 30 or 40 paces from the entrance. The party went forward for about 430 feet without being obliged to light their torches. Where the light began to fail, they heard from afar the hoarse cries of the Guacharo Birds. These birds quit the cavern only at nightfall, especially when there is moonlight; and Humboldt remarks that it is almost the only frugivorous nocturnal bird yet known. It feeds on very hard fruits, and the Indians assured him that it does not pursue either the lammellicorn insects or those Phalana which serve as food to the goatsuckers. He states that it is difficult to form an idea of the horrible noise made by thousands of these birds in the dark recesses of the cavern, whence their shrill and piercing cries strike upon the vaulted rocks and are repeated by the echo in the depths of the grotto. By fixing torches of copal to the end of a long pole, the Indians showed the nests of these birds 50 or 60 feet above the heads of the explorers, in funnel-shaped holes, with which the cavern-roof is pierced like a sieve. Once a year, near Midsummer, the Guacharo cavern is entered by the Indians. Armed with poles they ransack the greater part of the nests, while the old birds hover over the heads of the robbers, as if to defend their brood, uttering horrible cries. The young which fall down are opened on the spot. The peritoneum is found loaded with fat, and a layer of the same substance reaches from the abdomen to the vent, forming a kind of cushion between the bird's legs. Humboldt here remarks that this quantity of fat in frugivorous animals, not exposed to the light, and exerting but little muscular motion, brings to mind what has been long observed in the fattening of geese and oxen. It is well known, he adds, how favourable darkness and repose are to this process. At the period above mentioned, which is generally known at Caripe by the designation of the oil harvest,' huts are built by the Indians, with palm-leaves, near the entrance and even in the very porch of the cavern. There the fat of the young birds just killed is melted in clay-pots over a brushwood fire; and this fat is named butter, or oil (manteca, or aceite), of the Guacharo. It is half liquid, transparent, inodorous, and so pure that it will keep above a year without becoming rancid. In the kitchen of the monks of the convent of Caripe no other oil is used, and Humboldt never found that it imparted a disagreeable taste or smell to the aliments. The quantity of very pure manteca collected does not exceed 150 or 160 bottles, each being 60 cubic inches; the rest, which is less transparent, is preserved in large earthen vessels: the whole hardly seems to correspond with the immense annual carnage of birds. The use of the Guacharo oil is very ancient, and an Indian family, bearing the name of Morocomas, pretend to be the lawful proprietors of the cavern, as descendants from the first colonists of the valley, and lay claim to the monopoly of the fat; but, when Humboldt wrote, the monks had taken care that their rights were merely honorary. The Indians were obliged, in conformity with the system of the missionaries, to furnish oil of Guacharoes sufficient for the church lamp; the rest, Humboldt was assured, was purchased from them. He observes that the race of Guacharo Birds would have been extinct long since if several circumstances had not contributed to its preservation. The natives, withheld by superstitious fears, seldom dare to proceed far into the recesses of the cavern. Humboldt had great difficulty in persuading them to pass beyond the outer part of the cave, the only portion of it which they visit annually to collect the oil; and the whole authority of the Padres was necessary to make them penetrate as far as the spot where the floor rises abruptly at an inclination of sixty degrees, and where a small subterranean cascade is formed by the torrent. In the minds of the Indians this cave, inhabited by nocturnal birds, is associated with mystic ideas, and they believe that in the deep recesses of the cavern the souls of their ancestors sojourn. They say that man should avoid places which are enlightened neither by the sun nor the moon; and "to go and join the Guacharoes" means to rejoin their fathers-in short, to die. At the entrance of the cave the magicians and poisoners perform their exorcisms to conjure the chief of the evil spirits. It appears, also, as another cause of preservation, that Guacharo Birds inhabit neighbouring caverns too narrow to