bleeding and blistering will give relief. Some use setons to the throat. Mr. Youatt says, "A more frequent and previously unsuspected cause of roaring, is the habit of tight reining. There can be no doubt that many more carriage-horses become roarers than those that are used for the saddle alone; and the explanation of this at once presents itself in the continued and painful pressure on these parts, caused by reining in the carriage-horse and teaching him to bear himself well. We have seen the larynx and that portion of the windpipe immediately beneath it, flattened and bent, and twisted in the strangest way, which could not have been produced by disease, but by mechanical injury alone. The mischief is usually done with young horses. The arched neck and elevated head of the carriagehorse is an unnatural position, from which the animal most habituated to it is eager to be relieved."

The same author states that this disease may be generated in the young colt.

CRIB-BITING.

THIS generally originates in a want of proper powers of digestion; it comes under the denomination of a vice: this is improper, as undoubtedly it can be traced to bad feeding, which soon begets indigestion. Its name is derived from the habit horses afflicted thus have of biting their stall, at the same time accompanied with a convulsed motion of the windpipe, as if suck the wind, which it is erroneously called at times. The habit of buckling straps tightly round the neck in this disease, and thus compressing the larynx, is very apt

to give the animal Roaring. The collar invented by Mr. Yare, will prevent Crib-biting, and may be used with greater safety. Animals afflicted with this disorder are seldom fleshy, and once acquired, is not easily got rid of, even when the cause is removed.

J.

LOCKED JAW,

So called from the rigid closure of the mouth, is one of the most terrible and fatal diseases to which the horse is subject. It is evidently an affection of the nervous system, very slow and treacherous in its attack, as sometimes the attack does not come on till the wound, whence it generally originates, is nearly healed.

Causes. A wound in the foot, when the nail has been driven into the quick in shoeing, will produce this disease. Nicking, docking, and castration, when unskilfully performed, are all incentives to it. Exposure to excessive cold, lacerations and contusions, have brought it on. Gibson has traced its origin to worms; and more particularly to the erosion of bots on the villous portion of the stomach.

Symptoms. A slight fever is generally the forerunner of this disease; and as it advances, the muscles of the trunk and extremities are drawn up. The head is raised, and appears fixed; the ears are stuck forward; the nostrils unnaturally expanded; the eye drawn into the socket; and the neck is stiff. The legs are straddled, and the tail cocked and quivering; and

sometimes inordinate sweating accompanies the exertions of the convulsion with which it is attended. After remaining some days in this state, the animal if not speedily cured, which is but seldom the case, dies of exhaustion and pain.

Treatment. Although many never think it worth while to attempt a cure unless the horse be very valuable, yet, as Mr. Blaine very justly observes, "Although the greater number of instances prove fatal, yet still a sufficient number recover to warrant our utmost endeavours; and the more so, as most of those who do survive, appear to do so from the beneficial effect of the treatment adopted. The very different means which have been successfully tried might stagger the sceptic, and make him attribute the recoveries under these discordant medical agencies to constitutional strength; but there is no reason whatever for such a conclusion. This is not the only instance by many, wherein very opposite means are beneficially employed for the cure of the same disease in different subjects. Every practitioner is aware of the benefit derived from cold applications in some inflammatory cases; and every one is equally aware how salutary hot fomentations prove, apparently, in similar inflammations in other subjects. A curative end is equally produced by both: the modus operandi to us is not evident. This circumstance should make the veterinary practitioner not absolutely wed himself to one plan of treatment universally. When any such has been pursued without appearance of success, let another be adopted."

A skilful veterinarian in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Mr. Wilkinson, has published an account of some remarkable cases of this disease in which he wrought several

cures: the work is interesting, and well worthy of serious attention; especially as very slight causes will bring on an attack of this often very fatal complaint. As horses are generally very costive, the following purgative drench is recommended:→→

mixed after this manner-having beat together the aloes, soap, and ginger, and formed them into an electuary with the treacle and oil of anniseed, add to the whole a pint of warm water. This he considers sufficient for any moderate-sized horse.

A clyster is to be thrown up at the same time, composed of

The diet during this period is to consist of branmashes; oatmeal-gruel mixed with milk, or some sweet green clover, may be allowed, if the jaws will admit

of it.

The muscles of the head, jaws, neck, and back, must be rubbed with this liniment :

Two or three sheep-skins just stripped from the animals while it is yet warm, must then be thrown over the body of the horse; this, by increasing perspiration, quickly relaxes the muscles.

If nicking be the cause, cut the sections still deeper, and stimulate the wounded parts actively. When

docking produces the disease, let the operation be performed again a degree higher; and if the foot be wounded apply the hot iron or caustic. In treating the constitutional disease, the greatest relief has often accrued from exposure to severe cold, as leaving the animal in cold water for half an hour, and repeating the same every two hours. The application of ice has greatly mitigated the severity of the symptoms; add to this the letting of blood, is much approved of. Sometimes as much as eight and ten quarts have been taken from a full, plethoric horse; and among the medicines used to purge the bowels, the croton next ranks first as being very active, and contained in the smallest compass: one drachm for the first dose, and eight or ten grains repeated every five or six hours till it produces effect. Blistering the spine bone is also deemed expedient. Clysters are also used to make the purgation more speedy. If drinks are administered, great patience should be exercised, as raising the animal's head puts it to excessive pain. Should the horse recover, nourishing food, not too freely administered, ought to be given; and doubtless, he has experienced excessive hunger during the continuance of the Locked Jaw. All remedies should be very speedy, and in some cases, violent; as to trifle with the disease must end in the death of the animal, Opium is usually given to allay the irritation attendant on bleeding and blistering. If the disease is far advanced, administer it in gruel as an injection; the bowels must be kept relaxed through all its stages.