PERSPECTIVE VIEW, LOOKING EAST, OF MESSRS. HIBBERT AND PLATT'S COTTON MACHINES, AND MESSRS. HICK AND SON'S HIGH-PRESSURE STEAM-ENGINE AND DRIVING GEAR. THE MACHINE IN FRONT IS THE LAP MACHINE, AND BEYOND IT ARE THE CARDING MACHINES. NORTH AREAS A. B. 10 To 31; C. D. E. 1 To 10, & 19 тo 33; G. H. 25, 26. bottom to the top, and when the mill is turned the other way it descends by its own weight, and thus the band of warp-yarn is wound in a spiral line from the top to the bottom of the reel. The use of the heck is to divide the warp-threads into the lease, or two alternate sets, one set for each heald of the loom. To effect this, the heck-block contains 120 or more steel pins, with an eye in the upper end of each, through which a yarn passes in the process of warping. The pins are arranged alternately in two frames, either of which may be raised at pleasure. The threads being passed through the eyes of the heck, the ends are knitted together, and fixed to a pin upon the mill. The mill is then turned slowly until the top lease pins come nearly opposite the heck. The warper then, lifting half of the heck-frame, raises half the threads, which he places upon one pin, and the other half upon another pin of the mill. In this way every alternate thread is crossed, and the lease is formed. When the warp has described a spiral line round the frame, from the top to the bottom, the threads are again passed over pins, the motion of the frame is reversed, and the warp forms another spiral line in a contrary direction. The operation is thus repeated until the whole length of warp is run out. The lease or crossing of the threads is secured by a band tied through them at the top, and another at the bottom. The warp is then removed, and wound up into a ball. The bundles of yarn thus formed are spread out upon cylinders or yarn-beams; and, in order to distribute them equally, the threads are passed through a separator or ravel, formed of a number of shreds of cane fixed in two rails of wood. A dressing of glue, size, or paste is next given to the warp-yarns to increase their strength and tenacity, and to lay down the minute fibres which feather the yarn. In the dressing machine the yarn-beams are mounted in a frame at one end; the threads are passed through a reed to keep them distinct, and then between rollers covered with felt, one of which dips into a trough containing the paste or other dressing. The lower roller gives paste to the yarn, while the upper roller squeezes out the superfluous quantity. The dressing is also rubbed into the fibres of the yarn, and smoothed over by means of cylindrical brushes, one above and the other below the warp, and moving in a direction contrary to that of the yarns. The warp is dried by being passed over a box or chest filled with steam, and a current of air is made to stream over it by means of a revolving fan. The warp is passed to the main yarn-beam of the loom, on which it is regularly wound, the threads being kept distinct by passing through a reed. The warp-beam thus filled is suspended by its axis, so that the ends of the warp-threads may hang down, and the weaver then draws every yarn through its proper eye or loop in the healds. The alternate crossing of the threads is preserved by the lease-rods, and in drawing in, as the operation is called, the weaver can easily make each thread to cross the one next to it. When the threads have been passed through the eyes of the healds they are next drawn through the splits of the reed. The lease-rods preserve the lease of the threads, and the arrangement is as follows :-The first thread passes over the first rod and under the second, the next thread passes under the first and over the second, and so on alternately, the third rod divides the warp into splitfuls, two threads passing alternately over and under it.-C. T.] Power-looms, the novelty in which consists, first, in the patent uniform winding or taking-up motion, which *The dressing machine is not exhibited. is effected by surface-rollers, without the aid of ground glass or emery, and is applicable to looms for weaving both light and strong cloths; and, secondly, in the method of holding the edges of the cloth during the process of weaving by an improved "temple." [The loom used in plain weaving consists of-1. An apparatus for stretching the warp. 2. An arrangement for raising one-half of the threads of the warp and depressing the other half alternately, so as to open a space for introducing the weft. 3. A shuttle for casting striking each weft-thread close up to the one previously the weft into the opening thus made. 4. Means for thrown. The common loom consists of four upright posts with cross beams at the top and bottom. At one end is the beam or roll containing the warp, at the other end the cloth-beam, on which the work is wound as it is woven. The warp is kept stretched between the two by weights slung over the ends of the warp-beam. The alternate arrangement of the warp-threads is preserved by means of lease-rods. One-half of the warp-threads is alternately raised and depressed by the healds, which consist of a number of twines, looped in the middle or furnished with glass eyes, each alternate thread being passed through the loops of one heald, while the intermediate threads are passed through the loops of the other heald. The two healds are united at the upper part by a rope passing over a pulley, and at the lower part a rope proceeds from each heald to a treadle, by which means the lowering of one heald causes the other to rise. The yarns are also passed through the teeth of a reed, which is set in a moveable swing frame, called the lay or batten. At the bottom of this frame is a channel, called the shuttle-race, along which is thrown the shuttle, a boat-shaped piece of wood containing, in a hollow in the middle, the cop of yarn which