be accessible to man, and from these perhaps the great cavern is repeopled; for the missionaries declared that no sensible diminution of the birds had been observed. Young birds of this species have been sent to the port of Cumana, and have lived there several days, but without taking any food; the seeds offered to them not suiting them. The crops and gizzards of the young birds opened in the cavern contain all sorts of hard and dry fruits, which are conveyed to them by their parents: these are preserved, and, under the name of 'semilla del Guacharo' (Guacharo seed), are considered a celebrated remedy against intermittent fevers, and sent to the sick at Cariaco and other low localities where fever prevails. Our limits will not allow us to pursue Humboldt's description further; and we must content ourselves with referring the reader to the,' Narrative' for many interesting details respecting the cavern itself and the surrounding scenery, giving only in conclusion, the situation, elevation, and temperature of this extraordinary grotto. The Cueva del Guacharo, then, is situated nearly in 10° 10' lat., and consequently in the centre of the torrid zone. Its elevation is 506 toises about the level of the Gulf of Cariaco. Humboldt found, in the month of September, the temperature of the interior air in every part of it between 64° 6' and 66° of Fahrenheit, and the external atmosphere 61° 2. At the entrance, the thermometer in the air gave 63° 7'; but when it was immersed in the water.of the little subterraneous river it stood, even to the end of the cave, at 62° 2'. GUAIACUM, a genus of Plants belonging to the natural order Zygophyllaceae, and inhabiting several of the West India islands, in low places near the sea. The most remarkable species is G. officinale, from which the hard compact black-green wood called Lignum Vitae is obtained, which is so heavy that it sinks in water, and from which pestles, ship-blocks, rollers, castors, &c. are turned. This plant grows about twelve feet high, with round knotty branches. The leaves are equally pinnate, with about three pairs of opposite, smooth, roundish ovate or obovate oblique leaflets. The flowers are a beautiful bright blue, growing in small axillary clusters. The petals are oblong, downy in the inside, about three times as long as the sepals. There are ten stamens, and an ovate compressed ovary, which becomes an inversely heart-shaped succulent yellow capsule, with from two to five cells, and a single roundish compressed seed in each cell. This plant produces the gum-resin known in medicine under the name of Guaiacum, which is bitter, acrid, and stimulant, partly soluble in water, and wholly in alcohol. It is employed as a diaphoretic and alterative. [GUAIACUM, in ARTS AND SC. Div.] The foliage is very detersive, and is used in the West Indies to scour and whiten floors, which it is said to do better than soap. Spike cylindrical, elongated; bracts 3-nerved. Flower rose-purple and fragrant. Pollencells open in front and below, stopped below by oblong glutinous valves quite distinct from the stigma, and to the broader ends of which the glands of the pollen masses are attached. It is found in hilly pastures. 1, a magnified view of the stamens and ovary. G. albida has a 3-lobed lip, the lobes unequal and entire, the middle lobe longest and broadest; sepals and lateral petals connivent, spur much shorter than the germen, root-knobs clustered. The stem is from 6 to 12 inches high; leaves oblong-obtuse, upper ones lanceolate-acute; the spike elongated, cylindrical; the wood, according to Hernandez, is internally blue. It is called in some of the West Indian Islands Bastard Lignum Vitæ. G. arboreum is a large tree terminating in a beautiful head, with very hard wood, and is called by the natives of Cumana Guaiacum, but they give this name to all hard woods. The leaves have 7 to 14 pairs of oval-oblong blunt leaflets, which are unequal at the base, and are usually alternate, the petioles and branchlets somewhat pubescent; the petals unguiculate, and orange-coloured; the stamens with short appendages at their base; capsules stipitate, 5-winged. GUAN. [CRACIDE.] GUANITE, a native Phosphate of Magnesia and Ammonia, found by Tescheurcher in Guano. It has a specific gravity of 15, and a hardness of 2.0. It occurs in brilliant rhombic prisms. GUANO, the Peruvian name for the droppings of sea-fowl. In some of the islands off the coasts of America and Africa this substance has accumulated in such