KINGDOM.] 66 NORTH GALLERY, AND WITH CLASSES 5 & 6. parallel rays towards such points of the horizon as would 104 HOPKINSON, JOSEPH, Chapel Hill, Huddersfield— Inventor. ment as an extra mass, for the mooring plates of the chains to bear upon. The granite was brought across a country destitute of hard roads, from a distance of nearly 100 English miles. The hydraulic cement employed is prepared artificially, according to the system pointed out by the celebrated French engineer, Vicat. Cost of the bridge about 400,000l. sterling. Time of building will have been about five years; but from the climate and other circumstances not more than 100 working days in each year could be calculated on for the principal and more difficult parts of the work. The whole of the piers and abutments will be brought to the level of the roadway in the course of the present summer (1851); two of the river piers will also be carried to their full height; and the bridge will be completely finished in the autumn of 1852. Every part of the model is in exact proportion to the original bridge. The scale is 1 inch to 8 feet. The two views in chromolithography, which illustrate this bridge, are from drawings executed on the spot. [Suspension bridges of iron were introduced about the year 1741, at which date one of 70 feet span was thrown over the river Tees. Scamozzi, "Del Idea Archi," published 1615, conveys some notion of these structures, but Bernouilli first explained their true principles. The Union bridge over the Tweed, 449 feet span, constructed by Capt. Sir S. Brown, in 1820, was the first large bar chain Bobbin ladder for vessels in port or in distress, and bridge erected in Britain. The Newhaven and Brighton suitable for a fire-escape or other purposes. 105 VIGNOLES, CHARLES, 4 Trafalgar Square- Designer. Model of the wrought-iron bar-chain suspension bridge at Kieff, now erecting across the river Dnieper, by command of H. I. M. the Emperor of Russia. Its length is about half an English mile, and breadth 524 English feet. The area of the roadway is 140,000 superficial feet. (Central Avenue.) The bridge of which this is a model is the largest work of the kind hitherto undertaken; the chains on the right, or Kieff side of the Dnieper, are moored in an isolated abutment, built in the river, at a sufficient distance from the shore to allow vessels to pass. This is effected by a drawbridge, 52 feet broad, spanning an opening of 50 feet. The supports are hollow beams of wrought iron, about 130 feet long; the drawbridge revolves in one leaf, and centres like a railway turn-table; the counterpoise required is very small. The whole weight of the drawbridge is about 150 tons. The four principal suspension spans are each of 440 English feet. Each chain extends over the five river piers and through the two abutments, and is more than half an English mile long. The platforms are suspended from the chains by wrought-iron rods of 2 inches diameter. The roadway is made peculiarly stiff, to resist the various strains to which it is liable. The total quantity of iron employed in constructing the bridge, including the machinery used, is 3,500 English tons (34 millions of French kilogrammes, 78,000 German centnèrs). The whole was manufactured in England; the chains by Fox and Henderson, Birmingham. Sixteen vessels were employed in transporting the iron from Liverpool to the port of Odessa, whence it was conveyed on bullock-carts to Kieff, a distance of 400 English miles. The channel of the river Dnieper at the bridge is about 35 feet deep in summer, but the spring floods increase the depth to 50, and sometimes to 55 feet. Eight coffer-dams were required for getting in the foundations, and 10 steam-engines were employed on the works, two being of 50-horse power each. The foundations are on piling and concrete; the piers and abutments are brick, faced with granite. About 1,000 tons (English) of granite ashlar are inserted in each abut [7.] | suspension piers were also erected by the same engineer. The great bridge by Telford across the Menai Straits is 570 feet span; it was commenced in May, 1819, and completed in December, 1825. The Hammersmith bridge, 422 feet span, by Tierney Clark, was completed in 1824. The Montrose bridge, by Rendel, 412 feet span, was erected in 1829; and the Hungerford bridge over the Thames, 6763 feet span, by Brunel, was built in 1844. The wire-rope bridge of Freiburg is 820 feet span. The roadways of suspension bridges must not merely be hung from the chains, but be rendered stiff to resist the undulatory motion caused by the wind. See Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Feb. 16, 1841, on this subject.