A is a voltaic battery; B, a trough filled with mercury; C, a wire connecting the zinc plate in the battery with the trough of mercury; D, the return wire connected with the copper plate of the battery; E, a key to be pressed down by the finger of the operator, like the key of a pianoforte; F, is a pendant wire which dips into the mercury when the key is depressed, and completes the circuit formed by the wires C and D, extending from one terminus of the telegraph to the other. G is the distant dial upon which the whole letters of the alphabet and stops are marked. These are not seen when the magnetic needles-poised horizontally in free space behind the dial-are in their natural position of North and South, with screens or veils marked V, attached to each of their North poles, and concealing the letters, but when the circuit is completed by the depression of the key E, the corresponding magnetic needle is deflected to the West, and exposes, as at K, the letter previously concealed. Thirty copper wires and a return wire extend from the keys to the magnetic needle3. A metallic rod may be advantageously substituted for the trough of mercury below the keys. 427 REID, WM., 25 University Street, Bedford SquareInventor, Patentee, and Manufacturer. Pair of electric-telegraph instruments, adapted for hotels, &c.; the same adapted for public companies, &c.; domestic telegraph, adapted for dressing-rooms, &c. See the following cuts: KINGDOM.] AND SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS. NORTH, NORTH CENTRAL, AND SOUTH CENTRAL GALLERIES. Electric-telegraph instrument, for the purpose of conveying general intelligence over the country. Specimens of insulated wire, for submarine electric telegraphs; specimens taken from the English Channel, used in the electric telegraph between Dover and Cape Grinez, near Calais. 428 HENLEY, WILLIAM THOMAS, 46 St. John's Street Road, Clerkenwell-Inventor and Manufacturer. Large permanent horse-shoe magnet, weighing 64 cwt. Patent electrie telegraphs, worked by the magnetoelectric current. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Henley's Patent Electric Telegraph. Fig. 3. Henleys Magneto-Electric Machine. Magneto-electric machine, illustrating the application of the electric current derived from magnets, to the purposes of electro-chemical decomposition, electro-metallurgy, &c. The telegraphs have been tested in the worst insulated line in the country, during the most unfavourable weather, and found to work any distance that it was possible to try them, without any diminution of their power. Working without the aid of a voltaic battery, they are always ready for use, without any preparation or expense. Fig. 1 represents the telegraph with its cover, as in use; fig. 2, the same with its cover removed, each consists of two parts, one for producing electricity, the other for receiving it, The The current obtained from the apparatus represented in fig. 3 is very powerful, and capable of producing electrochemical decomposition, and all the effects obtained from a powerful voltaic battery. The horse-shoe magnet A, with the evolving armature B, formed of hoop-iron, is placed on the mahogany case C, and the whole fixed on the iron framework, on which is suspended the large wheel and treadle, for giving motion to the armature by the pulley D; the magnet has soft caps, and is arranged the same as the telegraph, so that the poles of the magnet are always connected with some part of the iron of the armature, and by that means it always retains its power. The two springs EE rub on the breakpiece F, which is so arranged that the current flows in one direction; the knob G moves a slide to divert the current to the mercury cup H for showing the spark; the cam I moves the point on the spring in and out; the other knob is to make a shock with the two terminals L L. Electro-magnet capable of sustaining, when excited, 4 tons; the sphere of attraction extends much further by being made of iron hooping. Large steel permanent magnet, weighing 64 cwts., capable of sustaining about 1 ton. [The received theory of magnetism is, that the attracting power of the bar of steel, which we call a magnet, is due to the circulation of electric currents around the bar. It was discovered by Faraday, that when a metallic mass is NORTH, NORTH CENTRAL, AND SOUTH CENTRAL GALLERIES. moved in proximity to the poles, a current is induced in it: upon this principle magneto-electric machines are constructed. The soft iron armature, or keeper of the permanent magnet, is fixed on an axle, which is made to revolve by some mechanical contrivance, so that a continued and rapid reversal of its poles takes place. By this alone a magneto-electric disturbance is effected; but for the purpose of accumulating the force, coils of copper-wire are fixed on the armature, and every time they approach or leave the poles of the magnet in the course of rotation, an induced current passes through the wire, and the reversal being extremely rapid, though the current is only instantaneous, the result is what may be regarded as an uninterrupted stream of electricity. The magneto-electric machine was first employed for telegraphic purposes, by Professor Wheatstone. The battery is however usually preferred in this country.— R. H.] 429 BRETT, JACOB, & JOHN, 2 Hanover SquarePatentees and Proprietors. 