immense quantities as to have repaid the labour of collecting it and bringing it to Europe, where it is used as a manure. It is now universally admitted to be one of the most valuable of manures, and although it obtains a high price it is increasingly employed in the agriculture of Europe. One of the advantages Linn.; S. Cephus, Linn.; S. Petaurista, Gmel.; S. nictitans, Gmel.; S. Nasica, Schr. (the Proboscis Monkey, or Kahau); and S. nemæus, Linn. (Gmel. ?). In his last edition of the same work he makes the group consist of S. rubra, S. Ethiops, S. fuliginosa, S. sabæa, S. Faunus, S. erythropyga, S. melarhina, the Mona, S. Diana, S. Petaurista, and S. nictitans, and he places these Guenons between the Gibbons (Hylobates, Illig.) and the Semnopitheci. M. F. Cuvier, in his. 'Histoire des Mammifères,' had expressed his doubts of the propriety of placing the Entellus Monkey among the Guenons, and in his work 'Des Dents des Mammifères' (1825) had separated the Semnopitheci from them. = Mr. Swainson ('Classification of Quadrupeds,' 1835) excludes Man from the zoological circle, and makes the Quadrumana, Four-Handed Quadrupeds, the first order of the class Mammalia. Of this order the Simiada, Ape-Monkeys, form, according to him, the first family, which consist of-1, "Simia (Linn.), Oran-Outang," Simia, Troglodytes, Hylobates, Presbytes, Pithecus; 2, "Cercopithecus, Pouched Monkeys," Lasiopyga, Semnopithecus, Colobus, Cercopithecus, Cercocebus, Nasalis. The other genera are Inuus, Macacus, and Papio. In the table of Typical analogical Characters,' Cercopithecus is placed opposite to Fera. = For Mr. Ogilby's arrangement, see CHEIROPODA. In this article we shall confine ourselves to M. F. Cuvier's second division of the true Guenons. 11. Phosphate of Lime 13. Alumina . 14. Residuum insoluble in Nitric Acid 15. Loss. The true Guenons comprise the genera Cercopithecus and Cercocebus of Geoffroy. Nearly similar in manners and in their dentition, particularly with regard to their canine teeth, these genera appear to be naturally allied to each other, though the facial angle and more elongated muzzle, the large cheek-pouches, and shorter tail of the second sub-division (Cercocebus) seem to lead gradually to the baboons. Cercopithecus. Nearly allied to Semnopithecus* [SEMNOPITHECUS] in form and manners, but differing from both Semnopithecus and Cercocebus not only in the development of the dentition, but in the size of the facial angle, which ranges from 50° to 55°, in the flat nose, in the rounded head, and long posterior extremities. C. Mona, the Varied Monkey of Pennant, Le Singe Varié of Brisson, La Mone and Guenon Mone of Buffon and the more modern French zoologists. Teeth of Guenons, one-fourth larger than nature. (F. Cuvier.) Cuvier, in the first edition of his 'Règne Animal,' makes the Guenons (Cercopithecus of Erxleben in part), which he places between the Chimpanzee and the Baboon (Papio), consist of the following species-Simia Entellus, Dufr.; S. rubra, Gmel.; S. Ethiops, Linn.; S. fuliginosa, Geoff.; S. Maura, Linn. (Gmel. ?); S. sabaa, Linn.; S. Faunus, Gmel.; the Mona (S. Mona and S. monacha, Schr.); S. Diana, Varied Monkey (Cercopithecus Mona). F. Cuvier. Buffon is of opinion that this species is the KnBos of Aristotle, on what ground it is difficult to imagine, for Aristotle only says 'EOT! δ' ὁ μὲν κῆβος, πίθηκος ἔχων οὐράν“the Cebus is a Pithecus (or Ape) having a tail." (Hist.' lib. ii. c. 8.) Pennant indeed gives' KnBos?' (with an interrogation) among the synonyms of the Varied Monkey; but in his text he shows that he was aware upon what slender data Buffon assumed its identity with the KnBos of the Greeks. Buffon refers also to Ludolf's curious account ('History of Ethiopia') as applying to this monkey, with as much probability as distinguishes his reference to Aristotle. "Of apes," says Ludolf, or rather his book 'made English by J. P. Gent' (1682), "there are infinite flocks up and down in the mountains themselves, a thousand and more together; there they leave no stone unturn'd. If they meet with one that two or three cannot lift they call for more ayd, and all for the sake of the worms that lye under; a sort of dyet which they relish exceedingly. They are very greedy after emmets. So that having found an emmet-hill, they presently surround it, and laying their fore Fossil remains of Semnopithecus Entellus, the Entellus Monkey, have been found in India. paws with the hollow downward upon the ant-heap, as fast as the