never could gain, though supplied with hands to the full extent of their demand. After all efforts had failed, it became neces sary to throw overboard nearly a hundred ton of pig iron; and to bear away for the Azores. A dreadful gale came on, and made it hardly possible to work the pumps. Nothing but the great number of men on board could have saved the ship, which, after nine days of imminent danger, arrived at Fayal, where the leak was found to extend five or six feet, and to have been occasioned by the bad stowing of the ballast, and the sacrifice of safety to quick and cheap workmanship in the building of the bottom.

After a month's stay in the Azores to repair the vessel, during which another narrow escape was made from destruction in an excursion among the islands, the voyage was continued, and proved extremely unpleasant, from the prevalence of calms and the shortness of provisions. At length they arrived in New York, nearly three months after their departure from England; and here, properly speaking, Mr Murray's work begins. We can venture to predict, that its readers will find it abounding in interesting narrative and description, conveying a great deal of information very clearly, and giving, with great modesty, the author's remarks, which are both ingenious and conceived in an enlightened spirit. The bulk of the volumes may tend to deter superficial and lazy readers; but no one who has begun will lay them down without going through them. Our purpose, as may be inferred from the first sentence of this article, is not so much to go at large into all the parts of the work, but rather to direct the attention of our readers to those portions which treat of subjects which have rarely been brought under the notice of people in this country, or which have been discussed in a prejudiced and illiberal spirit. That Mr Murray should be free from the influence of such unworthy feelings, will appear the more meritorious when it is remembered, that a hereditary feud might well be supposed to subsist between the Americans and the grandson of Lord Dunmore, who was governor of Virginia at the beginning of the revolution, and who was the object then of unrelenting hostility on the part of the people, and of their representatives. That our author should speak the language of respect towards republican institutions, while he shows a decided, but not a blind or exaggerated preference of monarchy in this country, was perhaps more to be commended than expected in one holding a high place at court, and writing his book in a royal mansion.

Cuba is, in every respect, the most important of the West Indian islands, the largest in extent, possessing the greatest abundance and variety of fine soils, settled at the earliest period, inhabited by the greatest number of people, and having the finest capital-indeed, the most ancient city of the New World.

The population in 1827 amounted to above 700,000, of whom 311,000 were whites, 106,000 free people of colour, and 287,000 slaves; but the latter have increased considerably since that enumeration was made: and we find from Sir T. Buxton's late work, that in 1828 they amounted to 301,000, being an increase of 14,000 in one year, manifestly by the Slave Trade. It is, therefore, quite impossible that in 1830 their numbers could have been increased to 479,000, as the same author has stated; for this would suppose the traffic to have at once increased in the proportion of 90,000 to 14,000. The statements of Mr Murray, however, if they prove that in one respect there has been an exaggeration, show that in the main the accounts given by the abolitionists of the flagrant evasions of the treaty 1817 by the Spaniards, are perfectly well founded. For whereas they bound themselves to abolish the traffic in 1820, receiving from this rich, liberal, and careless nation near half a million sterling as an indemnity, or as an inducement-and whereas, had they performed their engagement, the price of slaves in Cuba must needs have risen materially-we find that it has fallen 20 or 25 per cent lower than it was when the treaty was ratified; and this, notwithstanding the demand for slaves by the great increase of cultivation. Another fact of importance is mentioned by Mr Murray while treating of this subject. The price is double in the United States; being there 900 or 1000 dollars, and in Cuba only 450 to 500. Hence the great temptation to introduce slaves clandestinely; and the neighbourhood of Texas affords great facilities for this detestable traffic;-so that if the importation into Cuba is carried on with ease, by the criminal connivance of the Spanish authorities, from Cuba the slaves can be carried to Texas, (supposing the government of Louisiana effectually to prevent their importation by the Mississippi,) and from Texas they can be easily carried into the Southern States. The number of the whites in Cuba-that of the free coloured people, who always take part against the slaves in case of rebellion-the rigour of the government-the large force maintained, amounting to 25,000 regular troops and 40,000 militia-all render the chances of insurrection very inconsiderable, and will encourage the perseverance in the traffic, without any prospect of the condign punishment being inflicted, for which Dr Johnson expressed his strong desire in his well known toast.*

The Havanna, founded in 1515, resembles one of the old

It was at the great seat of passive obedience and non-resistancethe University of Oxford-that this sturdy Tory gave among the doctors -A speedy and successful rebellion of the Negroes in Jamaica.'

cities of the old world, and has the same luxurious habits and the same aristocratic society. Its population (which Mr Murray omits to give) is 120,000. But our author's tours through some parts of the country, appear to have interested him more than the gayeties of the capital. The delightful climate rendered these excursions the more agreeable; for both the air and the flowers were then of summer, though the season was January. The scenery appears to be beautiful and various; the inhabitants were exceedingly hospitable every where, and in so far presented a marked contrast to their countrymen in Europe. But the state of living seems to be more plentiful than elegant, and the number of servants to resemble rather the Oriental than the Western establishments; a hundred or a hundred and twenty being no uncommon household. But in one respect the eastern likeness fails; for Mr Murray complains of the service of the table being worse than it is in England with three or four servants. The account which he gives of the manners, occupations, and, generally, of the society in these country houses, is exceedingly favourable; and there is an easy and hearty good-nature prevailing among their inmates, which is probably unmingled with the characteristic. pride of the Spanish character. The landowner in Cuba partakes of the pursuits of commerce as well as those of agriculture. Doubtless a longer residence among them, could not have failed also to disclose the darker lines impressed upon the character by the slavery on which the fabric of society is founded. Nothing short of a miracle could prevent this. We have only to recollect the dreadful fact stated by Mr Gurney, in his late interesting and important work, to be convinced of it. The great bulk of the slave importations consists of men, as the stronger and more. useful labourers; and on many estates hardly a single female is to be found, (A Winter in the West Indies, p. 209,)*-the diabo-, lical policy being to rely on importation rather than breeding for keeping up the stock, and thus to work out' the unhappy wretches. as a more profitable speculation. Whatever outside may be worn by a people thus circumstanced, we may be well assured that 'all is,' if not 'false and hollow,' at least not right or sound within.

