RULE IV.A completion of the sense, whether at the close or any other part of the sentence, requires the falling inflection.

EXAMPLES.-He that saw me' saw you also', and he who aided me once' will aid me

again'.

In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. form, and void'; and darkness was on the face of the deep': upon the face of the waters'.

And the earth was without and the spirit of God moved

NOTE.-But when strong emphasis, with the falling inflection, comes near the close of a sentence, the voice often takes the rising inflection at the close.

EXAMPLES.-If William does not come, I think John' will be here'.-If he should come, what would you do'?

CASSIUS. What night is this?

CASCA. A very pleasing night to honest' men'.

Proceed', I am attentive'.

This is the course rather of our enemies, than of friends' of our country's liberty'. If the witness does not believe in God, or a future state, you can not swear` him'.P Remarks.-o. If we change the sentence to its more natural form, it will read, "I think John' will be here', even if William does not come';" which shows that the thought is not fully completed with the word "here."

p. With the falling inflection and emphasis on "swear," and the rising inflection on "him'," the idea is changed from that of an independent, positive assertion (which it would be if "him" had not the rising inflection) to that of an unfinished or incomplete assertion, as thus expressed: "You can not swear him, even if he does not believe in God or a future state'."

RULE V. Words and clauses connected by the disjunctive or, generally require the rising inflection before the disjunctive, and the falling after it. Where several words are thus connected in the same clause, the rising inflection is given to all except the last.

EXAMPLES.-Will you go' or stay? I will go'.-Will you go in the buggy', or the carriage', or the cars', or the coach'? I will go in the cars'.

He may study law', or medicine', or divinity`; or', he may enter into trade'.
The baptism of Johu, was it from heaven', or of men'?

Did he travel for health', or for pleasure'?

Did he resemble his father', or his mother'?

NOTE I.-When the disjunctive or is made emphatic, with the falling inflection, it is followed by the rising inflection, in accordance with the note to Rule IV.; as, “He must have traveled for health, or` pleasure'.”r EXAMPLES.-He must either work', or study'.-He must be a mechanic, or` a lawyer'." -He must get his living in one way, or the other'.

NOTE II.-When or is used conjunctively, as no contrast is denoted by it, it requires the rising inflection after as well as before it, except when the clause or sentence expresses a completion of the sense.

EXAMPLES.-Did he give you money', or food', or clothing'? No', he gave me nothing'. Remarks.-q. While the possible alternatives are still in the mind of the

speaker, and the idea is not yet positive or complete, the voice keeps to the rising inflection; but when the alternatives are exhausted with the word "coach," the voice falls, and the completed idea is then positive that the party addressed must go in one of the ways specified. But if the word "coach" had the rising inflection, it would show that it was not positive, in the mind of the speaker, that the party addressed would go in either of those

ways.

r. The true reason for the falling inflection on "pleasure" is, that the idea is not fully completed here. There is a because in the mind of the speaker which is not expressed; as if he would have said, "He must have traveled for health', or' pleasure'; because there could have been no other motive to influence him." The same reason applies to another example here:

S. "He must be a mechanic', or' a lawyer'; because no other alternative is left to him."

RULE VI.-When negation is opposed to affirmation, the former takes the rising and the latter the falling inflection, in whatever order they occur. Comparison and contrast (antithesis) come under the same head.

EXAMPLES.-I did not hear him', I saw him.-I said he was a good soldier', not' a good citizen'. He will not come to-day', but to-morrow'.-He did not call me', but you' -He means dutiful', not undutiful'.-I come to bury Cæsar', not to praise him'.'

This is no time for a tribunal of justice', but for showing mercy; not for accusation', but for philanthropy'; not for trial', but for pardon`; not for sentence and execution', but for compassion and kindness'.

Comparison and Contrast.-Homer was the greater genius', Virgil the better artist`; in the one we most admire the man', in the other the work'.-There were tyrants at home', and robbers abroad'.

By honor' and dishonor'; by evil report' and good report'; as deceivers', and yet true'; as unknown', and yet well known'; as dying', and behold we live'; as chastened', and not killed'; as sorrowful', yet always rejoicing'; as poor', yet making many rich'; as having nothing', yet possessing all things'.