emmets creep into their treacherous palmes they lick 'em off with great comfort to their stomachs; and there they will lie till there is not an emmet left. They are also pernicious to fruit and apples, and will destroy whole fields and gardens, unless they be carefully looked after. For they are very cunning, and will never venture in till the return of their spies, which they send always before, who giving information that all things are safe, in they rush with their whole body, and make a quick dispatch. Therefore they go very quiet and silent to their prey, and if their young ones chance to make a noise they chastise them with their fists; but if they find the coast clear, then every one hath a different noise to express his joy. Nor could there be any way to hinder them from further multiplying, but that they fall sometimes into the ruder hands of wild beasts, which they have no way to avoid but by a timely flight, or creeping into the clefts of the rocks. If they find no safety in flight they make a virtue of necessity, stand their ground, and filling their paws full of dust or sand, fing it full in the eyes of their assailant, and then to their heels again." Such is the account upon the strength of which Buffon makes his reference; but that is not all, for the translation at least is graced by a large plate illustrative of these wonderful scenes, and there is not the vestige of a tail among the whole party of apes, twenty six in number. This species has the following characters:-Top of the head greenishyellow mixed with a slight tinge of black; neck, back, and sides of a deep chestnut brown, passing downwards as far as the shoulders and haunches, where it changes into a dusky slate-colour continued on the limbs and tail, which last is considerably longer than the body, and has on each side of its base a remarkable white spot. Under surface of the body and inside of the limbs pure white, separated from the neighbouring colours by an abrupt line of demarcation. Naked upper part of the face, comprehending the orbits and cheeks, bluish purple. Lips, and so much of the chin as is without hair, fleshcoloured. On the sides of the face large bushy whiskers of a light straw-colour mixed with a few blackish rings advance forwards and cover a considerable portion of the cheeks. Above the eye-brows a transverse black band, extending on each side as far as the ears, and surmounted by a narrow crescent-shaped stripe of gray, which is sometimes scarcely visible. Ears and hands livid flesh-colour. (Bennett, 'Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoological Society of London,' vol. i.) Mr. Bennett remarks that the name of Mona appears to be of Arabian origin, and is indiscriminately applied, under various modifications, by the Moors of Northern Africa to all the long-tailed monkeys without exception. From the language of the Moors, he observes, it has passed into those of Spain and Portugal, in both of which it has precisely the same signification. Mr. Bennett however does not agree with Pennant and Buffon, who consider it, in its Egyptian form of Monichi, to have been the origin of the English word monkey, which appears to him to admit of a much more obvious, though not very flattering derivation, from the parent-stock of our native tongue. He also expresses his doubts of the accuracy of Buffon in referring the Cebus of the ancients to this particular species, to which principally, on account of its being a native of the north of Africa, the latter has restricted the previously generic name of Mona. Barbary is generally supposed to be the native place of this monkey. They are brought from Africa, and bear a European climate well, whence it is conjectured that they inhabit the north of Africa, or dwell in mountainous districts. In a state of nature it is not known; for Ludolf's account, to which Buffon refers, cannot, as we have endeavoured to show, be applied with any degree of certainty to this species. M. F. Cuvier gives a very entertaining account of its manners in captivity. The individual which he figures and describes from the Paris menagerie appears to have been most amiable and intelligent, and to have been distinguished for its dexterity in unlocking chests or drawers, untying knots, searching pockets, &c. The individual in the possession of the Zoological Society from which Mr. Bennett's description was taken was capricious, savage in temper, and altogether of a worse character. Cercocebus. Resembling Cercopithecus