is to form the weft or crossis a small hole, through which the weft-yarn runs freely threads of the web of cloth. At the side of the shuttle as the shuttle is shot along. The shuttle is sometimes furnished with wheels on the under side, and may be shot backwards and forwards by hand or by pickers or peckers, as in the fly-shuttle; in which case, the two ends of the shuttle-race are closed, and two pieces of wood, called pickers, move along wires. To each picker a string is is held in the right hand of the weaver. attached, and both strings meet loosely in a handle, which When the shuttle is at one end of the race a smart jerk of the picker projects it along to the other end, and another jerk in the contrary direction urges it the other way. Every time a thread of weft is to be thrown across the warp the weaver has to perform three distinct operations-1. To press down one of the treadles, by which means every alternate thread of the warp is depressed, forming what is called the shed. 2. To throw the shuttle across so as to lay a thread of weft in this shed. 3. To drive the thread of weft close up to the web by means of the batten. As the web is the breadth of the unwound portion is kept extended by completed it is wound round upon the cloth-beam, and two pieces of wood, called temples, furnished with sharp points at the ends. In plain weaving, the warp and the weft-threads are of the same colour and usually of the same degrees of fineness. regular intervals, a striped cotton is produced. By having By introducing yarns of different degrees of fineness, at the warp-threads of one colour and the weft-threads of another colour, shot patterns are formed. Coloured stripes are formed by introducing coloured yarns into the warp. In these and various other cases every thread of the warp and weft cross alternately at right angles. In twilled or tweelled cloths only the third, or the fourth, NORTH AREAS A. B. 10 To 31 ; C. D. E. 1 тo 10, & 19 тo 33; G. H. 25, 26. fifth, or sixth, &c., threads cross each other. Figures. flowers, or patterns of any kind are produced by dividing the warp between a number of healds which can be raised or lowered at pleasure, while threads of different colours may be either concealed or brought forward upon the face of the fabric, or be made to change places according to the pattern. The Jacquard loom, as it is called, is a contrivance attached to a loom for raising or concealing different threads. In the power-loom, the services of the weaver are dispensed with, the various movements being performed by self-acting machinery, driven by the steam-engine.-C. T.] Messrs. Benjamin Hick and Son, Soho Foundry, Bolton, are the makers and exhibitors of the steam-engine (6-horse power), together with the mill-gearing and framing for turning the above machinery. The card clothing on four of the carding engines was manufactured by Joseph Sykes and Brothers, Lindley, near Huddersfield; and that on the other two by Mr. Horsfall, of Manchester.-See Plates 122 and 123. saving of one-third of the power required to work the or- 5 PRESTON, FRANCIS, Manchester-Manufacturer. 6 PARR, CURTIS, & MADELEY, Manchester- 1. Carding engine, made with rollers and clearers. 3. Slubbing frame, with patent improvements, which consist in the application of a coiled spring to the presser, giving it a more uniform pressure, and reducing the weight of the flyer. A frame is fastened to the beam, 2 BOOTH & Co., Preston, Lancashire-Manufacturers. on which a carriage moves, carrying the tension weight Mule spindles, with buttons and drum warves, and for lightening the cone strap instead of allowing it to rest mule spindles with buttons and cylinder warves, for spin-on the grooved shaft, and gearing is applied to the shortning cotton and silk; they are made capable of revolving ening and traverse motions. at the speed of about 7,000 revolutions per minute. The shape of the top of the spindle lessens the vibration of the yarn, and consequently the breakages. Throstle spindle and fly, for spinning cotton, silk, flax or worsted. Roving spindle and fly, for spinning cotton. 3 The fly CRABTREE, THOMAS, Godley, near Halifax-— Card-setting machine; which accomplishes the entire manipulation for producing the complete card from the wire and leather or cloth in their primary state; it will make cards for wool, cotton, or silk; used in the manufactory of Messrs. J. Sykes and Brothers, card manufacturers, Acre Mills, Lindley, near Huddersfield. [A card, for carding cotton, wool, and other analogous fibrous substances: it consists of a series of forked wires, both ends of which are inserted through holes made in a strap of leather, and then bent very regularly to the required inclination. Cards in the carding engine seem to lay all the fibres of cotton or wool in one direction, accumulating it into a loose mass called a fleece, preparatory to the process of spinning. The first card-making machine was patented by J. C. Dyer, of Manchester, in 1811, and is said to have been the invention of an American named Whittemore. It is a most beautiful and efficient piece of mechanism.-W. D. L. R.] 4 DALTON, JOHN, Mottram-in-Longendale-Inventor. Machine for printing calicoes, de laines, and other textile fabrics. By one process a corresponding or varied pattern is printed on each side of the fabric. It may be employed as a double printing machine, for printing on one side two pieces at the same time. The construction is applicable to printing machines generally, and consists in substituting for the ordinary iron printing cylinder, a newly-invented cylinder, constructed with the exterior surface of gutta percha, and in dispensing with the use of the endlessweb or blanket, and the lapping, which is required in the ordinary machines, to afford a yielding surface to the action of the engraved roller. These new cylinders possess in a great degree the properties of permanence and elasticity, and are superior to other appliances, from their increased efficiency and economy. A more accurate and uniform impression of the pattern is obtained, and a 4. Roving frame with the same patent improvements as applied to the slubbing frame. 