When our vices leave us', we flatter ourselves we leave them`.

The prodigal robs his heir', the miser robs himself'.

NOTE I.-Negative sentences which imply a continuance of thought, although they may not be opposed to affirmation, frequently close with the rising inflection; as,

True politeness is not a mere compliance with arbitrary custom".

Do not suppose that I would deceive you'.

These things do not make your government'.

This is nearly allied in character to Rule IX.; and such examples as those under Note I. may be considered as expressive of tender emotion, in opposition to strong emotion. Affirmative sentences similar to the foregoing require the rising inflection, in accordance with Rule IX., when they express tender emotion; as,

I trust you will hear me'. I am sure you are mistaken.

But, sir, the poor must not starve'; they must be taken care of.

NOTE II.-When, in contrasted sentences, negation is attended with deep and calm feeling, it requires the falling inflection.

EXAMPLE.-We are perplexed', but not in despair'; persecuted, but not forsaken." Remarks. t. In antithetic or contrasted clauses, the natural order seems to be to place the most emphatic of the two clauses last, and to give it the falling inflection, to express a fully completed thought. Then the first clause is incomplete in idea, and has the rising inflection. Thus: "I do not come to praise Caesar', but I come to bury him'."

u. Here the negative clause contains the leading, emphatic, and positive idea, and has, consequently, the falling inflection The affirmative clause has the rising inflection, indicating that the sense is not yet complete, and that something more is to follow.

RULE VII.-For the sake of variety and harmony, the last pause but one in a sentence is usually preceded by the rising inflection.

EXAMPLES.-The minor longs to be of age'; then to be a man of business'; then to arrive at honors'; then to retire'.

Time taxes our health', our limbs', our faculties', our strength', and our features'.

NOTE.

The foregoing rule is sometimes departed from in the case of an emphatic succession of particulars, for which, see Rule VIII.

In the second example above, the rising inflection is given to the words health, limbs, etc., both because they are not attended with strong emphasis, and because they are followed by the pause of suspension.

Remark.--v. Here the melody of the sentence requires the rising inflection, and we know no other reason to assign for it.

RULE VIII.—1st. A Commencing Series.

In an emphatic series of particulars, where the series begins the sentence, but does not either end it or form complete sense, every particular except the last should have the falling inflection.

W

EXAMPLE.-Our disordered hearts', our guilty passions', our violent prejudices', and misplaced desires', are the instruments of the trouble which we endure.

2d. A Concluding Series.

When the series ends the sentence, or forms complete sense, every particular in the series, except the last but one, should have the falling inflection; and, indeed, all should have it, if the closing member of the series is of sufficient length to admit a pause with the rising inflection, before the end.

EXAMPLE.-Charity suffereth long', and is kind`; charity envieth not'; charity vaunteth not itself'; is not puffed up'; doth not behave itself unseemly'; seeketh not her own'; is not easily provoked; thinketh no evil.

NOTE. The degree of emphasis, and often of solemnity, with which the successive particulars are mentioned, decides, in cases of the pause of suspension (see Rule II.), whether the rising or the falling inflection is to be

used. Thus a succession of particulars which one reader deems unimportant, will be read by him throughout with the rising inflection, while another, feeling more deeply, will use the falling inflection. Thus:

1. The birds sing', the lambs play', the grass grows', the trees are green', and all nature is beautiful'.

2. The blind see'; the lame walk'; the lepers are cleansed`; the deaf hear`; the dead are raised'; and to the poor' the Gospel is preached'.

In this example all the particulars have the falling inflection. The first line in Marc Antony's harangue is read differently by equally good readers; but the difference arises wholly from their different appreciation of the spirit and intention of the speaker.

Friends', Romans', countrymen', lend me your ears!
Friends', Romans', countrymen', lend me your ears'!

Thus:

If Antony designed to characterize "countrymen" with peculiar emphasis, he gave it the falling inflection, otherwise he gave the word no greater prominence than the preceding words "friends" and "Romans."

Remark.-w. Here each emphatic clause requires the falling inflection, although the idea is not yet complete, and no more positive in character than in the clauses of example 1, under the foregoing note.

