appendice renfermant le texte du traité général de paix et des protocoles du congrès de Paris et autres documents diplomatiques originaux, et avec une carte géographique indiquant la nouvelle délimitation des frontières entre la Russie et la Turquie. Paris, Amyot, 1856. (19), 562 pp. Map. 25 cm.

267. GOURDON, ÉDOUARD. Histoire du congrès de Paris. Avec une introduction par M. J[oseph] Cohen. Paris, Librairie nouvelle, 1857561, (2) pp. 23 cm.

†268. LES TRAITÉS de 1815. Texte des traités et conventions diplomatiques de 1814, 1815, et 1818 entre la France et les puissances alliées. Paris, Bourdillat, 1859. 8vo.

269. CUSSY, FERDINAND DE, BARON (1795-1866). Précis historique des événements politiques les plus remarquables qui se sont passés depuis 1814 à 1859; ou exposé 1o des changements principaux qui se sont produits pendant cette époque dans la situation respective des états souverains; 2° des changements principaux qu'ont subi les rélations internationales des états; 3° des modifications apportées aux principes du droit des gens par les traités publics conclus pendant cette époque. Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus, 1859. viii, 462 pp. 221⁄2 cm. †270. GARDEN, GUILLAUME LAURENT, COMTE DE (1796-1872). Répertoire diplomatique; annales du droit des gens et de la politique extérieure. Paris, Claye, 1860-62. 2 vols. 8vo.

271. CHODŹKO, LÉONARD BOREYKO (1800–71) (pseud., COMTE D'ANGEBERG). Le congrès de Vienne et les traités de 1815. Precédé et suivi des actes diplomatiques qui s'y rattachent. Avec une introduction historique par [Baptiste Honoré Raymond] Capefigue. Paris, Amyot, [1863]. 2 vols. ccxviii, 1964 pp., paged continuously. 25 cm. (Bibliothèque des archives diplomatiques sous la direction du Comte d'Angeberg.) Contents: Vol. i, Introduction historique: Première partie: Négociations de 1813; Deuxième partie: Négociations de 1814, jusqu'à l'ouverture du Congrès de Vienne; Troisième partie: Le Congrès de Vienne [to February, 1815].

Vol. ii, Quatrième partie: Congrès de Vienne jusqu'à l'acte final du 9 juin 1815; Cinquième partie: Négociations de 1815, jusqu'au traité de Paris du 20 novembre; Sixième partie: Traités, conventions, et actes diplomatiques faisant suite au Congrès de Vienne et aux traités de 1815; Septième partie: Modifications et changements survenus aux actes du Congrès de Vienne et aux traités de 1815. Indexes: Table chronologique, i, p. cxxxix; table alphabétique, i, p. clxxx. †272. PROTOKOLLER over Londoner conferencens moder frå den 20 de April til den 25de Juni 1864. Kjøbenhavn, Muhle, 1864. 8vo. †273. RAMÉE, DANIEL. Le congrès de Vienne, 1814 et 1815. Histoire de l'origine, de l'action, et de l'anéantissement des traités de 1815. Paris, Reinwald, 1866. 8vo.

274. CORRESPONDENCE respecting the proposed assembly of a conference at Paris [with the view of endeavouring through its interposition to prevent the breaking out of war in Europe]. Presented to both

Houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty. 1866. London, Harrison and sons, 1866. iv, 25 pp. 33 cm. (Parl. Pap., 1866, lxxvi, p. 341. 3684.)

May 1-June 8, 1866. Correspondence of the same character is printed in France, Ministère des affaires étrangères, Documents diplomatiques, 1866.

1275. LORENTZ, FRIEDRICH (1803-61). Neueste Geschichte von den Wiener Verträgen bis zum Frieden von Paris, 1815-1856. Herausgegeben von Theodor Bernhardt. Berlin, Guttentag, 1867. 8vo.

276. PIERANTONI, AUGUSTO (1840-1911). Storia del diritto internazionale nel secolo XIX. Napoli, Giuseppe Margheri, 1876. 665 pp.

20 cm.

277. CHODŹKO, LÉONARD BOREYKO (1800-71). Le traité de Paris du 30 mars 1856. Les conférences de Londres de 1871. Le traité modificatif du 13 mars 1871. Traités, correspondances diplomatiques, protocoles et documents. Deuxième édition. Paris, Amyot, 1877. (Bibliothèque diplomatique.)

278. SÁNCHEZ BUSTILLO, CAYETANO. La cuestion de Oriente según los documentos diplomáticos. Madrid, Establecimiento tipográfico, 1877. 82 pp. 19 cm.

†279. FRANCE. Ministère des affaires étrangères. Documents diplomatiques. Affaires d'Orient. 1875-1876-1877. Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1877. 377, 153 pp. 32 cm.

