travels with the tapes, and the sheet is thus conveyed from one paper cylinder to the other; in the course of its progress, the sheet is turned over, receiving one printed impression on one side from the first form, and the second impression on the other side of the sheet from the second form, and as the tapes leave the second cylinder they divide, and the printed sheet falls into the hands of another boy.

The machines are commonly known as Applegath and Cowper's machines."

[Mr. Napier's machine differs from Applegath and Cowper's: his machine is described in a separate article. In 1827, Cowper & Applegath jointly invented the four-cylinder machine, which Applegath erected for printing "The Times" newspaper. It at once superseded Koenig's maIchines, which were taken down. This machine printed from 4,000 to 5,000 impressions per hour. The diagram will give a general idea of these machines, which are still in use at "The Times" office. They consist of a table, moved backwards and forwards under four iron cylinders (called the paper cylinders), about 9 inches in diameter, which are covered with cloth, and round which the sheets of paper are held between tapes. The form is fixed on one part of the table, the inking rollers lying on another part, on which they distribute the ink. Some of these rollers are placed in a diagonal position on the table, so that, as it moves backwards and forwards, they have a motion in the direction of their length, called the "endmotion," which, combined with the rotatory motion, causes the ink to be more effectually distributed. The ink is held in a reservoir or trough formed of an iron roller, called the ductor, against which the edge of an iron plate rests, and, by its pressure, regulates the quantity of ink given out. The ink is conveyed from the ductor-roller to the table by means of an elastic roller vibrating between them. The feeding is performed by four "layers-on," who lay the sheets of paper on the feeding boards, whence they enter the machine between three pairs of tapes, by which they are conveyed round the cylinders, and thence to the spot where the "takers-off" stand, into whose hands the sheets fall as the tapes separate.

The last great improvement in rapid printing was invented by Mr. Applegath, in May 1848, when he erected at "The Times" office two vertical cylinder machines, each producing 10,000 sheets per hour.]

Side-lever lithographic press, fitted with improved registering-machine, and adapted for every description of colour printing.

144 BREWER, C. & W., Malcolm Works, Larkhall Lane, Clapham-Patentees, Inventors, and Manufacturers. Plain ring and plain laid pattern dandy rollers for making endless paper.

Patent bank note moulds, of various patterns, for making notes by hand and vat.

Watered pattern moulds for fancy writing paper made by hand and vat. Angular moulds for making paper for envelopes. Autograph moulds for paper making. Bundle of paper made from the moulds and rollers, to illustrate.

146 RANSOMES & MAY, Ipswich-Manufacturers. Model of patent excavator, for railways or canals. Henry Potter Burt, London, proprietor.

Models of improved apparatus and machinery, for preparing timber with creosote. Exhaust-pump. Forcepump. Tank for the solution. Steaming and heating apparatus. Moveable tramway and crab, for loading and unloading the cylinder.

drawn inside the cylinder; the cover is then closed, and The timber to be prepared is loaded on trucks, and the air-pump employed to exhaust the cylinder, and extract the sap or moisture from the timber. The airpump is then disengaged, and a sluice valve communicating with a reservoir opened, which charges the cylinder with creosote, previously heated to 120° Fahr. Forcein the cylinder has been saturated with from 7 to 10 lbs. pumps are then employed, which work, until the timber of oil per cubic foot; this is found to be a sufficient quantity to effectually prevent decay, from the attacks of the " Teredo navalis," &c.

Leggat's Queen press, with self-inking apparatus.
Shavings of iron.

148

POPE, THOMAS, & Co., 56 St. Paul's Square,
Birmingham-Manufacturers.

Screw press (called the "Lion Press "), for embossing paper, &c.

Screw press, with an arm, a substitute for a doublesided press.

A small powerful lever press, called "The Model," for embossing paper with dies up to one inch diameter; only by 24 inches base; height 34 inches; weight 2 lbs. The Cornucopia" lever press for the same and other purposes, with dies 14 inch diameter.

4

The portable desk press; base 54 by 24 inches diameter. tion, the pillars and beams being in one solid piece. Large quarto screw copying press of improved construcA small quarto screw copying press. A folio screw copying press.

152

Patent beating engine for reducing rags into pulp.The improvement consists in the introduction of a second beating roll, and a new adaptation of washing apparatus, which is said to enable the engine to produce four times the quantity of pulp produced by an ordinary engine in the same time.

154 JARRETT, GRIFFITH, 45 Lee Street, Kingsland Road -Inventor.

Improved embossing presses, constructed with steel levers, double enclosed springs, and prepared for moveable dies; the dies made of highly tempered steel, and furnished with copper counterparts.

Jarrett's Embossing Press.

Another machine, of the same description, for a larger form.

Single cylinder letter-press printing machine, suitable chiefly for bookwork.

Patent self-feeding and self-discharging centrifugal apparatus suited to the separation of the molasses from the crystal in sugar manufacture, also to other purposes. Exhibited as a novel and useful invention. The advantages are, a continual discharge and supply of the matter to be operated upon, and, consequently, great saving of time and labour; as the machines at present used must be stopped, discharged, and re-discharged by men in attendance. The time saved by the improved machine not only includes that now consumed in taking out and filling the charge (which, on an average, must be done every eight minutes), but that necessary for stopping and starting the machines, the working speed being 1,500 revolutions per minute, and which is very considerable. There are many other advantages which might be named, such as its suspension, whereby the vibrations consequent upon the excessive speed of the machine are not transmitted to the building, the simple and efficient means of liquoring, &c.