1. An electric printing telegraph, which, by the aid of a single wire only, prints in Roman (or other) letters, with the certainty of action, and under the control of the distant correspondent; it is worked either by galvanic or magnetic electricity, and controlled by hydraulic or atmospheric regulators, combining also a signal bell. Size, 12 inches by 7 inches, height 12 inches. 2. Similar telegraph with additions for registering in duplicate, indicating by dials or signal bells; by the same simple means and certainty of action. Size, 12 inches by 8 inches, height 12 inches. 3. The communicator, or corresponding apparatus, by means of which any one may at first sight print communications at a distant station; the opening and shutting at the commencement and close of a correspondence by its action, taking, or giving the electric current, from or to the main line. Size, 4 inches by 4 inches, 2 inches deep. 4. A similar one, with pianoforte arrangement; the touching of the keys with the finger acting on the main wire, and printing the required or corresponding letter at the distant station. 5. Communicator, adapted as a pocket apparatus for guards of railway trains, for communicating with distant stations on the instant of an accident. Size, 3 inches by 3 inches, 2 inches deep. 6. A circuit regulator for the absolute control of any number of stations from one given point, by the aid of an independent wire. Size, 3 inches by 34 inches. 7. A portion of the experimental wire passed along the bottom of the channel in August last, when messages were printed by this telegraph from England to France, preparatory to the great undertaking now in progress, which, by the aid of eight permanently-protected wires, will, it is expected, in June next, place Great Britain in constant and instantaneous communication with all the great capitals of Europe. 8. Specimens of an iron protecting cable for enclosing the covered submarine wires, where great strength is required. (Invented by Thos. W. B. Brett.) 9. Electric bells for division signals in the new Houses of Parliament, by which any number may be brought under instantaneous control. 10. Specimens of the printing executed at 200 miles distance. 11. The grants of Louis Philippe and Louis Napoleon to the Messrs. Brett, for the exclusive privilege of establishing electric communication between France and England. This printing telegraph effects all the purposes of telegraphic communication by a single wire only; printing in Roman, or other letters, recording in duplicate with the rapidity of a compositor, indicating by dials, or signalising by bells. The telegraphs in general use formerly required 8 or 5 wires for vibrating the single or double needles only, and an independent wire in all cases for a single bell. It requires but a single wire, and no attendants for watching, copying, or transcribing. If adapted, at a General Office in London, for the reception of correspondence from all parts of Europe, during the night when the offices are closed, and no attendant present, the whole of the communications of the night from the different capitals of Europe, will, on the arrival of the attendants in the morning, be found accurately printed; and during the day, a signal-bell will announce when, and from where, a communication had been made, requiring attention only to reply to it. For sending a communication, it is required only to move the hand or strike the key of either of the communicators, Nos. 3, 4, 5, by which a current of electricity is sent through the wire to the distant station, bringing into action the given or required letter on the periphery of a wheel, which instantly impresses itself on part of an endless scroll of paper, rolling printed from an aperture in the instrument, as the shocks or currents of electricity are conveyed by the action on the corresponding letters of the distant communicator. The telegraph is comparatively self-supplying as the colouring or printing material requires renewal only once a month, according to regulation. [The insulation of the wires for submarine electric communication is effected by covering them with gutta percha. They are covered in the following manner: a mass of gutta percha in a soft state is contained within a cylinder, and being acted upon by a piston, is driven out through a small die, in the centre of which is the wire. The latter being slowly drawn forward, becomes surrounded with an uniform covering of gutta percha, the thickness of which varies with the diameter of the die-hole through which it is compressed. The coated wire is then drawn through a trough of cold water and wound on a drum. Its insulation is afterwards tested by passing an electric current through it while under water, and observing the deflection, or rather the absence of the deflection, of a magnetic needle.