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guage with which his foes would tantalize him while upon the cross, and also the disposition that should act

closely connected with all is the complaint, "I am poured out like water; my heart is like wax; it is melted in my bowels!" Also in the 69th Psalm, where the Savior is again personified and is giving utterance to his anguish, in close connection with the gall given him for meat and the vinegar for drink it said, "Reproach hath BROKEN MY HEART;" and if we turn to the evangelist again, we find that it was just after the vinegar had been touched to his lips that he gave up the ghost.f

mission of his spirit, as the actuating cause of his death. To this it would be sufficient to reply, that the other two evangelists employ the word give, literally, died-ually be made of his garments and his vesture; how rendered, however, in both of them, "gave up the ghost." But, aside from this fact, there is no force in the argument; for we might draw the same conclusion concerning the patriarchs, because it is also said of them that they "gave up the ghost." Bishop Pearson, in his "Exposition of the Creed," employs the following forcible language, having a relation to the point at issue: "Should we imagine Christ to anticipate the time of death, and to subtract his soul from future torments necessary to cause an expiration, we might rationally say that the Jews and Gentiles were guilty of his death, but we could not properly say they slew him. Guilty they must be, because they inflicted those torments which, in time, death must follow; but slay him actually they did not, if his death | proceeded from any other cause, and not from the wounds they inflicted."

That it was in the power of Christ to avoid the death of the cross, had he chosen to give up the object of his mission-the redemption of the world-is perfectly obvious from the fact that he was very God as well as very man. What could all the powers of earth or hell avail against the "legions of angels" he might have summoned to his aid? He says even to Pilate, "Thou wouldst not have had any authority against me had it not been given thee from above." In all this we see voluntary submission to an inferior power, but nothing more. And it is remarkable that in all the Scriptural allusions to the Savior's death, although represented as being voluntary, it is never represented as being self-inflicted, but as penal and vicarious.

These arguments, we think, clearly evince one point; namely, that the death of Jesus was voluntary, only in the sense of having willingly submitted himself into the hands of his betrayers and murderers, that the great dispensation of mercy might be revealed and man be redeemed.

But if the shortness of the time he was upon the cross precludes the idea that his death could have resulted from the crucifixion alone; and if we may fairly question the soundness of the doctrine that the Savior released himself from suffering by dismissing his spirit before his physical nature had reached the last point of human endurance, to what are we to attribute his sudden and seemingly premature death? Without employing oracular language, or speaking with dogmatic authority, we say there is good reason to believe that there must have been some immediate and physical cause of his sudden death.

We have already seen that our Savior was undergoing extreme mental as well as bodily agony. After his agony in the garden, in which his soul was exceeding sorrowful, even unto death, he seems to have had a short respite from overwhelming agony. But what can more fully evidence its return upon his soul than the bitter wail that gushed forth from his riven heart? "My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?" This burst of agony immediately preceded his sudden and unexpected death. Now, it is not a little remarkable that the prophecies which speak most plainly of the Savior's agony upon the cross, and the scorn with which he was treated, connect these events with the very manner of his death. While in the 22d Psalm we have our Savior personified, giving utterance to his sorrows, making complaint that his hands and his feet were pierced, specifying the very lan

Again: the Savior is represented as enduring the extreme agony of death; he trod the wine-press alone; "he poured out his soul [or, as Michaelis and other distinguished Hebraists render it, his life's blood unto death." Then, too, it gives us a more exalted idea of the grandeur of the Savior's suffering and the completeness with which he bore our sins, to know that he shrunk not from the burden till his humanity, unable longer to endure it, was crushed beneath its load. No other idea, we think, can so fully convey this grand impression as that which has been suggested; namely, that our Savior actually died of a broken heart.

Physiological facts, as well as Scriptural prophecies, figures, and types, all point to this conclusion. Let us look at the physiological question. Two facts here are worthy of our attention, and if we mistake not they strongly corroborate the general idea that the immediate physical cause of the Savior's death was rupture of the heart. The first is the natural tendency of great grief to produce this result; the second is the phenomenon of the "blood and water," which can be rationally accounted for on no other supposition.