The Appendice is: Documents diplomatiques. Conférence de Constantinople. Réunions préliminaires. [Comptes rendus nos. 1-9, 11-22 décembre 1876.] Conférences plénières. rer-ixe protocoles, 23 décembre 1876-20 janvier 1877.

†280a. DER FRIEDE von Berlin und die Protokolle des Berliner Congresses. Authentischer Text. Besonders abgedruckt aus dem Staatsarchiv. Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot, 1878. 8vo.

†280b. ACTENSTÜCKE in orientalischen Angelegenheiten. Präliminarfriede von San Stefano. Congress-Protokolle und Vertrag von Berlin. Wien, Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1878. 165 pp. Fold. map. 29 cm.

†280c. FRANCE. Ministère des affaires étrangères. Documents diplomatiques. Affaires d'Orient. Congrès de Berlin. 1878. Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1878. 316 pp. Maps. 32 cm.

280d. FRANCE. Ministère des affaires étrangères. Commission technique européenne formée au vertu d'un accord intervenu entre les puissances signataires du traité de Berlin, 1879. Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1880. 112 pp. Plates. 32 cm.

1.-7. procès-verbal, 27 octobre-1 novembre 1879.

280e. TURKEY. No. 39 (1878). Correspondence relating to the Congress of Berlin, with the protocols of the Congress. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty, 1878. London, Harrison and sons, 1878. (2), 282 pp. 33 cm. (Parl. Pap., 1878, lxxxiii, p. 391. C. 2083).

280f. . . . TRATTATO di Berlino del 13 luglio 1878 . . . [Roma, 1878.] Cover title. 172 pp. (At head of title: Atti parlamentari. Sessione del 1878-xiii. legislatura. Camera dei deputati n. xxii. Documenti.) 280g. LES PROTOCOLES du congrès de Berlin avec le traité préliminaire de San Stefano du 19 février (3 mars) 1878 et le traité de Berlin du 13 juillet 1878. St. Petersburg, 1878.

The conference lasted from June 13 to July 13, 1878.

The protocols are reprinted in Archives diplomatiques, 2a série, 1882–83, vi, pp. 1-322, and Staatsarchiv, xxxiv, nos. 6753-6773.

Bibliography: The general question of the Near East is fully dealt with in the 2142 items of BENGESCU, GEORGES (1848- ). Essai d'une notice bibliographique sur la question d'Orient. Orient européen, 1821-1897. Bruxelles, P. Lacomblez; Paris, H. Le Soudier, 1897. xiii, 327 pp. 25 cm.

Secondary Works: Among the secondary works dealing with the treaty of Berlin may be mentioned:

BERNER, ALBERT FRIEDRICH (1818-1907). Die Orientfrage. Beantwortet durch die Verträge von 1856 und 1878. Mit den wichtigsten amtlichen Urkunden. Zum Handgebrauch. Berlin, Puttkammer & Mühlbrecht, 1878. iii, [5]–124 pp.

24 cm.

BRUNSWIK, BENOÎT (1830- ). Le traité de Berlin, annoté et commenté. Paris, E. Plon et cie, 1878. xxiii, 323 pp. 23 cm.

On cover: Ouvrage renfermant le texte des traités et conventions diplomatiques relatifs à la question d'Orient depuis le 13 juillet 1841.

ÉTUDES diplomatiques sur la question d'Orient. Tome premier. Paris, E. Dentu [etc.], 1878. iii, 294 pp. 25 cm.

MULAS, EFISIO. Il congresso di Berlino e il diritto delle genti. Studi. Milano, Natale Battezzati, 1878. 198 pp. 19 cm.

COMMERCIAL. No. 33 (1883). Correspondence relating to article xxviii of the treaty of Berlin. (Balkan railways.) (With two maps.) Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty, 1883. London, Harrison and sons, 1883. 44 pp. 33 cm. (Parl. Pap., 1883, lxxxii, p. 5. c. 3782.)

BONGHI, RUGGIERO. La crisi d'Oriente e il congresso di Berlino; seguito dal testo completo dei protocolli della conferenza di Berlino, dei trattati di San Stefano e di Berlino, e di altri documenti. 2a ed. Milano, Fratelli Treves, 1885. xxvii, 518 pp. Maps. 19 cm.

HOLLAND, THOMAS ERSKINE (1835- ). The European concert in the eastern question. A collection of treaties and other public acts edited with introduction and notes. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1885. xii, 366 pp. 23 cm.