in some points, but differing in others. Facial angle about 45°. Head inclined to the triangular form; muzzle rather lengthened; nose flat or convex; thumbs of the anterior hands slender, and placed near the fingers; those of the hinder extremities larger, and placed at a greater distance. Pygal callosities large. It is the C. sabæus, Singe Vert, of Brisson; Samia sabaa of Linnæus; Green Monkey of Pennant; St. Jago Monkey of Edwards; Guenon Callitriche, and Callitriche, of the French zoologists. It is greenish-yellow above, arising from the ringing of the hairs with various shades of yellow and black, but assuming more of a dark grizzled appearance on the sides of the body and outer sides of the limbs, which become gradually darker towards the hands. The face, ears, and naked parts of the hands jet black, the face triangular, bounded above the eyes by a straight line of stiff black hairs, and on the sides by spreading tufts of light hairs with a yellowish tinge, meeting in a point beneath the chin. Neck and chest white; under parts of the body of a yellowish tinge; inside of the limbs gray. Length of head and body 16 or 18 inches; that of the tail somewhat more. (Bennett, Gardens and Menagerie of the Zoological Society,' vol. i.) In Adanson's 'Voyage au Senégal' will be found a good account of the habits of the species in a state of nature, and their silent and unflinching endurance of wounds and death from the gun. They associate in large troops, and are scarcely to be traced among the boughs except when they occasionally break some of them in their gambols, which are performed in silence, though marked by great agility. When shot at they make no noise, but gather together in companies, knit their brows, and gnash their teeth, as if they meant to attack the enemy. In captivity their disposition in general is not amiable, and they are considered captious and malicious; but, as Mr. Bennett observes, much of their character, as in other species, depends on their age and education. GUEVINA [PROTEACEE.] GUILLEMOTS, the common name of the species of Uria, a genus of Sea-Birds which some ornithologists place among the family of Divers, or Colymbida. Linnæus places the species Grylle and Troile at the head of his genus Colymbus. Cuvier arranges the genus under his family Plongeurs, or Brachyptères. Prince Bonaparte arranges them in the second section of his family Pygopodes, the genus Colymbus forming the first section. Lesson makes them belong to the family Alcada, which he seems to consider as synonymous with the Plongeurs of Cuvier. Mr. Vigors, on leaving the Colymbida, enters the family of Alcada by means of the genus Uria (Briss.), which was originally included in the Colymbus of Linnæus, and from which, he observes, it has been separated chiefly on account of the tridactyle conformation of its foot. This character distinguishes the greater part of Mr. Vigors's group of Alcade, which, in addition to Uria, contains the genera Alca [AUK], and Aptenodytes [PENGUIN] of Linnæus. The latter genus, Mr. Vigors remarks, apparently carries to the extreme the typical character of those groups in which the wings, becoming gradually shorter, and less furnished with feathers, lose at length all their powers of flight, and assume the functions of fins, instead of wings, to assist the bird in its progress through the water. The whole of the family, united by the form of the foot, is separated into generic groups by the different shape of the bill. "And here," continues Mr. Vigors, "a beautifully progressive series of affinities is apparent throughout the whole group. Beginning from the true Aptenodytes, we may observe that the bill of that genus is long, rather slender, and somewhat curved; while that of Catarrhactes (Briss.), which succeeds, is shorter and more elevated at the ridge; thus leading the way to Spheniscus (Briss.), where the sides are compressed, and the culmen elevated into a sharp edge. This structure approaches the form of the same member in the true Alca [AUK], in which the sides are still more strongly compressed, and the culmen more elevated. The Fratercula (Briss.), the well-known Puffin of our rocky coasts [AUK], following Alca, exhibits the extreme of this singular construction; and there cannot be a more interesting subject of contemplation to him who may wish to witness the mode in which nature harmonises her groups, than the gradual change of form that unites the short and elevated bill of this last genus with |