Let us note, then, the tendency of great sorrow to produce this result; that is, rupture of the heart. Dr. Crichton says that "the general corporeal effect of all the modifications of grief and sorrow is a torpor in every irritable part, especially in the circulating and absorbent system; hence the paleness of the countenance, the coldness of the extremities, the contraction and shrinking of the skin and general surface of the body, the smallness and slowness of the pulse, the want of appetite, the deficiency of muscular force, and the sense of languor which overspreads the whole frame. As the action of the extreme branches of the arterial system is greatly diminished, the heart and aorta, and its larger vessels, and the whole system of the pulmonary artery, become loaded and distended with blood. The painful sense of fullness which this occasions gives rise to the common expression, which is in some degree descriptive of what really exists. In sorrow the heart is said to be full, and in deep sorrow it is said to be like to burst. A sense of oppression and anxiety, a laborious and slow respiration, and the remarkable phenomena of sobbing and sighing, naturally arise from this state of torpor and retarded circulation."

We have not space now to describe the heart, further than to say it consists of two principal sacs, the right and the left, which lie side by side, and adhere firmly together so as to form a strong middle wall, but have no internal communication. Each of these is subdivided into two connected chambers, termed auricle and ventricle, and the whole heart is inclosed in a loose bag or mem*Collate Psalm xxli, 7, 8, 16-19, with Matthew xxvii, 35, 43,

and 49.

+Collate Psalm lxix, 20, 21, with Matthew xxvii, 48 and 50, and the other evangelists.

city who "literally and truly died of a broken heart, as
was found on dissection. . . . The sac of the pericardium
was found filled with about ten ounces of coagulated
blood, and two of serum." A case is furnished by Dr.
Williams, of Southampton, in which an individual, after
suffering ten years of great despondency of mind, died
also of a broken heart. In the post-mortem examination,
the pericardium being penetrated by the knife, “a pint at
least of transparent serum issued out, leaving the crassa-
mentum firmly attached to the anterior surface of the
heart." At the coroner's inquest on the body of James
Brown, who died suddenly of rupture of the heart in
Manchester, in 1834, the surgeon who performed the post-
mortem examination stated that "the pericardium con-
tained about a quart of blood and water." A large num-
ber of cases like the above are found in the medical
journals, but these are sufficient for our purpose.

brane, called the pericardium. Returning from all parts of the body, except the lungs, blood of nearly a black color, and unfit for the purposes of life, is poured into the right auricle, whence, after a momentary delay, it is transferred to the corresponding ventricle, its reflux being prevented by a membraneous valve interposed between them. By the powerful contraction of the ventricle it is transmitted through the pulmonary artery to the lungs, where, by minute subdivision and contact with atmospheric air, with which the lungs are inflated with each breath, it is purified and acquires a bright crimson color. Returning from the lungs by the pulmonary veins, the renovated blood passes into the left auricle, and thence in a similar manner, and at the same time, as on the right side, into the left ventricle, by the contraction of which it is distributed with great force through the aorta to the remaining parts of the body.

We must now note another fact, and that is that the separation of blood into serum and crassamentum seldom if ever takes place so long as it remains in its natural vessels. This conclusion is based upon the statements of Mr. Paget, after an examination of one hundred and sixty-four cases; and of Dr. John Davy, who furnished a tabular statement of thirty-five cases of post-mortem examination, made in the general hospital of Fort Pitt, Chatham, from January to September, 1838-in only one of which the phenomena of "transparent serum" was discovered; and also upon the general observation of surgeons. Two conditions, then, only seem to admit of the transformation of the blood into its solid and fluid constituent parts. The first is when the heart and the vessels are radically affected in their conformation, as in cases of aneurismatic enlargement, etc. The second, and more general case, is when by rupture or lesion the blood is poured out of its natural receptacles; then it seems very generally to be speedily changed into serum and crassamentum, or, to use popular language, into blood and

Dr. Stroud says that the immediate cause of rupture of the heart is "a sudden and violent contraction of one of the ventricles, usually the left, on the column of blood thrown into it by a similar contraction of the corresponding auricle. Prevented from returning backward by the intervening valve, and not finding a sufficient outlet forward in the connected artery, the blood reacts against the ventricle itself, which is consequently torn open at the point of greatest distension, or least resistance, by the influence of its own reflected force. A quantity of blood is hereby discharged into the pericardium, and, having no means of escape from that capsule, stops the circulation by compressing the heart from without, and induces almost instantaneous death. In young and vigorous subjects, the blood thus collected in the pericardium soon divides into its constituent parts; namely, a pale, watery liquid called serum, and a soft clotted substance of a deep red color, called crassamentum; but except under similar circumstances of extravasation, this distinct separation of the blood is seldom witnessed in the dead body."

