of iron and textile manufactures, chiefly, amounted to 43,800,000 marks ($10,424,400), and her imports from Brazil, consisting of coffee, hides, tobacco, raw rubber, cocoa, gold, precious stones, and animal and vegetable wax, amounted to 118,600,000 marks ($28,226,800). The trade of 1902, import and export, shows a marked increase over previous years. Peru. The exports from Germany to Peru amounted to 9, 100,000 marks ($2,165,800) and consisted of cotton and woolen goods, army guns and ammunition, iron and steel machines, prepared leather, beer, etc. The imports from Peru are not given. COBURG, GERMANY, August 13, 1903. OLIVER J. D. HUGHES, Consul-General. GERMAN-ASIATIC TRADE. (From United States Consul-General Hughes, Coburg, Germany.) British India.-The imports into Germany from British India, including the coast islands and Baluchistan, in 1902 amounted to 214,500,000 marks ($51,051,000), made up principally of raw materials used in the cotton and other spinning trades; also hides, skins, rice, linseed, etc. The exports to India amounted to 57,400,000 marks ($13,661,200) and consisted of textiles, chemicals, and metal goods. Ceylon. The imports into Germany from Ceylon amounted to 7,400,000 marks ($1,761,200), consisting of copra, graphite, oil cake, cinnamon, cocoa, coffee, and tea; the return exports to Ceylon amounted to 1,040,000 marks ($247,520), made up of assorted goods. China. The imports into Germany from China, consisting of gold, tea, bristles, feathers, hides, etc., amounted in 1902 to 55,100,000 marks ($13,113,800), and Germany's exports thereto, consisting of colors, ironware, textiles, beer, and sugar, amounted to 37,900,000 marks ($9,020,200). Hongkong.-The imports into Germany from Hongkong in 1902 amounted to 4,022,000 marks ($957,236) and the exports from Germany thereto amounted to 421,000 marks' ($100,095) worth of assorted goods. The Kyao-chau.-Kyao-chau is not yet commercially a success. imports into Germany therefrom in 1902 amounted to only 49,000 marks ($11,662) and the exports from Germany thereto-material for the Shantung Railway-amounted to 6,900,000 marks ($1,642,200). Japan. The imports into Germany from Japan amounted to 17,800,000 marks' ($4,236,400) worth of camphor, silk goods, raw copper, fish gut, rice, straw bands, dressed animal skins, peppermint, menthol, plant wax, etc., while Germany exported thereto sugar, wool and woolen goods, chemical and dye products, iron and ironware, cheap cotton goods, small machines, etc., to the amount of 49,800,000 marks ($11,852,400). OLIVER J. D. HUGHES, Consul-General. COBURG, GERMANY, August 13, 1903. FOREIGN DOLL TRADE OF THURINGIA. (From United States Consul-General Hughes, Coburg, Germany.) The doll export from this district to foreign countries has been unsatisfactory during the last fiscal year, and were it not for the business with the United States the distress among this trade would be lamentable. England proper has never done such a poor business in this line of goods; every doll maker or exporter who has visited his English clients this year comes back with the same story, "No orders or business of any kind." No demand seems to exist for this class of goods in any way on the English local market. The cause for this nondemand is hard to tell, but most people place it on the late Boer war. Canada seems to have done somewhat better in the very cheap class of goods, but even this trade might be much improved. tralia and the other British colonies have not ordered anything like the same amount of goods as in previous years. The cause for this falling off is also hard to tell. All these goods are ordered through London houses. Austria-Hungary may be said to practically have stopped buying here. This is no doubt due to two causes-first, the tight financial market and, second, the very high import duties levied by AustriaHungary and also to the manner of interpreting the customs laws, etc., by the revenue officials. France is too busy trying to promote her own doll trade and in endeavoring to get it on the American market to do much to help She keeps them out of France with a heavy duty. here. Italy is now really doing no business with these parts, and the same may be said of Spain and Portugal. With the Swiss Republic a little business is done, owing to the low duty rates, but the volume is not large. The Netherlands and Belgium do a little business in low-grade goods. With Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, owing to their high protective duties, very little can be done. The Argentine Republic has done a small business for years, which seems to remain about stationary; the same may be said for Brazil. The west coast of South America seems to order what few goods it gets from Thuringia either via London or New York. Of Mexican business, very little is heard nowadays, but there is no doubt that American and French dolls and toys have replaced those of Thuringia in Mexico. Cuba's trade has not picked up since the war. What the future has in store, it is hard to predict. Central American trade has never been very large and of late it has fallen off entirely. The trade with Asia, etc., is not done through the local houses, but mostly through London. Russia seems to prefer her own or French dolls and toys to any other nation's products; consequently, very little is shipped from here. During the year ended June 30, 1903, the export of dolls and toys from this district to the United States amounted to $1,840,013 out of a total export of $3,552,609, showing how important this trade with the United States is to the doll and toy makers of Thuringia. COBURG, GERMANY, August 13, 1903. OLIVER J. D. HUGHES, Consul-General. REMSCHEILD TOOL-MACHINERY AND SMALL IRON INDUSTRY. (From United States Consul Langer, Solingen, Germany.) On the whole, the business of the tool-machinery industry and small ironware has been