RULE IX.-Expressions of tender emotion, such as grief, pity, kindness, gentle joy, a gentle reproof, gentle appeal, gentle entreaty or expostulation, etc., commonly require a gentle rising inflection.

EXAMPLES.-Mary'! Mary'! do not do so.

My mother'! when I learned that thou wast dead',
Say', wast thou conscious' of the tears' I shed'?
Hovered thy spirit o'er thy sorrowing son',
Wretch even then', life's journey just begun'?

I would not live alway'; I ask not to stay,
Where storm after storm rises dark o'er the way';'
I would not live alway, thus fettered by sin';
Temptation without, and corruption within';—

Is your father' well', the old man' of whom ye spake'? Is he' yet alive'?

Remark.-x. The true reason for the use of the rising inflection in this and similar cases seems to be, that the idea in the mind of the speaker is still incomplete in the expression. The reasons why he "would not live alway," though unexpressed, are in his mind, and lead him to give his voice that kind of elevated suspension which always denotes continuation of the idea, and is here expressive, also, of tender emotion.

RULE X.-Expressions of strong emotion, such as the language of exclamation (not designed as a question), authority, surprise, distress, denunciation, lamentation, earnest entreaty, command, reproach, terror, anger, hatred, envy, revenge, etc., and strong affirmation, require the falling inflection.

EXAMPLES.-What a piece of work is man'! How noble in reason'! how infinite in faculties in action', how like an angel! in apprehension', how like a God'! My lords, I am amazed'; yes, my lords, I am amazed at his Grace's speech.

Woe unto you Pharisees'! Woe unto you Scribes'!

You blocks', you stones', you worse than senseless things!z

Go to the ant', thou sluggard'; consider her ways, and be wise'.

Jesus saith unto her, Mary'. She turned herself, and said unto him, Rabboni`.

I tell you, though you', though all the world', though an angel from heaven' should de clare the truth of it, I could not believe it.

I dare accusation. I defy' the honorable gentleman.

I'd rather be a dog`, and bay the moon', than such a Roman'.

CAS. O ye gods'! ye gods'! must I endure all this'?

BRU. All this? ay', and more'.

NOTE.-When exclamatory sentences become questions, they require the rising inflection.

EXAMPLES.-What are you saying'!— Where are you going'!

They planted by your care'! No! your oppressions planted them in America'. Remark.-y. This is equivalent to the declaration, "He is noble in reason," and is therefore expressive of a positive idea, completed in the expression.

2. This is equivalent to "You are blocks! you are stones!" etc., a positive declaration.

THE CIRCUMFLEX OR WAVE.

RULE XI.-Hypothetical expressions, sarcasm, and irony, and sentences implying a comparison or contrast that is not fully expressed, often require a union of the two inflections on the same syllable.

EXPLANATION. In addition to the rising and falling slides or inflections, there is what is called the circumflex or wave, which is a union of the two on the same syllable. It is a significant twisting or waving of the voice, generally first downward and then upward, but sometimes the reverse, and is attended with a sensible protraction of sound on the syllable thus inflected. It is marked thus: (~~) as, "I may possibly go to-morrow, though I can not go to-day." "I did it myself, sir. Surprising'! You did it!" The circumflex is significant of double meaning, mockery, or insinuation, as distinguished from those straight slides of the voice which denote earnestness and sincerity.

EXAMPLES.—I grant you I was down, and out of breath; and so was he.
And but for these vile guns, he would himself' have been a soldier'.

QUEEN. Hamlet', you have your father much offended.

HAMLET. Madam', you have my father much offended.

SHYLOCK. If it will feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge.

Hath a dog money'? Is it possible a cur can lend two thousand ducats'?

They tell us to be moderate; but they, they are to revel in profusion.

You pretend to reason'? You don't so much as know the first elements of reasoning. NOTE. A nice distinction in sense sometimes depends upon the right use of the inflections.

EXAMPLES. "I did not give a sixpence'."

"I did not give a sixpence'."

The circumflex on sixpence implies that I gave more or less than that sum; but the falling inflection on the same word implies that I gave nothing at all.