AVRIL, L. M. ADOLPH, BARON D' (1822). Négociations relatives au traité de Berlin et aux arrangements qui ont suivi, 1875-1886. Avec six croquis topographiques et le texte du traité de 1878. Paris, Ernest Leroux, 1886. viii, 474 pp. 25 cm. (At head of title: Bibliothèque de la société d'histoire diplomatique.) CHOUBLIER, MAX. La question d'Orient depuis le traité de Berlin. Étude d'histoire diplomatique. Paris, Arthur Rousseau, 1897. 538 pp. 224 cm.

- Seconde édition, revue, et augmentée. Paris, A. Rousseau, 1879. (4), 496 pp. 22 cm.

281. MISCELLANEOUS No. 2 (1878). Return of political treaties concluded between Great Britain and foreign powers: 1839-78. Presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty. London, Harrison and sons, 1878. (2), 4 pp. 33 cm. (Parl. Pap., 1878, lxxx, 759. C. 2106.)

A list showing subject of treaty, contracting powers, date of signature, date of exchange of ratifications, and when laid before Parliament.

282. RETORTILLO Y TORNOS, ALFONSO. Compendio de historia del derecho internacional. precedido de una carta-prólogo del . . .

D. Rafael Conde y Luque. Con licencia de la autoridad eclesiástica. Madrid, Imprenta de Fortanet, 1891. xix, 285 pp. 19 cm.

2a edicion, corregida y muy adicionada. Madrid, Imprenta de Fortanet, 1909. 248 pp. 19 cm.

283. KOUMANOUDI, CONSTANTIN.

Les traités d'alliance au XIX®

siècle; étude de droit international et d'histoire diplomatique. Paris, A. Rousseau, 1901. (4), 212, (4) pp. 25 cm.

Thèse-Univ. de Paris.

284. PHILLIPSON, COLEMAN (1878- ). Termination of war and treaties of peace. New York, E. P. Dutton & company, 1916. xix, 486, (1) pp. 25 cm.

Contents: 1815-1913.

285. OAKES, SIR AUGUSTUS HENRY (1839-1919); MOWAT, ROBERT BALMAIN. The great European treaties of the nineteenth century. With an introduction by Sir H[enry] Erle Richards [1861- ]. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1918. xii, 403 pp. 20 cm.

286. ANDERSON, FRANK MALOY (1871-) and HERSHEY, AMOS SHARTLE (1867– ). Handbook for the diplomatic history of Europe, Asia, and Africa, 1870-1914... Prepared for the National board for historical service with the assistance of 50 contributors. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1918. 482 pp. 25 cm.

Note: Treats 160 subjects, the text supplemented in each instance with a bibliography.

287. HANDBOOKS prepared under the direction of the Historical Section of the Foreign Office. - No. 1 [-no. 162]. London, H. M. Stationery Office, 1920. 162 pamphlets in 25 vols. 21 cm.

Note: "In the spring of 1917, the Foreign Office ... established a special section whose duty it should be to provide the British Delegates to the Peace Conference with information in the most convenient form - geographical, economic, historical, social, religious and political- - respecting the different countries, districts, islands, &c., with which they might have to deal.

"Now that the Conference has nearly completed its task, the Foreign Office, in response to numerous enquiries and requests, has decide to issue the books for public use... - Editorial note, signed by G. W. Prothero.

II. COLLECTIONS BY STATES

Collections relating to a state but with general political significance a French collection dealing with the Congress of Vienna, for instance-are in the first part. Collections containing material on a recognized category of international relations — commerce, navigation, or extradition, for instance are in the third part.

The formalities of treaty-making have affected the preparation of this division. State names are to be found in the alphabetical list in an exact translation of the official name at the time of publication. Mexico, for instance, is the United Mexican States; but for practical convenience names are printed in a form as similar as possible to the usual one, so that Mexican collections will be found under this rubric: Mexican States, United.

Many states have ceased to exist under their original name. In such cases collections will be found under the present name, but earlier names have been listed. Thus, Colombian treaties will be found under: Colombia, Republic of. But the United States of Colombia and New Granada also appear in the alphabetical list with references to the present name.

A book purporting to deal comprehensively with treaty texts must take account of international phenomena not often considered. All short-lived independent states fall within its scope. Then, the expansion of the world and of the political system of Europe impels the inclusion of small units which were technical sovereignties and which have made treaties in their own right. They are numerous out of all proportion to their individual importance, but collectively illustrate the striking operation of centripetal political forces in the world. In 1500 there were 2000 sovereignties in Europe. After the peace of Westphalia there were still more than 360 states of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1789 there were 269 sovereignties in Europe, and in 1815 only 69. There were 21 states in Europe in 1914 and only 62 sovereignties negotiating treaties in the world. During the nineteenth century the continents of Africa, Asia, and North and South America came completely within the bounds of civilization. This extensive contact with peoples organized on a tribal basis resulted in a remarkable increase of treaty-making. Effort has been made to indicate the extent of such negotiations by printing the names of