-R. E.] 430 WALKER, C. V., Tonbridge-Inventor. Insulation of telegraph wires, exhibited as in situ on a pole-head, and detached on the table. The earthenware cone by which the telegraph wire is suspended is so shaped that the point of contact with the wire is small, is sheltered, and is far from the pole. The shackle frame used for insulating the wire at winding-posts is glazed iron; and its earthen cylinders are so constructed as to give a great length of insulating material. Insulation of telegraph wires in tunnels, exhibited as in actual use. The wire is covered with gutta percha by Mr. T. Foster's patent process, and is placed in grooved boards, prepared with varnish, and fixed against the tunnel walls. [Mr. Forster's process of covering telegraphic wires is as follows:-The gum, after being cleared, is macerated by steam machinery in a heated iron vessel. It is thence transferred, lump by lump, to a pair of heated grooved rollers, between which it is passed and pressed into solid cylinders three or four feet in length. It is now ready for the covering machine to which it is carried, and where it is used while warm and soft. This machine consists of two pair of hollow polished iron flapping rollers, heated, as occasion requires, by steam, and of a pair of small grooved cutting rollers. The cutting rollers vary both in the number and the size of the grooves, according to the character of covering required. The wire employed in the tunnels on the South-Eastern Railway, and which are under the superintendence of Mr. Walker, is No. 16 copper, and is covered by six grooved rollers, six wires being covered at one operation. NORTH, NORTH CENTRAL, AND SOUTH CENTRAL GALLERIES. The diameter of the wire, with its covering, being onefourth of an inch. The two pairs of flatting rollers are placed one over the other, with a small interval between them. The six wires traverse the interval between the two pairs of flatting rollers, and pass between the six grooved cutting rollers with one of the sheets of gutta percha above them and another below, and appear on the other side as a perfect band of six covered wires. They are pulled apart when single wires are required, or left undisturbed when required in a band.-J. G.] Moveable studs, fitted to Cooke and Wheatstone's electric telegraph, to counteract deflections of the needle arising from meteorological phenomena. When the needles are deflected by extraneous causes, so as to touch the ivory studs, or stops, the latter are to be moved in the direction of the deflection, until they are again made equidistant. Compound needle, consisting of several small needles secured on an ivory disc. Bell transferrer, an ebony cylinder so inlaid with brass and combined with springs as to transfer the telegraph bell to the up or the down side of an intermediate station, according as that station is talking down or up the line. of the needle at station B, when B and C are in communication, it is required to transfer it to the C side, when A and B are in communication; so that while B talks to A, with the rest of the line cut off, he can hear if C rings; or while he talks to C, he can hear if A rings. This effect is produced, by selecting some convenient place inside the instrument for dividing the wires, and placing springs at these spots. These springs, six in number, press, three above and three below, on brass laid in the ebony cylinder, visible on the left side of the instrument. When the word UP, on the stud in front of the instrument is vertical, the springs are connected in pairs, as 1, 2; 3, 4; 5, 6. When the word UP is horizontal, the springs are connected in pairs, as 1, 4; 5, 3; 2, 6, thus transferring the bell to the other side of the needle. The same operation that transfers the bell to the C side of B, cuts off the C half of the line, by the other springs not concerned in this description. Branch double turn-plate, being a box-wood cylinder, so inlaid with brass and combined with springs as to enable a junction station to put a branch line of telegraph in communication with either direction of the main line; and completing a perfect circuit for the other portion of the main line. Lightning conductors, for telegraph wires, shown in situ as fitted in telegraph offices, and shown on the table in parts. Graphite battery; a common sand battery, charged with diluted acid, but having the negative plate constructed of slices of corrosion from gas retorts, instead of copper. Such batteries last longer than the others, there being no salt of copper present to produce action on the zinc. Up and down ringing key, a contrivance for sending the electric force from an intermediate station to ring bells in the required direction only; the apparatus when at rest constituting part of a complete circuit. 432 THE BRITISH ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH COMPANY. SAWARD, GEORGE, Secretary. Highton's patent electric telegraphs and apparatus. Printing telegraph, adapted to one or two wires; another by which any one of 26 symbolical characters is printed by a single touch of a key. Morse's arrangement of telegraph, worked by secondary power. Telegraph for showing the letters of the alphabet instantly, by the touch of a single key; with a revolving pointer and a revolving disc. Series of indicating and pointing telegraphs, worked by coils acting on soft iron. various descriptions of coils, and steel magnets; and by Series of telegraphic alarums, worked by electro-magnetism, excited in the metal nickel; also by coils and magnets, and by coils and soft iron. Lightning extractors, for extracting from the wires of a telegraph, charges of atmospheric electricity. Arrangements for telegraph posts, by means of which a great saving may be effected in the construction of electric telegraphs. Specimens of wires for a