-S. C.] 106 CLARK, EDWIN, 448 West Strand-Producer. Model of the Britannia bridge, and of the apparatus used in floating and raising the tubes. Scale 1-8th of an inch to the foot. Engineer, Robert Stephenson; model executed for Charles Mare, Esq., by Mr. Jabez James. (Central Avenue.) [This bridge consists of a tube, formed of iron plates rivetted together, and of sufficient dimensions to allow a loaded train to pass through each. It crosses the Menai Straits, and connects the Isle of Anglesey with South Wales. It was commenced August 10, 1847, and was finished March 5, 1850, and on the 18th of the same month was opened for traffic. The total expense of erection was 601,8607., of which the iron work cost 443, 1607., and the masonry 158,700. It contains 1,500,000 cubic feet of masonry, 9,480 tons of wrought iron, and 1,988 tons of cast iron.-S. C.] This model and unique mode of construction was adopted in order to preserve the whole width of the waterway of the river free and uninterrupted by piers, which was important. The tank or trough is 9 feet deep, and 24 feet wide within, and it contains between the points where it rests upon the abutments, 940 tons of water, more than is contained in the whole 19 arches of the celebrated Ponty-Cysyllte aqueduct in Wales. There is a towing-path on each side, which projects partly over the water within, and partly on the outer side of the trough. By the introduction of a colonnade and entablature (of the Grecian Doric order) terminated by an octastyle portico and pediment on the abutment at each end, the heavy and unsightly appearance which so large a surface of tank would have presented, is got rid of, and a light and elegant character is given to the structure. The suspending-rods pass through the columns to the ends of the transverse bearers; and the steps upon which the columns appear to rest serve to conceal the transverse bearers, as well as further to maintain the architectural effect. The following are the principal dimensions and parti culars: Iron-work executed by Messrs. Graham, Milton Iron Works, near Sheffield. Masonry by Hugh M'Intosh, contractor, Bloomsbury Square, London. [The first cast-iron aqueduct was erected by Telford, A.D. 1793, to carry the Shrewsbury canal over the river Tern. In 1794-5 he designed the celebrated cast-iron aqueduct to convey the Ellesmere and Chester canal, at an elevation of 127 fect, over the river Dee at Pont-y-Cysyllte: since that time many have been erected. The advantages of cast-iron aqueducts over those of stone, which are of considerable antiquity, are their security from leakage, and their economy in point of cost.-S. C.] 2. Model of a cast-iron bridge over the river Aire at Leeds. This bridge is represented in the following engraving. The objects aimed at in this design have been to combine with apparent lightness, real strength, and by taking advantage of the facilities afforded by the metal, to give, additional expense, a pleasing, ornamental, and purely as in the case of the Calder aqueduct, almost without architectural character to a useful engineering work. The following are the principal dimensions and particulars: First pile for foundations driven May 1, 1841. Iron-work executed by Messrs. Booth & Co., Park Iron Works, Sheffield. Masonry executed by Mr. James Bray, contractor, Moor Park, Harrogate. Both the above models were made by Mr. Stephen Salter, Elvan Cottage, Hammersmith, London; carved by hand from crayon paper made into cardboard, and show (as nearly as can be done on so small a scale) the details of the iron-work, &c. (Main Avenue West.) 109 WILLIAMS, CADOGAN, Bridgend, Glamorganshire, Wales-Inventor. Models of machines for pressing, tearing, and clearing the surface of land; for grubbing; for breaking stones for roads; for working the surface of land and mixing manure with it; and for preparing land for planting sugarcanes in it. Specimen of artificial stone for lining water-tanks and pools. Model of a filter. Models of pumps on a new principle. Model of a new plan for raising weights, and propelling vessels, so that emigrants might assist to expedite their voyage. Model of a plan for taking carriages over the Avon, and of a plan for making a footpath under the iron bar across the Bristol river, at Clifton, without interrupting its navigation. Hints for fire-escapes, and removing soot from chimneys by an artificial current of air; for economising heat, and for boiling water by means of a current of air. 110 CROGGON & Co., 2 Dougate