Watson's Patent Valve.

A

The cut shows a vertical section of a straight cock. AA is the water-way represented, as closed by the block or key B B, made to move vertically up and down by turning the screw C, which works through a nut H H, fitting loosely into the key. The dark line is an elastic facing, which may be of leather, gutta percha, India-rubber, felt, or any material most suitable for the purpose to which the cock is intended to be used, and is secured in its place by the brass ring D D, three screws through which prevent the possibility of its afterwards moving, or the facing material becoming displaced. FF is a bolt screwed into the centre, having a plate which draws the elastic material tightly over the face, and fitting closely the seat G GGG. The horizontal section or plan through the line A A, shows the form of the cock; EE are guides for the key working freely up and down when moved by the screw C.

Manufacturers.

Paper pulp-meter. Patented by Charles Cowan, Valley-field, near Edinburgh. The object of this apparatus is to measure out a uniform and exact supply of pulp to the paper-machine, according to any width and thickness of the web of paper which it may be desired to make. The pulp, after having been prepared in the engines, and mixed in ascertained proportions of raw materials and of water, is kept in the pulp or stuff chest. The cup of the pulp-meter, which is driven in connection with the paper machine, is made to dip into a box, which, by means of a ball-cock or valve, is always kept full of pulp from the pulp-chest, and lifts and delivers the requisite quantity of pulp to make the width and thickness of the web required. This is done by means of the slide upon the cup, which can be set even while the apparatus is in motion, so as to deliver the number of cubical inches of pulp at each dip required for the particular paper to be made, which can be ascertained by a very simple calculation. In this way uniformity of thickness in every sheet of the paper manufactured is readily obtained.

168 SCHLESINGER & Co., 8 Old Jewry-Producers. Paging and numbering machine. Ticket printing machine.

Machine for printing bank notes.

200 FAIRBAIRN, W., & SONS, Manchester-Inventors and Manufacturers.

Patent riveting machine, for riveting boilers, and other vessels, constructed of wrought iron. The moving slide and die are worked by the action of a revolving cam upon an elbow joint, which gives a variable motion, and exerts the greatest force at the closing of the joint and the finishing of the rivet. The following figures represent this machine.

[The invention of the riveting machine originated in a turn-out of the boiler-makers in the employ of the exhibitor about fifteen years ago. On that occasion the attempt was made to rivet two plates together by compressing the red-hot rivets in the ordinary punchingpress. The success of this experiment immediately led to the construction of the original machine, in which the moveable die was forced upon the rivet by a powerful lever, acted upon by a cam. A short experience proved the original machine inadequate to the numerous requirements of the boiler-maker's trade, and the present form was therefore adopted about eight years since.

The large stem, A, is made of malleable iron, and having an iron strap, BB, screwed round the base, it renders the whole perfectly safe in the case of the dies coming in contact with a cold rivet, or any other hard substance, during the process. Its construction also allows the workman to rivet angle iron along the edges, and to finish the corners of boilers, tanks, and cisterns; and the stem being now made 4 feet 6 inches high, it renders the machine more extensive in its application, and allows of its riveting the fire-box of a locomotive boiler or any other work within the given depth.

In addition to these parts, it has a broad moving slide, C, in which are three dies corresponding with others in the wrought-iron stem. By using the centre die every description of flat and circular work can be riveted, and by selecting those on the sides it will rivet the corners, and thus complete vessels of almost every shape. This machine is in a portable form, and can be moved on rails, with care, to suit the article suspended from the shears.

The introduction of the knee-joint gives to the dies a variable motion, and causes the greatest force to be exerted at the proper time, viz., at the closing of the joint and the finishing the head of the rivet.

In other respects the machine operates as before, effecting by an almost instantaneous pressure what is performed in the ordinary mode by a long series of impacts. The machine fixes in the firmest manner, and completes eight rivets of inch diameter in a minute, with the attendance of two men and two boys to the plates and rivets; whereas the average work that can be done by two riveters, with one "holder on," and a boy, is 40-inch rivets per hour; the quantity done in the two cases being in the proportion of 40 to 480, or as 1 to 12, exclusive of the saving of one man's labour. The cylinder of an ordinary locomotive-engine boiler, 8 feet 6 inches long, and 3 feet diameter, can be riveted and the plates fitted completely by the machine in four hours; whilst to execute the same work by hand would require, with an extra man, twenty hours. The work produced by the machine is likewise of a superior kind to that made in the ordinary manner; the rivets being found stronger and the boilers

more free from leakage, and more perfect in every respect. The riveting is done without noise, and thus is almost entirely removed the constant deafening clamour of the boiler-maker's hammer.]

201 WHITWORTH & Co., Manchester-Manufacturers.

Self-acting foot lathe, fig. 1, with motions for sliding, screwing, and surfacing, including double-geared headstocks, conical steel mandril and bearings, case-hardened, compound slide-rest, with quick hand traverse. Guide screw, with disengaging nut, and 24 change wheels for screw cutting. Anti-friction treadle motion, crank and speed pulley for band, with equal tension. Hand-rest with eccentric lock, two-face plates, clements driver, drill, bell, and cup chucks.