The growth of the general prosperity of this great island is as undeniable, as the cause of it is melancholy to contemplate. The whole exports of the United States to the Spanish West Indies in 1814, amounted to three millions of dollars. In 1833, the exports to Cuba alone amounted to fifteen millions of dollars-a

* Mr Gurney was only three days in Cuba during his tour; but he saw the traffic carried on openly in the face of day, and in the teeth of treaties and laws.

vast trade, and an increase in less than twenty years much more than five-fold, perhaps six or seven-fold. Do we from hence draw any argument to discourage the efforts of those who would put down the slave trade, the great source of this rapid increase? Quite the reverse. We place the fact before their eyes, in order that they may be aware of the resistance which they have to encounter, and that they may apportion their exertions to the antagonist force which they must overcome.

Mr Murray's sojourn among the Indians for a summer, was another interesting peculiarity of his travels, to which we referred in the beginning of this article. While he was at Fort Leavenworth, the most western settlement of the United States, and situated beyond their territory upon a kind of neutral ground, a party of Pawnees arrived to join in celebrating the great American anniversary of the Fourth of July. He resolved to return with them to their own country; and having received, from the American agent with the Indians, general instructions for guiding him, he set out with four of the Chiefs, whose translated names are Wicked-Chief, Mouth-Chief, Man-Chief, and Man that runs. As the narrative of this excursion occupies nearly half of his first volume and a portion of the second, we can do little more than refer to it for a curious account of these savages, and a very entertaining detail of our author's adventures. His safety, and, as far as the nature of the association between savages and civilized men would permit, his comfort, during this expedition, were mainly derived, it should seem, from the care with which he followed Mr Dogherty's very judicious rules-'never to 'joke at any of their religious or "medicine" ceremonies, however absurd; never to play or become too familiar with them to 'conciliate them as much as possible by presents, but not allow them to rob him; and, above all, if they tried to impose upon him, or to bully him out of any point where he was sure he was in the right, to resist firmly, and give them the idea that he ⚫ would maintain his object without regard to his life.'-(I. 257.) The following character of the Pawnees, is the only extract which we shall make from this part of Mr Murray's work :—

Every hour that I spent with the Indians impressed upon me the conviction, that I had taken the only method of becoming acquainted with their domestic habits, and their undisguised character. Had I judged from what I had been able to observe at Fort Leavenworth, or other frontier places where I met them, I should have known about as much of them as the generality of scribblers and their readers, and might, like them, have deceived myself and others into a belief in their 'high sense of honour,' their hospitality, their openness and love of truth, and many other qualities, which they possess, if at all, in a very moderate degree; and yet it is no wonder if such impressions have gone abroad,

VOL. LXXIII. NO. CXLVII.

F

because the Indian among whites, or at a garrison, trading-post, or town, is as different a man from the same Indian at home as a Turkish 'mollah' is from a French barber. Among whites, he is all dignity and repose he is acting a part the whole time, and acts it most admirably. He manifests no surprise at the most wonderful effects of machinery, is not startled if a twenty-four pounder is fired close to him, and does not evince the slightest curiosity regarding the thousand things that are strange and new to him; whereas at home, the same Indian chatters, jokes, and laughs among his companions, frequently indulges in the most licentious conversation, and his curiosity is as unbounded and irresistible as that of any man, woman, or monkey, on earth.

'Truth and honesty (making the usual exceptions to be found in all countries) are unknown, or despised by them. A boy is taught and encouraged to steal and lie; and the only blame or disgrace ever incurred thereby, is when the offence is accompanied by detection. I never met with liars so determined, universal, or audacious. The chiefs themselves have told me repeatedly the most deliberate and gross untruths, to serve a trifling purpose, with the gravity of a chief justice: and I doubt whether Baron Munchausen himself would be more than a match for the great chief of the Pawnees. Let them not dispute the palm-each is greatest in his peculiar line-one in inventive exaggeration, the other in plain unadorned falsehood, But from all these charges I most completely exonerate my old chief, Sâ-ní-tsă-rish. Nature had made him a gentleman, and he remained so in spite of the corrupting examples around him.'

The candid spirit in which Mr Murray treats of every thing relating to the United States, was the third peculiarity of his work to which we adverted in the outset. To give samples of this would be difficult; for it rather appears in the general tone of his remarks than in any particular passages. We shall therefore content ourselves with extracting his account of one of the most remarkable men of the times that immediately succeeded the Revolution, Judge Marshall-one who has been distinguished among the most eminent judicial characters of our own day; and with recommending to the attention of all readers, and to the imita tion of those who think lightly of a government devoted in every part to the interests of the people, Mr Murray's admirable reflections upon the importance of the labouring classes, with which we shall close this article:

Judge Marshall, who is Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and, in fact, Lord Chancellor of the United States, is one of the most remarkable and distinguished men that has adorned the legislature of either shore of the Atlantic. He began life as a soldier, and during the American war served in the militia, where he rose to the rank of general, after which he came to the bar, and passed through all its gradations to his present high situation, which is, in my opinion, the proudest that an American can enjoy, not excepting that of President, inasmuch as it is less subject arbitrio popularis auræ, and as the court over which he presides can affirm and decide what is and what is not the constitution