The physiological truth developed here has been recognized by all people, and every language has its terms to express it. For, "although the term broken heart is not always used literally, it was no doubt originally derived from the literal fact."

water.

coumstances under which day show that his death stin, but of some latent and By sweat was a natural pre fit mere mortal resultIt read thus reasons u idrist can not be ascribe und cucifixion, because, far! res they often allowed it to to miraculous int his enemies, and died al feebleness of consti wai victim of an atoning s

already seen, if a rupture of the heart had taken place,
the blood would naturally be emptied into the pericar-
dium, and there its separation in "blood and water," or
serum and crassamentum, would take place. Then if the
pericardium was pierced, "blood and water" would liter-
ally flow from the wound.

In the case of our Savior we can not suppose, for a moment, that any disease of the heart, or of any of the vital organs, existed. The only possible physiological solution of the issue of blood and water from the wound made by the soldier's spear, is that rupture of the heart had taken From the description we have given of the heart, the place; and this would be a full and satisfactory physireader will at once perceive, that in case of rupture, theological solution of the phenomenon. For, as we have contents of the vessel ruptured would be poured into the pericardium, or sac surrounding the heart. Its condition here, and whether it actually separates into the serum and crassamentum, must be ascertained by facts. The reader will perceive the important bearing of these facts on the question now before us; for if this be so we have a natural solution of the phenomena of "blood and water" that flowed from the pierced side of the Redeemer, and one that amply vindicates it alike from the foolish traditions that have been connected with it, and the unfounded cavils that have been heaped upon it.

Now, let us apply these facts and reasonings to the phenomena connected with the sufferings and death of our Lord Jesus Christ.

We can only cull a few from the multitude of facts that are directly to the point. Bonet gives an account of a soldier who died suddenly after long-continued grief. While all the other viscera were healthy, the pericardium was found to contain, not only water, but also much coagulated blood. And this water was only the serum of the blood separated from the coagulated part. Dr. Thurnam mentions a case of rupture of the heart, in which the pericardium was found to contain several ounces of serum and coagulated blood. Dr. Townsend, of New York, mentions the case of an unfortunate female in that

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The sufferings here experienced by Christ, in bis mortal agony, were less bodily than mental-his soul was exceeding sorrowful-nor were they inflicted either by men or devils; but he then received "the cup which the Father had given him," and then was fulfilled the declaration, "It pleased the Lord to bruise him; he hath put him to grief." The agony upon the cross was identical in nature with that in the garden, only more intense, and longer protracted. This is evident from the affecting exclamation, "My God! my God! why hast thou forsaken me!" The first agony lasted one hour, and terminated with the bloody sweat; the other lasted three hours, and terminated his mortal life. The suddenness, as well as

tion of any other peted palpitation of th vy sweat, it is equa and longer continued ure of the heart. instances, arose fro is proved by his ref te hand of God, by hi him by his hear ery, I will smite dock will be scatter in the cross, My G

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confirm the general view we have taken of the subject.

Another question arises here-had sufficient time elapsed after the death of our Savior for this separation of the blood to take place? The death of our Savior occurred about 3 o'clock in the afternoon. In less than three hours from this time, that is, before the evening sacrifice, at 6 o'clock, the bodies were taken down from the cross, according to the Jewish law. When the soldiers came to discharge this duty, the thieves were evidently still alive, and were, therefore, dispatched by breaking their legs, according to the Roman custom; "but on coming to Christ, as they perceived that he was already dead, they did not break his legs; one of the soldiers, however, pierced his side with a spear, and immediately there came forth blood and water." Now, here had elapsed a period of nearly three hours, while Hewson, Paget, and other eminent physicians assure us that "the process of separation will often commence in a very few minutes after death, and the complete separation of the serum and crassamentum will occur in an hour."

