3245. The oblique bandage is generally used for arms and legs, to retain dressings

3246. The spiral bandage is generally applied to the trunk and extremities, but it is apt to fall off even when very carefully applied; therefore we generally use another called the recurrent, which folds back again.

3247. The recurrent bandage is the best kind of bandage that we can employ for general purposes.

3248. The circular bandage is formed by horizontal turns, each of which overlaps the one made before it.

3249. The spiral consists of spiral turns.

3250. The oblique follows a course oblique or slanting to the centre of the limb.

3251. The recurrent folds back again to the part whence it started.

3252. A bandage for the chest is always placed upon the patient in a sitting posture; and it may be put on in circles or spirally.

3253. Use, in fractures of the ribs, to retain dressings, and after severe contusions.

3254. A bandage for the belly is placed on the patient as directed in the last; if spirally, carrying it from above downward.

3255. Use, to compress the belly after dropsy, or retain dressings.

3256. The hand is bandaged by crossing the bandage over the back of the hand.

3257. Use, to retain dressings.

3258. For the head, a bandage may be circular, or spiral

or both; in the latter case, commence by placing one circular turn just over the ears; then bring down from left to right, and round the head again, so as to alternate a spiral with a circular turn.

3259. Use, to retain dressings on the head or over the eye; but this form soon gets slack. The circular bandage is the best, crossing it over both eyes.

3260. For the Foot.-Place the end just above the outer ankle, and make two circular turns, to prevent its slipping; then bring it down from the inside of the foot over the instep toward the outer part; pass it under the sole of the foot, and upward and inward over the instep toward the inner ankle, then round the ankle, and repeat again.

3261. Use, to retain dressings to the instep, heel or ankle.

3262. For the leg and foot, commence and proceed as directed in 2213; then continue it up the leg as ordered in 3247.

3263. As it sometimes happens that it is necessary to apply a bandage at once, and the materials are not at hand, it is desirable to know how to substitute something else that any one may apply with ease.

3264. This is found to be effected by handkerchiefs, and an experienced surgeon has paid great attention to this subject, and brought it to much perfection. It is to him, therefore, that we are indebted for most of these hints.

3265. Any ordinary handkerchief will do; but a square of linen, folded into various shapes, answers better.

3266. The shapes generally required are as follows:-The triangle, the long square, the cravat, and the cord.

3267. The triangular handkerchief is made by folding it from corner to corner. Use, as a bandage for the head.

3268. Application.-Place the base round the head, and the short part hanging down behind, then tie the long ends over it.

3269. The long-square is made by folding the handkerchief into three parts, or double it once upon itself.

3270. Use, as a bandage to the ribs, belly, &c. If one handkerchief is not long enough, sew two together.

3271. The cravat is folded as usual with cravats. Use, as a bandage for the head, arms, legs, feet, neck, &c.

3272. The cord is used to compress vessels, when a knot is made in it, and placed over the vessel to be compressed. It is merely a handkerchief twisted in its long diameter.

3273. Sometimes it is necessary to apply two or more handkerchiefs, as in a broken collar-bone, or when it is necessary to keep dressings under the arm.

3274. It is applied by knotting the two ends of one handkerchief together, passing the left arm through it, then passing another handkerchief under the right arm, and tying it.

3275. By this means we can brace the shoulders well back, and the handkerchief will press firmly over the broken collarbone; besides, this form of bandage does not readily slip or get slack, but it requires to be combined with the sling, in order to keep the arm steady.

3276. When a woman has an inflamed breast that requires support or dressings to be kept to it, tie two ends of the handkerchief round her neck, and bring the body of it over the breast, and pass it upward and backward under the arm of that side, and tie the ends of those around the neck.

3277. An excellent sling is formed by placing one handkerchief around the neck, and knotting the two ends over the breast-bone, then placing the other in triangle under the arm, to be supported with the base near to the hand; tie the ends over the handkerchief, and pin the top to the other part after passing it around the elbow.

3278. Apparatus.-When a person receives a severe contusion of the leg or foot, or breaks his leg, or has painful ulcers over the leg, or is unable from some cause to bear the pressure of the bed-clothes, it is advisable to know how to keep them from hurting the leg.

3279. This may be done by bending up a fire-guard, or placing a chair, resting upon the edge of its back and front of the seat over the leg, or putting a box on each side of it, and placing a plank over them; but the best way is to make a cradle, as it is called.

3280. This is done by getting three pieces of wood, and three pieces of iron wire, and passing the wire or hoop through the wood. This can be placed to any height, and is very useful in all cases where pressure cannot be borne.

3281. Wooden hoops cut in halves answer better than the wire.

3282. When a person breaks his leg, and splints cannot be had directly, get a bunch of straw or twigs, and roll it up in a handkerchief, and place one on each side of the leg or arm, and bind another handkerchief firmly around them, or make a long bag about three inches in diameter, or even more, of coarse linen duck, or carpet, and stuff this full of bran, sawdust, or sand; sew up the end, and use this the same as the twigs. It forms an excellent extemporaneous splint.

3283. Another good plan is to get a hat-box made of chip, and cut it into suitable lengths, or for want of all these, some bones out of a pair of stays, and run them through a stout piece of rug, protecting the leg with a fold of rug, linen, &c.

3284. When dry warmth is required to be applied to any part of the body, fry a flour pancake and lay it over the part; or warm some sand and place in the patient's socks, and lay it to the part; salt does as well, and may be put into a paper bag; or warm water put into ginger-beer bottles or stone jars, and rolled up in flannel.

3285. Violent shocks will sometimes stun a person, and he will remain unconscious.

3286. Untie strings, collars, &c.; loose any thing that is tight, and interferes with the breathing; raise the head; see if there is bleeding from any part; apply smelling-salts to the nose, and hot bottles to the feet.

3287. In concussion, the surface of the body is cold and pale, and the pulse weak and small, the breathing slow and gentle, and the pupil of the eye generally contracted or small. You can get an answer by speaking loud, so as to arouse the patient.

3288. Give a little brandy and water, keep the place quiet, apply warmth, and do not raise the head too high. If you tickle the feet, the patient feels it.

3289. In Compression of the Brain, from any cause, such as apoplexy, or a piece of fractured bone pressing on it, there is loss of sensation. If you tickle the feet, he does not feel it. You cannot arouse him so as to get an answer. The pulse is slow and labored, the breathing slow, labored, and snorting; the pupils enlarged.

3290. Raise the head, unloose strings or tight things, and send for a surgeon. If one cannot be got at once, apply mustard-poultices and hot water to the feet, and leeches to the temples; or cold water, which is better.

3291. Choking.-When a person has a fish bone in the throat, insert the forefinger, press upon the root of the tongue, so as to induce vomiting; if this does not do, let them swallow a large piece of potato or soft bread; and if these fail, give a mustard or soap emetic.

3292. Fainting, Hysterics, &c.-Loosen the garments, bathe the temples with water or Eau de Cologne: fresh air; avoid bustle and excessive sympathy.

3293. Apparent Death from Drunkenness.-Raise the