submarine telegraph, protected by means of a covering of wire cable. [Electric telegraphs admit of a great variety of mechanical arrangements, by which the modes of signalling are modified. In all, the electric current does the work; in some, by deflecting the magnetic needle directly, and in others, by inducing magnetism in soft iron, the force of which acts upon some clock-like arrangement, and thus, by a mechanical contrivance, gives the required signal. Most printing telegraphs are of the latter character. In some, when connexion is made and broken with the battery, electro-chemical decomposition is effected at the opposite end of a line; in others, letters actually inked by mechanical means are made by the induced magnet to print, by being pressed on paper. In this series these several varieties are shown. The specimens of wire for a submarine telegraph are designed to overcome the action of breakers, which proved fatal to the telegraph across the Channel, than which nothing otherwise could be more successful; if the wires can be buried deep enough in the sands to place them below the breaker action, there would be no difficulty in communicating readily with the Continent. -R. H.] 433 BAKEWELL, FRED. COLLIER, 6 Haverstock Terrace, Hampstead-Inventor and Patentee. Patent copying electric telegraph, for transmitting facsimiles of the handwriting of correspondents, so that their signatures may be identified. Its objects are, authentication of communications, increased means of secresy, rapidity of action, and economy, as it requires only a single wire. The transmitting and the receiving instruments are counterparts of each other. Trains of wheels impelled by weights are employed to impart equal movements to cylinders on each instrument. Screws placed parallel to the cylinders, and rotating with them, serve to carry metal styles, which press lightly on the cylinders, from end to end. The metal styles are insulated by being attached to ivory arms connected with brass nuts that traverse on the screws. One of the poles of the voltaic battery is connected with the cylinder of each instrument; the other pole of the battery is connected with the metal styles, so that the electric current may pass from the styles to the cylinders. The message to be transmitted is written on tin-foil with a pen dipped in sealing-wax varnish, and it is placed on the transmitting cylinder. When the instrument is set in motion, the metal style presses on the writing as the cylinder revolves; by which means the electric circuit is broken every time that the varnish interposes. Upon the cylinder of the receiving instrument, paper, moistened with an acidulated solution of prussiate of potass, is placed, and the metal style employed being a piece of steel wire, the electrochemical decomposition that occurs whenever the electric current passes, produces a line of Prussian blue on the paper. If there were no varnish-writing to interrupt the electric current, the revolution of the cylinder, and the gradual advance of the marking point by the screw, would draw a number of continuous blue lines spirally on the paper, but so close together as to appear parallel. The NORTH, NORTH CENTRAL, AND SOUTH CENTRAL GALLERIES. moved in proximity to the poles, a current is induced in it: upon this principle magneto-electric machines are constructed. The soft iron armature, or keeper of the permanent magnet, is fixed on an axle, which is made to revolve by some mechanical contrivance, so that a continued and rapid reversal of its poles takes place. By this alone a magneto-electric disturbance is effected; but for the purpose of accumulating the force, coils of copper-wire are fixed on the armature, and every time they approach or leave the poles of the magnet in the course of rotation, an induced current passes through the wire, and the reversal being extremely rapid, though the current is only instantaneous, the result is what may be regarded as an uninterrupted stream of electricity. The magneto-electric machine was first employed for telegraphic purposes, by Professor Wheatstone. The battery is however usually preferred in this country.— R. H.] 429 BRETT, JACOB, & JOHN, 2 Hanover Square- 1. An electric printing telegraph, which, by the aid of a single wire only, prints in Roman (or other) letters, with the certainty of action, and under the control of the distant correspondent; it is worked either by galvanic or magnetic electricity, and controlled by hydraulic or atmospheric regulators, combining also a signal bell. Size, 12 inches by 7 inches, height 12 inches. 2. Similar telegraph with additions for registering in duplicate, indicating by dials or signal bells; by the same simple means and certainty of action. Size, '12 inches by 8 inches, height 12 inches. 3. The communicator, or corresponding apparatus, by means of which any one may at first sight print communications at a distant station; the opening and shutting at the commencement and close of a correspondence by its action, taking, or giving the electric current, from or to the main line. Size, 4 inches by 4 inches, 2 inches deep. 4. A similar one, with pianoforte arrangement; the touching of the keys with the finger acting on the main wire, and printing the required or corresponding letter at the distant station. 