all the circumstances under which that life was termina- | amounted "to full five pints." This, then, only tends to ted, abundantly show that his death was the result, not of exhaustion, but of some latent and destructive agency. The bloody sweat was a natural premonition, and precursor of that more mortal result-the breaking of the heart. Dr. Stroud thus reasons upon this point: "The death of Christ can not be ascribed to the ordinary sufferings of crucifixion, because, far from destroying life in six hours, they often allowed it to be protracted to three or four days; nor to miraculous interposition, because he was slain by his enemies, and died the death of the cross; nor to original feebleness of constitution, because, as the priest and victim of an atoning sacrifice, he was perfect in body and mind; nor to temporary weakness, resulting | from his recent agony, because his strength was sustained by angelic agency. That his mental sufferings were, on the contrary, adequate to the effect, is evident from their influence in Gethsemane, where, had he not received supernatural aid, they would apparently have proved fatal without the addition of any others; and if in a lower degree they excited palpitation of the heart so violent as to occasion bloody sweat, it is equally evident that, when aggravated and longer continued, they were capable of producing rupture of the heart. That the sufferings endured in both instances, arose from a sense of the Divine malediction, is proved by his referring them in both to the immediate hand of God, by his allusion in the garden to the cup given him by his heavenly Father, and to the ancient prophecy, 'I will smite the shepherd, and the sheep of the flock will be scattered,' and by his final exclamation on the cross, 'My God! my God! why hast thou forsaken me!" It would seem, from these views, that the conclusion that the immediate physical cause of the Savior's death was the rupture of his heart, is not only warranted, but absolutely demanded by the phenomena attendant upon his death.

The quantity of blood and water must have been considerable, to have attracted such distinct notice, and thus been made a distinct matter of record. And this, we find, accords with the observation of physicians in cases of severe rupture and sudden death. Mr. Watson mentions a case in which the rupture was nearly three-fourths of an inch in length, and where a quantity of coagulum and serum was found in the pericardium, amounting to about five pounds. In the case of Sir David Barry, who died suddenly, the quantity of serum and clotted blood

We have now dwelt upon the phenomena connected with the death of Christ as fully as our limited space would admit. These phenomena, we think, can be harmonized with the facts and the Scripture on no other hypothesis so well as that we have suggested; namely, that the immediate physical cause of the death of Christ was a broken heart, produced mainly, at least, by the agony of his soul.

To us there is something grand and impressive in the idea that our Savior actually suffered to the extreme point his humanity could endure. The Lord hath laid upon him the iniquity of us all, and so fearful was the burden of that iniquity, that not only was his soul agonized, but humanity was crushed beneath its intolerable weight. Well may we tremble to think what our condition would have been had the full weight of our own iniquities rested upon us. Here, then, is absolute demonstration that the sacrifice of Christ was not a mere show-a mere form for effect, but a real vicarious sacrifice; and if a real vicarious sacrifice, then is the atonement real. He was bruised for our iniquities; the chastisement of our peace was upon him; His soul was made an offering for sin; He bore our sins in his own body upon the tree; and we are truly redeemed by his precious blood.

Items, Literary, Scientific, and Religious.

Is ITALY WAKING UP?-A work is now going on, sanctioned by the Neapolitan government in 1852, as important in some respects as the drainage of the Lake of Haarlem. About half way between Rome and Naples, in a basin of the Appenines, lies a large expanse of water, known as Lake Fucino. The soil around it is extremely fertile, but liable to be flooded-the differences of level varying, according to season, from twenty to forty feet. Besides swamp and drowned land, there are the ruins of three ancient cities somewhere beneath the waves; and antiquaries, not less than agriculturists, are watching for the result of the scheme for the drainage of the lake. The works are taken in hand by a company who are to have them completed in eight years, when 33,000 acres

of the most fertile land in Italy will be laid dry, and the whole of a large district ameliorated. The undertaking was first talked about in the days of Julius Cæsar; next Claudius attempted it, and employed 30,000 men for eleven years in driving a tunnel through the mountains, which answered its purpose for a time, but subsequently became choked by neglect. This tunnel is now to be greatly enlarged, and provided with sluices to regulate the flow of the water.