5. Patent self-acting mule, 1 inch gauge, similar to Sharp and Roberts, with patent improvements, which consist in the application of a positive motion to produce the required changes, dispensing with the use of the cam shaft, and other important advantages. 6. Patent self-acting mule, 1 inch gauge. An adaptation of Sharp's radial arm to Smith and Robertson's mangle wheel and stripping mule, with patent improvements. 7. Patent self-acting mule, 1 inch gauge. Arranged with the headstock at one end, with patent improvements, which consist in the peculiar arrangement of the headstock, and in the novel motion applied to wind the yarn on to the spindles. 8. Planing machine for metals; self-acting in the hori zontal, vertical, and angular cuts. Its chief objects are strength and simplicity. 9. General shaping machine, for shaping metals. It planes horizontal, vertical, angular, circular, and polygon is given to the crank by a pair of wheels bored eccentric. work, and hollows down to half an inch radius. Motion 10. Slide and screw cutting lathe, fitted with geared head-stocks, having conical mandril, and case-hardened steel bearings and collars; guide screw the whole length; compound slide rest, self-acting in the longitudinal and transverse direction. 11. Drilling machine for drilling holes to 14 inch diameter, with self-acting feed motion; the pressure regulated by an improved friction break, or given by the foot. 7 LEACH, THOMAS, Oldham Road, Rochdale— Doffing and cleaning plates, for cotton and wool machinery. Temple teeth and springs for power-looms. Springs and under clearers for throstles and mules. 8 WILD, WILLIAM, 26 Broughton Road, Salford, 10 & 46 MASON, J., Globe Works, Rochdale-Joint Single carding engine, lap machine, and self-acting feeder; the same, with condenser attached, intended to produce a number of endless cardings or slubbings, and dispense with the use of the billy machine, and the hands required to work it. Patent condensor, or endless carding engine for wool, and self-acting feeder for any second or finisher carding engine. Action of the Machine.-The wool is removed from the NORTH AREAS A. B. 10 To 31; C. D. E. 1 To 10, & 19 To 33; G. H. 25, 26. doffer of the first carding engine by a comb as usual, and is drawn by a pair of rollers fixed at the side of the frame through a revolving tube, which imparts an amount of false twist to the sliver. It is returned between a lower pair of rollers to the lap machine in front of the engine, which is arranged to form a lap 16 inches diameter, and 4 inches wide. When the required length of sliver is wound on, notice is given by a bell; and if not attended to, another movement doffs the lap, so as to ensure each one being of the same uniform length. These narrower laps are placed side by side upon rods, so as to form four rows, a, b, c, d, fig. 1, each row being the whole width of the engine, which are turned off into the engine by the unlapping rollers e, f, g, h. Each sliver passes through a guide or reed as it enters the feeding rollers to keep it in its proper place. The quantity of sliver thus put up at the feeder end of the machine will last a whole day. cylinder by the condensor doffers, i, k, which are provided with ring of cards, and alternate blank spaces, so that the wool which is left upon the cylinder by the top doffer is removed by the lower one. The stripper rollers, l, m, take the bands of wool from the doffers, after which they pass between the doubled endless twisting straps, n, o, in order to receive a degree of false twist, sufficient to enable them to carry forward to be spun. They then pass between the delivery rollers, P, 4, to the bobbins, r, s, on which they are lapped by friction of contact with the drum t, u. When the bobbins are fitted they are removed direct to the mule to be spun, where they are unlapped in a similar manner by drums. The advantage of this system consists in a great economy of labour; three operations being entirely dispensed with, viz., feeding, slubbing, and piecing. With the addition of the self-feeder condensor, yarns are found to be more regular and level than those produced by the ordinary method; a greater quantity of work is turned Fig. 1. The wool having passed through the engine, and been carded in the usual manner, is removed from the main Mule loom grinding-frame. The patent driving bands made by J. H. Whitehead, Saddleworth. Slubbing-frame, with Mason and Collier's patent collars or bearings for the spindles: separating plates for the slubbings, and the break motion for readily stopping the machine. Patent slubbing and roving frames. This improvement gives a firmer support to the spindles, obtaining greater speed with greater steadiness. It is accomplished by making the collar in the lifting rail longer (shown detached in fig. 3), and continuing it through the wheel b, up the inside of the bobbin-barrel to the top of it, where the bearing for the spindle is formed as shown at a, figs. 2 and 3. The collars are chambered inside, so that the spindle fits only their ends, and they are firmly screwed to the lifting-rail d, the wheels and bobbins running loosely around them, as represented. The separating plates e, prevent the broken threads becoming entangled with the other spindles. Roving frame, with patent collar, separating plates, and additional improvements. Patent power-loom, for weaving fancy goods by an improved method of working the healds, to form the figure on the cloth. A vice. Mason's Patent Slubbing and Roving Frame and Collars. |