unsatisfactory. In view of the increased demand of the preceding years, expensive new plants were erected which, in competition with existing. plants, not only forced prices down to and below cost, but caused an overproduction, particularly in the manufacture of tools, estimated at about 25 per cent of the normal production. It is claimed that on account of the high price of coal and raw materials, as well as the products of the iron industry, the manufacturer of tools was unable to make the profit he should and at times was obliged to accept material of an inferior quality. In the production of steel and cast steel, factories were kept running, although working hours were reduced. In tool machinery, orders could only be obtained at low prices. The preference for locomobiles and electromotors seems to greatly affect the manufacture of steam machinery. It is mentioned that as the United States had plenty of orders for their home trade, competition from this source was not felt to the extent of former years. The manufacture of steam boilers, saws, files, and machine knives and saws was very light, owing to foreign competition, and caused a reduction of hands employed as well as of working hours. Trowels, chopping and mincing knives, planes, chisels, screws, locks, gas and water meters, and enameled tinware were in fair demand, although prices tended downward. The demand for hinges was very light, owing to American and Swedish competition; the same is true of lock pins and rivets, due to the increased production of these articles in Russia and Austria, on account of tariff protection in these countries. The reason given for a considerable decline in the manufacture of hoes, axes, hammers, hatchets, and axles for freight wagons is the decrease of export orders as well as the influence of certain unions or organizations. Building hardware was in good demand during the spring and summer, so that additional help was employed, but an advance in the price of tin and band iron cut into the expected profits very decidedly. JOSEPH J. LANGER, Consul. SOLINGEN, GERMANY, August 11, 1903. BREWING INDUSTRY OF KULMBACH.* (From United States Commercial Agent Harris, Eibenstock, Germany.) For many centuries the brewing of beer has been the chief occupation of the inhabitants of Kulmbach. Until about 1835 the production of beer in this part of Bavaria was only sufficient for local consumption. The introduction of machinery aided by steam, however, greatly increased the output, so that it soon found a ready sale, not only in Germany, but in every country in the world. The following table will show the increase in the export of this beer during the past seventy years: 1831.. 1851..... 1871.... 1891.. 1899.......... Gallons. 4,385 351, 851 1, 950, 631 II, 933, 690 19, 020, 240 *The best literature on the beer industry of Germany is as follows. Jahrbuch für die Deutschen Aktien Brauerein, von Richard Wolf; Brauerei Industrie Deutschlands u. des Auslandes, Bennig hoven; Allgemeine Brauer und Hopfenzeitung in Nürnberg, The capital necessary to run the different breweries in Kulmbach, with all the side lines connected with them, for one year is estimated at $2,500,000. This sum is spent chiefly in the purchase of barley, hops, malt, coal, etc. Fully 1,000 skilled laborers are employed, while the number indirectly dependent upon the industry is much larger. The annual sum paid out to directors, clerks, and technical overseers amounts to $166,000. The breweries of Kulmbach keep alive many side industries. The numerous steam engines of all the breweries together furnish 1,600 horsepower, while four of them have their own railway switch. yards. Over 200 refrigerator cars carry the beer of the 17 breweries, not only to every part of Germany and neighboring countries, but especially to the seaports of Hamburg and Bremen for shipment to distant lands. The brewing of beer, as an industry, is of incalculable value to the agricultural interests of Bavaria, as immense quantities of grain and hops are necessary to keep the breweries running at their utmost capacity. The internal arrangements of these great establishments are kept at the highest point of technical perfection. Their proportions will be appreciated from the following statistics covering one of the leading establishments: One seasoning tank of 6,340 gallons capacity; three huge malt vats with 3,434, 5,943, and 6,868 gallons capacity, respectively; two cooling reservoirs which will hold 4,642 and 5,679 gallons of beer, respectively; together with malt elevators, ice-making machines, fermentation tanks, and revolving cranes. The steam necessary to drive the machinery is generated in two large boilers, each having an extraordinary capacity for creating heat. In connection with these boilers there are four subterranean pits, each capable of holding 27,557 pounds of coal. The entire brewing outfit, with tanks, vats, reservoirs, etc., was furnished by a Munich firm, while the machinery and engines were manufactured by a machine. factory in Augsburg. The electrical dynamos and apparatus were furnished from Berlin and by a local firm. The smokestack which rises over the brewery is 147 feet high and nearly 5 feet in diameter. The beer brewed in Kulmbach is usually heavy in character, dark in color, and especially adapted for export. The sale of this beer in Saxony, Silesia, and North Germany has been considerably curtailed since 1901. Kulmbach beer is regarded as an article of food in Germany, especially by laborers who work in factories. When better times were prevalent throughout the country, the middle classes, as well as the working classes, preferred this genuine Bavarian beer in spite of the fact that it was more expensive. The present depressed industrial conditions generally throughout the Empire have imposed upon the people the necessity of using the greatest economy, and |