PUBLIC LIBRARIES OF FRANCE.-The French Minister of Public Instruction has issued a work on the public libraries of France and Algiers, from which it appears that, excluding Paris, there are in all the libraries 8,733,439 printed works, and 44,070 manuscripts. Bordeaux has

123,000; Lyons, 130,000; Rouen, 110,000; Strasbourg, 180,000; Troyes, 100,000; Avignon, 60,000; Dijon, 80,000; Versailles, 56,000; Tours, 57,500; Grenoble, 80,000; Marseilles, 51,000; Nantes, 45,000; Amiens, 53,000; Toulouse, 50,000. In 1852-3 there were expended for all these libraries 407,781 francs, of which sum only 184,227 francs were for the purchase of books and binding. There are 338 public libraries.

CHRISTIAN CHARACTER OF STUDENTS IN COLLEGES. The Society of Inquiry, of Amherst College, Massachusetts, thus classifies the students in the various colleges

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The total number mentioned as preparing for missionary work is 40. The number of conversions during the year is 45.

BUSINESS OF THE NEW YORK BOOK CONCERN.-The sales of books for the year 1854 amounted to $295,298.85; periodicals, $96,956.19: total, $392,255.04. Being an increase of $48,050.11 upon the sales of 1853, and of nearly $180,000 upon the sales of 1852. The business of the Concern is rapidly outgrowing the capacity of the building; additional accommodations must soon be provided. The tract enterprise, to a large extent, deserves the credit for the increased sale of books. This

new organization has infused new life into our great publishing establishment, and is rapidly modifying its character, and adapting it to the exigencies of this stirring age.

DENOMINATIONAL WEALTH.-The number of the principal religious denominations in the United States is 20. The whole number of edifices of worship is about 36,000, capable of accommodating 14,000,000 of people. The total value of Church property is $86,416,639. The average value of each church and its appurtenances is $2,400. The most numerous denomination is the Methodist.

be safely presumed, do more or less valuable service.
Add them to the effective traveling ministry, and we
have an aggregate of 10,963 preachers to preach the
Gospel to our 783,358 communicants. Average these
numbers, and it appears that we have one minister to
about every seventy-one members of our Church. The
Minutes for 1854 show that 579 preachers were admitted
on trial in the annual conferences last year. The num-
ber of deaths and locations amounted to 130, leaving
a net increase of 449. Comparing this with the increase
in the membership, which was 30,732, we find that for
every 68 persons added to the Church, one new preacher
was added to the traveling ministry. The ratio of in-
crease in the membership was 4 per cent.; in the minis-
try it was about 10 per cent.

HERVEY, THE POET.-J. K. Hervey, of England, re-
cently deceased, was possessed of poetical talents alto-
gether above mediocrity. His poem, entitled "To One
Departed," in ten four-line stanzas, is exquisite in its
conception and versification. We give three verses:

"I know thou art gone to the home of thy rest;
Then why should my soul be so sad?

I know thou art gone where the weary are blest,
And the mourner looks up and is glad;

Where Love has put off in the land of its birth
The stains it had gathered in this;

And Hope, the sweet singer that gladdened the earth,
Lies asleep on the bosom of Bliss.

In the hush of the night, on the waste of the sea,
Or alone with the breeze on the hill,

I have ever a presence that whispers of thee,
And my spirit lies down and is still."
Beautiful, indeed, to our view, is the conception in the
two lines:

"And Hope, the sweet singer that gladdened the earth,
Lies asleep on the bosom of Bliss."

Can any professor of English literature furnish us with
any thing more exquisite?

MONTGOMERY AND SOUTHEY.-A life of James Mont

gomery, the poet, has appeared in England from the pens of Revs. J. Holland and James Everett. It is spoken of as finely gotten up. Mr. Montgomery was born at Irvine, a seaport of Ayrshire, Eng., November 4, 1771, and died in 1854. His father was a preacher of the United Brethren or Moravian connection, and, in company with his wife, left England in the year 1783, when James was only twelve years old, for the West India Moravian missions. Mrs. Montgomery died in the year 1790, and her husband in June, 1791; but young James never saw either of them after bidding them farewell in 1783. Mr. Montgomery never married, but The Baptist comes second, Presbyterian third, for what reason we can not say. He amassed in his Congregationalist fourth, Episcopalian fifth, Roman Cath-long life a fortune by his own individual exertions, olic sixth. The property of the Methodists is estimated at $14,636,671; that of the Presbyterians at $14,369,880; Episcopalians, $11,261,970; Baptists, $10,931,382; Roman Catholics, $8,973,838; Congregationalists, $7,973,962.