5. Communicator, adapted as a pocket apparatus for guards of railway trains, for communicating with distant stations on the instant of an accident. Size, 3 inches by 3 inches, 2 inches deep. 6. A circuit regulator for the absolute control of any number of stations from one given point, by the aid of an independent wire. Size, 3 inches by 34 inches. 7. A portion of the experimental wire passed along the bottom of the channel in August last, when messages were printed by this telegraph from England to France, preparatory to the great undertaking now in progress, which, by the aid of eight permanently-protected wires, will, it is expected, in June next, place Great Britain in constant and instantaneous communication with all the great capitals of Europe. 8. Specimens of an iron protecting cable for enclosing the covered submarine wires, where great strength is required. (Invented by Thos. W. B. Brett.) 9. Electric bells for division signals in the new Houses of Parliament, by which any number may be brought under instantaneous control. 10. Specimens of the printing executed at 200 miles distance. 11. The grants of Louis Philippe and Louis Napoleon to the Messrs. Brett, for the exclusive privilege of establishing electric communication between France and England. This printing telegraph effects all the purposes of telegraphic communication by a single wire only; printing in Roman, or other letters, recording in duplicate with the rapidity of a compositor, indicating by dials, or signalising by bells. The telegraphs in general use formerly required 8 or 5 wires for vibrating the single or double needles only, and an independent wire in all cases for a single bell. It requires but a single wire, and no attendants for watching, copying, or transcribing. If adapted, at a General Office in London, for the reception of correspondence from all parts of Europe, during the night when the offices are closed, and no attendant present, the whole of the communications of the night from the different capitals of Europe, will, on the arrival of the attendants in the morning, be found accurately printed; and during the day, a signal-bell will announce when, and from where, a communication had been made, requiring attention only to reply to it. For sending a communication, it is required only to move the hand or strike the key of either of the communicators, Nos. 3, 4, 5, by which a current of electricity is sent through the wire to the distant station, bringing into action the given or required letter on the periphery of a wheel, which instantly impresses itself on part of an endless scroll of paper, rolling printed from an aperture in the instrument, as the shocks or currents of electricity are conveyed by the action on the corresponding letters of the distant communicator. The telegraph is comparatively self-supplying as the colouring or printing material requires renewal only once a month, according to regulation. [The insulation of the wires for submarine electric communication is effected by covering them with gutta percha. They are covered in the following manner: a mass of gutta percha in a soft state is contained within a cylinder, and being acted upon by a piston, is driven out through a small die, in the centre of which is the wire. The latter being slowly drawn forward, becomes surrounded with an uniform covering of gutta percha, the thickness of which varies with the diameter of the die-hole through which it is compressed. The coated wire is then drawn through a trough of cold water and wound on a drum. Its insulation is afterwards tested by passing an electric current through it while under water, and observing the deflection, or rather the absence of the deflection, of a magnetic needle.-R. E.] 430 WALKER, C. V., Tonbridge-Inventor. Insulation of telegraph wires, exhibited as in situ on a pole-head, and detached on the table. The earthenware cone by which the telegraph wire is suspended is so shaped that the point of contact with the wire is small, is sheltered, and is far from the pole. The shackle frame used for insulating the wire at winding-posts is glazed iron; and its earthen cylinders are so constructed as to give a great length of insulating material. Insulation of telegraph wires in tunnels, exhibited as in actual use. The wire is covered with gutta percha by Mr. T. Foster's patent process, and is placed in grooved boards, prepared with varnish, and fixed against the tunnel walls. [Mr. Forster's process of covering telegraphic wires is as follows:-The gum, after being cleared, is macerated by steam machinery in a heated iron vessel. It is thence transferred, lump by lump, to a pair of heated grooved rollers, between which it is passed and pressed into solid cylinders three or four feet in length. It is now ready for the covering machine to which it is carried, and where it is used while warm and soft. This machine consists of two pair of hollow polished iron flapping rollers, heated, as occasion requires, by steam, and of a pair of small grooved cutting rollers. The cutting rollers vary both in the number and the size of the grooves, according to the character of covering required. The wire employed in the tunnels on the South-Eastern Railway, and which are under the superintendence of Mr. Walker, is No. 16 copper, and is covered by six grooved rollers, six wires being covered at one operation. |