occasionally showing or cracking the whip but never attempting to use it.

The colt, after walking quietly and steady, may next be tried in the ring, and walked round, right and left, in a moderate sized circle: never allow him to break into a trot till he has first acquired a steady and certain pace in walking. All lessons at first must be short, and each pace kept distinct from another; good 'temper, docility, and improvement, being always rewarded with caresses and a few handsful of corn. The length of the rein must be increased by degrees, and the pace gradually quickened.

The trot is next to be attempted, when something may be loosely attached to the clothing or trappings, this will accustom the colt to the flaps of the saddle and the skirts of the rider's coat.

Most horsemen speak very highly of the lessons in a circle, among whom, that noted sportsman, the Duke of Newcastle, remarks in his treatise on horsemanship, that it is the best method of giving ease and pliancy to the shoulders; and this is, without doubt, an opinion well founded.

When in the circle, his inside and outside legs move in two different circles of different diameters; that on the outer side being the largest it consequently follows that the outside legs pass over more ground than the inner ones; hence, also, a greater extension of the shoulder and fore-leg is required. In this lounge, the horse inclines his body inwards towards the centre of the circle; and in small circles this inclination is to an extent that would cause the animal to fall on his side if he were to move in a straight line.

The motion of the inner legs are accordingly shortened, and come to the ground sooner than the outer legs thus the joints acquire a greater pliancy in the

bending, and the limbs are elevated nearer to the body.

The canter and the gallop are the next to be taught, as also the motions of turning and breaking from one pace to another at the option of the rider: these will be discussed in the next subject. Ambling is a pace that should never be allowed, and the sooner the horse is broke of it the better: it is performed by moving a fore-leg and a hind-leg of the same side at the same time, and does not appear to be a natural motion, although in some countries, and especially the east, it is preferred to the walk or trot, as giving less motion to the rider; it is, however, by no means so safe as the natural paces: many horses amble at the rate of six or seven miles an hour.

The Earl of Pembroke recommends, in his admirable treatise on military equitation, that when horses carry their heads low while in the lounge, (which is frequently the case), a cord should be buckled to the top of the head-stall, passing from thence through the eye of the snaffle into the hand of the person that holds the lounge; and this must be slackened or drawn tight as circumstances require.

No horse should be suffered to advance one step with a false gait, and his head should not be tied up for any length of time, for this would give him the habit of leaning on the rein and throwing himself heavily on his shoulders when he grew tired: too much work at this time frequently makes the horse vicious.

When the bit is used, it should be both large and smooth, and the reins carried back to a ring on either side of the pad, rather slack at first, but gradually tightened the twisted, sharp, and cutting bits, only tend to harden the mouth and render it callous to all feeling.

Working in hand, is the process to which the horse must be next broke; and though in reality by no means difficult, it is what few people can accomplish with success; a quick eye, asteady, but active movement, and a good and persevering temper being required. The horse's head is bent inward by means of a strap, tied from the side-ring of the cavesson to the ring on the pad: trotting is the pace that should be first used in this. In the use of this strap the eye is apt to be chafed, to prevent which, a strap and buckle is attached to the head-stall under the throat; thus the strap may be used as tight as the breaker deems fit, and no damage can happen to the organ of sight.

When the horse leans on this bending-strap, remove the cavesson, and use in its place a long cord, attached in the first instance to the ring of the pad, and carried thence through the eye of the snaffle.

THE TURKISH HORSE.

THESE horses are principally an intermixture between the Arab and Persian, some of which are very fine, and have been noticed by numberless travellers. When imported to England, they have occasionally improved our breed materially. Slade, in his travels, gives us the following account of the Turkish stable-management, and at the same time praises the animal:

"Large apertures in the walls, and the roof constantly admitting the air, it being a principle with the Osmanleys to keep their stables cool, covering their horses with thick clothes; and as no country presents greater variety of climate than Turkey in Eurone. no

horses being so healthy as Turkish horses, it follows that the mode adopted with them is good-spacious, well-ventilated stabling, with plenty of body-clothes. Horses in Turkey never stand in straw, but on the earth or sand, kept very clean, and are always tethered. The practice of tethering is worthy of imitation everywhere, it does not distress the animal, and it prevents his kicking; nothing is more unpleasant than being between two rows of loose heels. 'Extremes meet,' is exemplified in the contrary practice of the English and Turks respecting horses, the result of each being the same excellence. English stables are hot, Turkish stables are cold; English horses are high fed, Turkish horses get little else than chopped straw; it requires hours to dress an English horse, as many minutes suffice for a Turkish horse; the English snaffle would scarcely hurt a deer's mouth, the Turkish bit would break a tiger's jaw; the hoof in England is prepared to fit the shoe, the shoe in Turkey is fashioned to the hoof,"

THE ARABIAN HORSE.

THERE are three different breeds of horses in Arabia ;the Kochlani, which is the most valuable, and on these the Arabs mostly pride themselves; the Kadischi, a species of mixed breed; and the Attechi, which are the least esteemed of all.

The Kochlani, are principally found among the Bedouin tribes, and are not generally to be obtained under a very high price, especially the mares. All authors have vied with each other, not only in de

scribing the many exterior beauties of this animal, but likewise few have met with the Arab horse who could not bear testimony as to his docility, speed, and

courage.

Mr. Frazer, in his "Tartar Journey," thus describes the excellencies of them :-"I am tempted to mention to you one feat of an Arab horse, the property of a person who has more than once been mentioned by me in my letters, Aga Bahram, and which has not, as far as I know, been ever doubted. This animal came from Shirauz to Tehran, 520 miles, in six days; remained there three days, went back in five; remained at Shirauz nine, and returned again to Tehran in seven days. This same gentleman told me he had once rode another horse of his own from Tehran to Koom, twenty-four fursuiks, or about eighty-four miles, between the dawn of a morning near the vernal equinox, and two hours before sunset-that is in about ten hours. This, too, is good going; but Aga Bahram always has the best horses."

To show the estimation in which these horses are held by the Arabs themselves, numberless anecdotes are related; and poets of all nations have emulated each other in tuning their praises. The following, from "Sketches of Persia," by Sir John Malcolm, will be found interesting:

"An Arab Sheick, who lived within fifty miles o Bussorah, had a favourite breed of horses. He lost one of his best mares, and could not for a long while discover whether she was stolen or had strayed. Some time after, a young man of a different tribe, who had long wished to marry his daughter, but had always been rejected by the Sheick, obtained the lady's consent, and eloped with her. The Sheick and his followers pursued, but the lover and his mistress, mounted