MINISTRY OF THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.-The number of members and probationers in the Methodist Episcopal Church, at the close of 1854, was 783,358. The number of effective traveling preachers was 4,814. These figures show that the Church has an average of one effective traveling preacher to every 163 members. Besides this goodly array of itinerant ministers, however, we have a body of local preachers numbering 6,139. Not a few of them constantly supply appointments of considerable importance, and nearly all of them, it may

amounting to about $45,000. Robert Southey and the
poet Montgomery were intimate friends, and the latter
part of the second volume of his life has several letters of
decided interest from Southey's pen. In early life Southey
was a Deist, but subsequently became a Socinian. He
was peculiarly a domestic man. This passage concludes
one of his letters: "The keenest sorrow which I ever
endured was for the loss of an only child twelve months
old. Since that event I have had five children, most
of whom have been taken from me. Of all sorrows these
are the most poignant; but I am the better for them,
and never pour out my soul in prayer without acknowl-
edging that these dispensations have drawn me nearer
to God."

E

THE MORAVIANS AND THEIR OPERATIONS.-It was in the year 1731 that Dober and Neitschman, Moravian missionaries, embarked for Germany to preach Christ to the poor negroes of St. Thomas's, while Stach and Boenisch set out for the icebergs of Greenland. According to their last report, they have at present 69 mission. ary stations in 13 different countries. On these stations there are 297 missionaries, male and female, and 70,612 heathens, either converted or under the religious instruction of the missionaries. These stations are thus distributed: Greenland, 4 stations, 24 missionaries, 2,101 bearers; Labrador, 4 stations, 29 missionaries, 1,330 hearers; North America, 5 stations, 15 missionaries, 491 hearers; Danish India, 8 stations, 27 missionaries, 10,224 hearers; Jamaica, 18 stations, 34 missionaries, 12,800 hearers; Antigua, 7 stations, 22 missionaries, 8,008 hearers; St. Kitt's, 4 stations, 10 missionaries, 3,743 hearers; Barbadoes, stations, 10 missionaries, 3,620 hearers; Tobago, 2 stations, 6 missionaries, 2,128 hearers; Mosquito Coast, 1 station, 6 missionaries, 53 hearers; Surinam, 8 stations, 55 missionaries, 19,519 hearers; South Africa, 8 stations, 54 missionaries, 6,595 hearers. All these stations were founded successively, from 1733 to 1853; that is to say, in a space of 120 years, during which this little Moravian Church has never allowed the missionary spirit to abate within her. The last station was established in 1853 among the Chinese of Mongolia; two missionaries set apart for this work are now staying on the Himalaya Mountains, with other of their brethren, so as to learn the language of the country. A large number of these 69 stations completely defray their own expenses, either by the labors of the missionaries, or by the contributions of the new Churches themselves. This immense machinery, it will be seen, is kept in motion with an expenditure of 9,000 thalers a year.

It is not this world's riches that accomplishes these

labors; the love of Jesus Christ suffices to inspire them.

DIFFERENT DAYS for Worship.-By different nations, every day in the week is set apart for public worship; namely, Sunday by the Christians, Monday by the Grecians, Tuesday by the Persians, Wednesday by the Assyrians, Thursday by the Egyptians, Friday by the Turks, and Saturday by the Jews.

PERPETUAL SNOW IN THE ALPS.-The hight of perpetual snow in the regions of the Alps, as deduced by observations made by M. Roret in the years 1851, 1853, and 1854, is thirty-four hundred meters, or seven hundred meters above the hight stated in many works on physics and meteorology. A meter is thirty-nine and thirtyseven-hundredths inches, and thirty-four hundred meters make about ten thousand, five hundred feet.