Hill, City-Inventors. Patent asphalte roofing felt, particularly applicable for warm climates. It is a non-conductor. It is portable, being packed in rolls, and not liable to damage in carriage. It effects a saving of half the timber usually required. It can be easily applied by any unpractised person. From its lightness, weighing only about 42 lbs. to the square of 100 feet, the cost of carriage is small. The felt can be laid on from gable to gable, or across the roof from eaves to eaves. It is essential that it should be stretched tight and smooth-overlapping full one inch at the joinings, and closely nailed through the overlap, with twopenny fine clout nails (heated in a shovel, and thrown when hot, into grease, to prevent rust), about 1 inches apart, but copper nails are preferable. The whole roof must have a good coating of coal tar and lime (about two gallons of the former to six pounds of the latter), well boiled together, kept constantly stirring while boiling, and put on hot with a common tar mop, and while it is soft some coarse sharp sand may be sifted over it. The coating must be renewed every fourth or fifth year, or more or less frequently, according to the climate. The gutters NORTH GALLERY, AND WITH CLASSES 5 & 6. 115 PRATT, HENRY, St. Swithin Street, Worcester- Inventor. Design of a mill and new power machine for various purposes. Wooden model of the building, with drawings and explanations. 116 MCCLELLAND, D., 3 Palace New Road, Lambeth— Producer. Model of roof of 100 feet span. Scale inch to a foot. 117 BARCLAY, JOHN, Tongue, by Goldspie, ScotlandDesigner and Inventor. A portable pressing machine, designed for copying letters and for other purposes. Model of a wooden float bridge and appendages; applicable to narrow straits or rivers in calm situations. Mechanical time and tide tables, for ascertaining the number of days from any period in one year, to any other period in the same or following year; the day of the week or month; the state of the tide at any given port; the moon's age, &c. 118 TUTTON, JOHN, 20 South Audley Street, Grosvenor Spare-Inventor and Patentee. Models of patent improvements in the construction and arrangement of the window spaces of dwellinghouses. A window fitted up to combine a water-closet, a washhand-stand, and a dressing glass, representing, when shut, a neat piece of cabinet furniture. A window fitted up as a knee-hole writing-table, with drawers, &c., for papers, which may be rendered fireproof. The exterior has a sunk flower-box, with glass shade, applicable to different forms of windows. 130 BROWN, ROGER, Shet eld, Yorkshire-Designer and Manufacturer. Model of magnetic lightning conductor (scale half size), with weather vane. Mounted upon a sectional model of a church spire, showing an improved mode of securing perfect and continuous insulation of the electric rod, without which a building is endangered. The conductor at the apex of the spire has twenty-five quadrangular magnetic points, diverging at various angles, by which the sphere of their attractive influence is greatly multiplied; all lateral discharge is prevented, and the conductor prevents any accumulation over a vastly extended circuit, within which it exercises absolute control. Five-pointed diverging magnetic conductor (full scale detached). Mounted upon an electric rod; intended for mansions, engines, chimneys, and general application. 131 BAYLISS, T., 273 Strand-Inventor. Specimens of fire escapes. 132 HOLLAND, THOMAS, 40 South Aulley StreetInventor. Improved brass cock for kitchen boilers &c., giving out hot and cold water, and filling itself. Shop front with improved shutters, adapted for sunblind, sign-board, and other purposes. Three-wheeled almanack. 133 ENGLISH'S PATENT CAMPHINE COMPANY, HullProducer. Model of an apparatus for generating heat from bituminous substances, and for the prevention of smoke; applicable to furnaces, boilers, &c. and for enabling railway locomotives to be driven by the use of small coal as well as they are by coke. 134 BOOTH, GEORGE ROBINS, 9 Portland Place, Wandsworth Road-Inventor and Manufacturer. Vegetable gas apparatus, for lighting private buildings, public halls, &c. The novelty consists in the mode in which the apparatus is made and in the substances used for the production of the gas, in order to ensure greater cheapness and purity. It is stated that an apparatus for affording 50 lights for 24 hours would not require more fuel than a single spadeful of coke or cinders per hour. The gas may be used without injury to furniture, silks, books, pictures, or gilded ornaments. |