Stoke Pogis: Collins, at St. Andrew's Church, at Chichester; Goldsmith, in the church-yard of the Temple Church; Churchill, in the church-yard of St. Martin's, Dover; Kirke White, at All-Saints, Cambridge; Cowper, at Dereham; Chatterton, in a church-yard belonging to St. Andrew's, Holborn; Burns, at St. Michael's, Dumfries; Byron, in the church-yard of Hucknall, near Newstead; Crabbe, at Trowbridge; Coleridge, in the church at Highgate; Sir Walter Scott, at Dryburg Abbey; Southey, in Crossthwaite church, in Keswick; and Shelly and Keats, side by side, near the tomb of Cestius, at Rome.

PULSE-RECORDING MACHINE,-A German professor by the name of Bierordt, and residing at Frankfort, has recently invented a machine to record the beatings of the human pulse. The arm of the patient is placed in a longitudinal cradle, and screwed down sufficiently to keep it steady. A small erection on one side holds a sort of lever worked on a hinge, at the end of which a pencil is inserted, the point of which has been dipped in Indian ink. This goes into a cylinder upon which paper has been stretched. The lever rests upon the pulse, and at every movement records the action upon the paper. If the pulse is steady a regular zigzag line is drawn on the paper; but in cases where the pulse is rapid and jerking, the line goes up and down, making long and uneven marks.

JAPANESE INTELLIGENCE.-In a recent sitting of the Natural History Society of Bonn, M. Von Siebold, an eminent naturalist, read an interesting paper "on the state of the natural sciences among the Japanese." Their knowledge of these sciences is much more extensive and profound than is supposed in Western Europe. They possess a great many learned treatises thereupon, and an admirable geological map of their island by Buntsjo. They are well acquainted with the systems of European

naturalists, and have translations of the more important of their works. They have a botanical dictionary, in which an account is given of not fewer than 5,300 objects, and it is embellished with a vast number of wellexecuted engravings. The flora of Japan is described in a work by the imperial physician Pasuragawa.

LIGHT UNDER WATER.-Want of light, often a detriment to diving operations, is now likely to be remedied by a happy application of the electric light. The apparatus, for use under water, consists of a glass cylinder, fitted with a lens emitting parallel rays, and inside with the requisite appliances; the whole hermetically closed, and of sufficient strength to bear the pressure at a depth of two hundred feet. It is not heavy, and can be easily carried in the hand from place to place, without disturbing its connection by wires with the battery. When it is to be lighted, the diver turns a fine screw, which brings the coke points near each other; they immedidiately become incandescent, and give out for two hours a steady light, powerful enough to illuminate a circle of forty feet radius. One of the public baths on the Seine, France, is illuminated by a light fixed thirty feet above the water, in connection with Deleuil's apparatusa Fresnel lens; and the effect is such, that a swimmer can be seen ten feet below the surface.

TOMES OF THE BRITISH POETS.-The burial-places of the most celebrated British poets are these: Chaucer, at Westminster Abbey; where also are the remains of Spenser, Cowley, Beaumont, Drayton, Dryden, Rowe, Addison, Prior, Congreve, Gay, Dr. Johnson, Sheridan, and Campbell. Shakspeare, it is well known, was buried at Stratford-upon-Avon; Shirley, at St. Giles's-in-the-Fields; Marlowe, at the Church of St. Paul, Deptford; Massinger and Fletcher, at St. Savior's, Southwark; Dr. Donne, at Old St. Paul's; Edmund Waller, at Beaconsfield; Milton, in the church-yard of St. Giles, Cripplegate; Butler, at St. Paul's, Covent Garden; Pope, in Twickenham church-religious; while of the remainder, 7 desecrate the Sabyard; Swift, in St. Patrick's, Dublin; Savage, at St. Peter's, Bristol; Parnell, at Chester; Dr. Young, at Welwyn, Herts; Thomson, at Richmond, Surrey; Gray, at

THE NEW YORK PRESS. Of 119 newspapers published in New York city, only 24, or one-fifth, are professedly

bath by appearing on that day, 7 are the organs of German infidelity and Rationalism, and 8 of Popery. Of 94 periodicals and magazines issued, only 26 are religious.

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